"What can we build now? You can build tables and chairs, tea bowls and teapots, grow food, grind into flour and make paper, but you can't build cars, planes, tanks or tractors. "
At the beginning of the founding of New China, faced with an extremely backward industrial base, President Mao Zedong once expressed such feelings.
At that time, China's total industrial output value was 654.38+04 billion yuan, among which steel was 65.438+058 million tons, crude oil was 65.438+02 million tons, raw coal was 32 million tons, power generation was 4.3 billion kWh, and cement was 660,000 tons. Compared with the major capitalist countries in the world, China's industry lags behind 100 years!
Since then, realizing national industrialization and completing the historic leap from an agricultural country to an industrial country has become the goal pursued by generations in New China.
Sixty years have passed in a flash. With the establishment of a modern industrial and communication integrated system with a considerable scale and level, once poor and backward agricultural countries have grown into industrial powers and entered the middle stage of industrialization. In 2008, China's industrial added value was 10.7367 trillion yuan, which was 23 times higher than that of 1978 at comparable prices, even a hundred times higher than that in the early days of the People's Republic of China!
By 2008, the output of industrial products in China ranked first in the world with 2 10 varieties; In the total installed capacity of power generation in China, domestic units reach more than 80%; With an annual output of10 million tons of large-scale oil refining equipment, the localization rate reaches 90%.
Great historical changes
The ability of modern industrial system to create independent innovation has been improved.
Guan Xiyou, chairman of Shenyang Machine Tool Group, will never forget that in the 1960s, the lathes in the factory were still manual. "It takes a lot of effort to turn a triangular iron block with heavy equipment." Now, as long as a set of data is input into the computer, the laser probe will start to work. No noise, no sparks. In less than a minute, irregular patterns were cut on the thick steel plate.
"Industrialization and informatization are not only the theme of China's economic and social development, but also the mainstream of today's world economic development." Feng Fei, director of the Industrial Economics Research Department of the State Council Development Research Center, said with deep feelings that China, with a population of1300 million, has gone through the industrialization process of developed countries for 20-300 years in 60 years, which is a historic change never seen in human history!
Open dusty memories, one inspiring historical lens, and witness the earth-shaking changes of China industry in the past 60 years-
1949, the first furnace of Angang, the eldest son of the iron and steel industry of the Republic, rushed out; Today, China has become the largest steel producer in the world for more than 10 years.
1952, the first steam locomotive was successfully developed; Nowadays, domestic EMUs with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour gallop on the land of China every day.
1956, the first jiefang truck drove off the faw production line; In 2009, China ranked first in the world in automobile sales for seven consecutive months.
1958, the first black-and-white TV set in China was successfully developed. Today, China is the largest producer of color TV sets in the world.
In 1950s, except for some big cities in the east, the fixed telephone in China was almost blank. Today, China's telephone users and Internet users have ranked first in the world.
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Thanks to the hard work of several generations in the new China industrial and information front, China has not only established a modern industrial system, but also formed a number of industrial products with the highest productivity and output in the world in important fields, and "Made in China" has made great strides towards the world. By 2008, the output of industrial products in China ranked first in the world with 2 10.
From the world-famous "two bombs and one satellite" to Shenzhou VII, which traveled in space; From Dawning Trillion Computer, which broke into the list of the top ten supercomputers in the world, to TD-SCDMA, the third-generation international standard for mobile communication with independent intellectual property rights ... China industry has also achieved historic breakthroughs and leaps in some frontier fields such as manned space flight, large launch vehicle, lunar exploration and satellite navigation.
In the eyes of Zhu, chief engineer and spokesman of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the great leap of China's industry in the past 60 years also includes the promotion of independent innovation capability and the optimization of economic structure.
The technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body has been continuously improved, and substantial breakthroughs have been made in the localization of major equipment. At present, in the total installed capacity of power generation in China, domestic units have reached more than 80%; With an annual output of10 million tons of large-scale oil refining equipment, the localization rate reaches 90%. ...
At the same time, China's industrial economic structure is constantly optimized and upgraded, the proportion of light and heavy industries tends to be reasonable, and the strategic position of heavy chemical industry is further strengthened. The scale of high-tech industries represented by information industry, aerospace, biomedicine and new materials jumped to the third place in the world, and the export volume ranked the top two in the world, which has grown into a new growth point for China's industrial economic development.
Great changes have taken place in the organizational structure of industrial enterprises in China. At present, there are 1833 industrial enterprise groups in China, with assets of 19634 1 100 million yuan, accounting for 55.6% of the assets of all industrial enterprises above designated size. Among them, 37 enterprise groups have entered this year's world top 500 list. Small and medium-sized enterprises (including individual industrial and commercial households) have risen rapidly, accounting for more than 99% of the total number of enterprises. The value of the final products and services created is equivalent to about 60% of GDP, the tax paid accounts for about 50% of the total national tax revenue, and the number of employed people accounts for about 80%.
30 years before the founding of New China, we established an independent and complete industrial system; Market-oriented reform, opening to the outside world and structural adjustment together constitute the driving force of China's industrialization in the past 30 years of reform and opening up.
Great exploration
From system construction to structural adjustment, take the road of development with China characteristics
1978 On February 23rd, the day after the closing of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the foundation stone laying ceremony was held at Baosteel, the largest industrial project introduced from abroad after the founding of New China. Today, 30 years later, Baosteel has entered the world's top 500 for six consecutive years, and its comprehensive competitiveness ranks among the top three steel enterprises in the world.
Speaking of the exciting time when the new China was founded, the old driver who drove the first batch of 12 Jiefang trucks off the assembly line of FAW 53 years ago was filled with emotion from the bumper year.
On July 5th, 1953, ten thousand builders gathered in the southwest suburb of Changchun, laying a solid foundation for China's automobile industry on the vast Yuan Ye. Three years later, the first domestic Jiefang brand car rolled off the assembly line at FAW, ending the history that new China could not make cars.
FAW is only one of the key projects in the First Five-Year Plan 156. Different from the industrialization mode of textile industry in other countries, during the First Five-Year Plan period, China chose the unconventional road of "giving priority to the development of heavy chemical industry and national defense industry". With the establishment of a large number of basic industrial sectors such as airplanes, automobiles, heavy machinery and precision machinery from scratch, a number of new industrial cities featuring coal, steel, chemicals, machinery and textiles have emerged on the land of China, laying a foundation for the industrialization and development of China industrial cities.
"In the 30 years before the founding of New China, we established an independent and complete industrial system and achieved an average annual industrial growth of 1 1%, leaving behind valuable spiritual wealth such as the iron man spirit, the spirit of two bombs and one satellite." Gao Liang, director of the State-owned Assets Research Center of the National Development and Reform Commission and a researcher at the Institute of Economic System and Management, believes that although the industrialization idea of starting heavy chemical industry has achieved remarkable results, its defects and mistakes are also obvious.
Feng Fei explained that at that time, due to the lack of coordinated development mechanism between heavy industry and other industries, China's industry had structural defects of "heavy industry and light industry". In addition, the relationship between primary, secondary and tertiary industries and between accumulation and consumption is extremely uncoordinated, and there are obvious defects in resource allocation and structure. It is these structural contradictions that make the national economy lack stable and sustainable growth capacity.
This is the spring breeze of reform and opening up and a great turning point from planned economy to market economy. Let's gradually explore a new road to industrialization with China characteristics. On this unprecedented road, market-oriented reform, opening to the outside world and structural adjustment have jointly constituted the driving force of China's industrialization in the past 30 years of reform and opening up.
According to Chen Jinhua, one of Baosteel's builders and former vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the introduction of large-scale complete sets of equipment in the early stage of reform and opening up and the subsequent large-scale joint venture and cooperation not only shortened the gap between China's industrial technology and management and the international advanced level, but also formed a new pattern of China's all-round opening to the outside world and active participation in international competition.
At the same time of opening to the outside world, a bumpy, passionate and magnificent battle for the reform of state-owned enterprises has also begun. From the initial pilot of expanding enterprise autonomy to the implementation of "loan to dial"; From breaking the "big pot" to fully implementing the contract management responsibility system; From the pilot of joint-stock system to the establishment of modern enterprise system; From the three-year reform of state-owned enterprises to the deepening of the reform of state-owned assets management system ... The 30-year reform of state-owned enterprises not only reshaped the dominant position of enterprises in the market, but also improved the control of state-owned capital. The ownership structure of China's industrial economy also presents a new situation in which various economic components develop together.
Lu, the chairman of Wanxiang Group, who is known as the evergreen tree of private enterprises, clearly remembers that in 1990, the profits of collective enterprises in towns and villages suddenly reached 26.53 billion yuan, exceeding the 24.6 billion yuan of state-owned enterprises. By 2006, state-owned and state-controlled industrial enterprises, private industrial enterprises and foreign-invested industrial enterprises have "divided the world into three parts", accounting for 3 1.2%, 37.2% and 3 1.6% of the total industrial output value of that year respectively.
At the same time of reform and opening up, it is a major adjustment of industrialization strategy. Feng Fei recalled that at the beginning of the reform and opening-up, China abandoned the idea of simply developing heavy chemical industry and adopted a consumption-oriented industrialization development strategy, focusing on market demand, and launched a "six-priority" policy to vigorously develop light industry. The proportion of light industry in China rose rapidly from 47.0% in 1980 to 49.6% in 1985.
Since the 1990s, the state has successively put forward the strategic concept of focusing on strengthening basic industries such as energy and raw materials, revitalizing pillar industries such as machinery and electric vehicles, and accelerating the revitalization of equipment manufacturing industry, thus further strengthening the strategic position of heavy chemical industry.
In the new century, facing the increasingly severe constraints of resources and environment and the rapid development of information technology, it is a new choice for China to take the road of new industrialization. The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to vigorously promote the integration of informatization and industrialization. Promote industrialization with informationization, promote informationization with industrialization, and strive to embark on a road with high scientific and technological content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution and full play of human resources advantages.
A nail in 60 years. China, which has become a global manufacturing power, is at a brand-new historical starting point of industrialization. China's industrialization, a huge ship, is sailing towards an industrial power along the beacon of new industrialization with China characteristics. (Reporter Wang Zheng)