One of the Northern Dynasties in the Northern Wei Dynasty, after the split of sixteen countries, the unified feudal dynasty in northern China was rebuilt. Built by Tuoba □ of Xianbei nationality. Twelve emperors and two kings, lasting 149 years (386 ~ 534).
After the collapse of Tan Shihuai's regime in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, many Xianbei tribes and clans were active in Inner Mongolia and northern Shanxi, and Tuoba was one of them, also known as "Suotou Xianbei" and nomadism. In 365,438+00, Tuoba Luyi was appointed as the Daigong of the Western Jin Dynasty, and in 365,438+04, he was appointed as the Daiwang. In 338, Tuoba Shiyi ascended the throne in the north of Panyu (now southwest of Hunyuan, Shanxi Province) and established Daiguo (see Dai). In 376, Daiguo was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty. After the battle of fertilizer and water, Tuoba □ rebuilt Daiguo in 386 and became king. In the same year, the country name was changed to Wei, and Jianyuan succeeded to the throne, which was called Northern Wei in history, also known as Tuoba Wei, etc. In the first year of Tianxing (398), Tuoba □ became Emperor (Daowudi) and made Pingcheng its capital (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi).
When the Tuoba Department of Wei Wudi was established, the Tuoba Department was in the stage of the disintegration of the primitive commune organization and the immature slavery. Tuoba GUI dissolved tribal organizations, which made Xianbei people settle in the land, changed from clan organizations to regional organizations, and changed from nomadic economy to agricultural economy. In the first year of the Emperor (396), after Tuoba □ captured Houyan Bingzhou (now southwest of Taiyuan, Shanxi), he established Taiwan Province, set up officials and worshipped Qi Huangong. Confucian scholars are usually employed by central officials, businessmen and local officials. God-given three years (406), each state was ordered to set up three divisions, three governors in the county and three governors in the county. One of them is Tuoba imperial clan, and the others are Xianbei people or Han people who are not imperial clan. Faced with the situation of powerful clans and numerous docks in Han areas, the Northern Wei government relied on these clans as the pillars of its rule and established a system of supervision and protection of patriarchs. The local patriarch supervised and protected the local area, took charge of collecting rent classes and recruiting military corvees, which actually played the role of local grass-roots political power.
Tuoba GUI implemented the policy of persuading classes to farm and developing production. In nine years (394), Liu Kuren and Liu Xiongnu were defeated, and Wuyuan (now northwest of Baotou, Inner Mongolia) was occupied to □ Yangsai (now east of Baotou, Inner Mongolia). After that, a large-scale reclamation was carried out here and the effect was good. Tuoba GUI broke Houyan. In the first year of Tianxing, he forced hundreds of thousands of Han people and working people of other ethnic groups in Houyan to move to the vicinity of Pingcheng, ordering fields, giving them farm tools, developing agricultural production and constantly enhancing their economic strength.
Tuoba died six years ago, and his son Tuoba Si (Ming Yuan Di) succeeded to the throne. During the period of Yuan Di in the Ming Dynasty, he attacked Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, and captured most areas of Si, Yan, Yu and other countries south of the Yellow River. In the eighth year of Taichang (423), Yuan Di died in the Ming Dynasty, and his son, Tuoba Tao, succeeded to the throne. Xia and Beiyan were destroyed successively, and Beiliang was destroyed in the first year of Yanhe (439), which completed the unification of the Yellow River basin, ended the division of the sixteen northern countries for more than 100 years, and the Northern Dynasty began. In the tenth year of Taiping (449), Taizu personally defeated Rouran in the north and moved him to the north, thus eliminating the serious threat to the Northern Wei Dynasty for a long time. Then he sent his troops south and arrived at Guabu (now southeast of Liuhe, Jiangsu). At this time, the territory of the Northern Wei Dynasty reaches the desert in the north, the eastern Xinjiang in the west, the Liaohe River in the northeast and the Jianghuai River in the south.
After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, its society jumped into feudalism and its productivity gradually developed. However, in the way of rule, it remained in the early Northern Wei Dynasty.
With a strong legacy of slavery, especially before the reunification of the north, the people plundered in the war continued to be given to nobles and meritorious people to engage in productive labor in agriculture and handicrafts. In terms of taxation, in areas where the suzerain supervision and protection system is implemented, the average annual adjustment fee for each household is two silks, two catties of flocs, one catty of silk and twenty stone millet, plus the additional adjustment fee levied by the local authorities. And arbitrarily increase the temporary collection, and each household has to pay 30 to 50 stone millet. At that time, officials had no formal salary, and they engaged in corruption, bribery and usury. During the reign of Taizu, the general Gongsun went to Shangdang (now Changzhi North, Shanxi Province), rode alone with a whip when he went there, and got a hundred cars when he came back. Tuoba rulers practiced the policy of ethnic discrimination. In the war, the people of all ethnic groups who were forced to serve as soldiers charged in the front, and the Xianbei cavalry was behind. In the twelfth year, when Emperor Mao besieged Xuyi (now the northeast of Xuyi, Jiangsu), he wrote to Zangzhi, the governor of Liu Song, saying that it was not my Xianbei people who besieged the city. You killed them to prevent them from rebelling in the future. In order to suppress the resistance of other ethnic groups, the Northern Wei Dynasty set up military towns in areas where ethnic groups lived together, such as Bian, Qiang and Lushui Lake, and exercised strict rule. Wei law stipulates that anyone who commits rebellion and rebellion, regardless of age, will be put to death. Even the original car splitting method is still being implemented. The backward rule in the early Northern Wei Dynasty led to the continuous struggle of people of all ethnic groups. Among them, the largest uprising broke out in Xingcheng (southwest of Huangling, Shaanxi Province) in September of the sixth year of Taiping, led by Hu Man Gaiwu of Lushui (see Gaiwu Uprising). The oppressed ethnic minorities and the Han people rushed to respond, and the rebel army quickly developed to more than 100,000 people, starting from Tongguan in the east and reaching □ Long in the west (now the junction of Shaanxi and Gansu). Beggars asked Liu Song to send troops to support him. A year later, although the rebel army was personally suppressed and failed by Mao, the common struggle of the people of all ethnic groups promoted national integration.
Feng Taihou and Emperor Xiaowen reformed the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In order to alleviate class contradictions, they tried to limit local powerful forces, strengthen centralization, further feudalize Xianbei nobles, and closely combine with Han landlords to jointly rule people of all ethnic groups more effectively. To this end, Feng Taihou and Emperor Justin of Wei Xiaowen carried out a series of reforms: ① Rectifying official management. In the second year of Yan Xing (472), the government stipulated that those who performed well in local animal husbandry could serve for a long time and be promoted to the next level one year later; Those with poor performance will be punished or even demoted even if they take office soon. (2) After five years of development, in order to change the chaotic situation that states, counties and counties competed to collect and adjust rents in the past, the government decided to collect rents only at the county level, and it was forbidden to use vats, long rulers and heavy scales when collecting rents. (3) In the eighth year of Taihe (484), the salary system was promulgated, which stipulated that a horse loaded with silk cloth should be executed for accepting bribes other than salary. The following year's Land Equalization Order also stipulates that local guards can give a certain amount of farmland according to their official positions. The granted public land is not allowed to be bought or sold, and it should be handed over to the next one when leaving office. (4) 1999 10, the law on average land was promulgated, which made detailed provisions for adults, handmaiden and cattle of different sexes to receive land. Granting fields is different from open fields and mulberry fields. Grain grown in the open field shall not be bought or sold and returned to the country at the age of 70. Mulberry, elm and jujube trees planted in mulberry fields need not be owned by the state, and the surplus can be sold and the shortage can be bought. When granting land, all disabled widows and children should be given proper care (see the land sharing system). (5) at the beginning of nine or ten years, the system of supervision and protection of the patriarch was replaced by the three-system system, and the neighboring, neighboring,
The party's township officials' organization suppressed local strongmen from sheltering a large number of registered permanent residence. ⑥ In recent ten years, Emperor Xiaowen also carried out corresponding reforms on the rent adjustment system. The new rent adjustment stipulates that one husband and wife is the collection unit, and one silk horse and two millet stones are paid every year. Unmarried men and women over the age of 15 are engaged in farming and weaving, and every twenty oxen are rented out, which is equivalent to the number of monogamous women respectively. ⑦ In the eighteenth year of Emperor Xiaowen, the capital was moved from Pingcheng to Luoyang, except for the opposition of the old Xianbei nobles and conservative forces such as Mu Tai, Yuan Pi and Prince Yi. ⑧ Emperor Xiaowen reformed Xianbei old customs, mainly forbidding Hufu and changing Hanfu; Xianbei language was banned in the court and Chinese was spoken instead; It is stipulated that Xianbei nobles should not be buried in Pingcheng after Luoyang's death, and their native place should be changed to Luoyang, Henan, and Xianbei's surname should be changed to Han's surname. Xianbei nobles were gentrified and encouraged to intermarry with Han nobles. Pet-name ruby Taihe Zhong agreed to divide the official ranks into nine categories, and each category was divided into positive and subordinate categories. Subordinate products are the first in Northern Wei Dynasty. Nineteen years later, according to the standards of family background and rank, the Xianbei nobles in the northern generation were defined as surnames and clans, with the highest surnames followed by clans, including Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei. "Ancestors all drop, present respect, all princes, burning, for the next realm. The so-called four surnames are Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng, Han people in the Central Plains, and the surnames of the four counties, A, B, C and D, which seems to be true. Banding's surname further combined Xianbei nobles with Han nationality. Socio-economic development In the historical development of the Northern Wei Dynasty for a century and a half, social productive forces gradually recovered and developed. After the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty (365,438+00) in northern China, people died of military revolution and starvation after the war in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the surviving population was less than 50%. The Central Plains is desolate. After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, through the long-term hard struggle and common struggle of the people of all ethnic groups, the relations of production were adjusted and production was significantly developed. Especially after Emperor Xiaowen's reform, the number of yeomen increased significantly. Before Emperor Xiaoming's rectification, the number of households in China had reached more than 5 million, which was more than double that of the Taikang period in the Western Jin Dynasty. Significant progress has been made in agriculture and handicrafts. " "Luoyang Galand Ji" said that in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, the people were rich and used to like pop music and have plenty of food and clothing. In handicraft industry, there were new achievements in steelmaking technology in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, and Xiangzhou (now Anyang, Henan Province) took the lead in smelting and making sharp steel knives. Business has also gradually become active. Before Taihe, the commerce in the north was almost at a standstill, and money and goods flowed everywhere. When Emperor Xiaowen was emperor, Yuan Shu was the satrap of Hedong, and many local people abandoned agriculture to do business. With the development of commerce, money has resumed circulation. In the 19th year of Taihe, the "Taihe Five baht" money was recast, stipulating that this money could be used in the capital and towns all over the country. In Xuan Wudi, Luoyang's business is quite prosperous and it has become an international commercial city.
The decline of the Northern Wei Dynasty With the development of production and the deepening of the sinicization of Xianbei nobles, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty became increasingly corrupt and the official administration gradually deteriorated. Wang Yuan in Levin is rich in mountains and seas, with luxurious residences and gardens like palaces. There are as many as 6,000 servants and 500 prostitutes, and a meal costs tens of thousands of yuan. He is rich in Hejian Wang Yuanchen, which is more luxurious than Shi Chong and Wang Kai in the Western Jin Dynasty. When Hui Yuan, known as "General Hungry Tiger", became prime minister, there was a price for selling officials. People call the official department a market for selling officials, and call these officials
A thief in the daytime. The local county secretariat and satrap also found nothing. When they collect the rent, they restore the long feet, vats and heavy scales. Heavy military service and corvee destroyed the homes of a large number of farmers. Bankrupt farmers have taken refuge in strongmen, become attached to farmers again, or evade taxes and become monks and nuns in temples. The number of households controlled by the Northern Wei Dynasty decreased day by day, which affected the government's fiscal revenue. The rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty not only aggravated the exploitation of peasants who had not fled, but also arrested fleeing households and searched for fleeing peasants many times. Thus causing farmers to resist. In the fourth year of Yanchang (5 15), the Mahayana Uprising led by Faqing, a monk in Jizhou, publicly declared that "the new Buddha was born and the old demons were destroyed". The Northern Wei government mobilized 100,000 troops to suppress it.
In the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Great Wall was built in Chicheng (now Hebei) in the east and Wuyuan in the west in order to prevent the threat of moving southward. Set up military strongholds along the border, namely, six towns such as Woye. The six towns will be dominated by Xianbei nobles, and most of the town soldiers are Tuoba members or children of the Central Plains. They are regarded as "the heart of the country" and enjoy a special status. However, after the capital was moved to Luoyang, the northern defense was gradually ignored, the status of the town was greatly reduced, and it was excluded from the "clean stream" and it was difficult to advance. As a result, they were seriously dissatisfied with the northern Wei government, and the status of town soldiers became more and more humble. They associate with criminals and prisoners, and are brutally enslaved and exploited by the generals and powerful men in the town, so they are called official households. Town soldiers have a strong class hatred for town generals, strongmen and the Northern Wei government. In addition, the flexible harassment and plunder of the Great Wall from time to time also deepened the difficulties of the life of foot soldiers. In the fourth year of Zheng Guang (523), the Six Towns Uprising finally broke out. People of all ethnic groups in Guanlong and Hebei have also revolted. The fierce class struggle caused the Northern Wei regime to fall apart. Border town strongmen group used the chaotic situation at that time to develop their respective forces. Sizhou (north of Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province), with Xiurong Erzhurong, gathered the strongmen and refugees of Beizhen, and its power developed fastest. In the first year of Wutai (528), Hu Taihou poisoned Emperor Xiaoming and became the Regent himself. On the pretext of revenging Emperor Xiaoming, Er Zhurong marched into Luoyang, killed more than 2,000 Hu Taihou and his ministers in Yin He, and took control of state affairs (see Er Zhu Shi Rebellion). Since then, civil strife has continued. In the 3rd year of Yongxi (534), the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei controlled by Gao Huan and the Western Wei controlled by Yu Wentai.