The Chinese nation has experienced thousands of years of development and evolution, and its population is increasing. In the process of mutual integration, Cathaysian system is the mainstay.

The Cathaysian system that happened in prehistoric times has many sources. In the late Neolithic period, he lived in the Yellow River valley. After five or six thousand years, it gradually expanded through frequent contact and mixing with other ethnic groups, and there were four great integrations in history [2] (1937).

In the process of historical progress, all ethnic groups are mainly Chinese, and other ethnic groups have joined in turn. However, the order of integration is like a wave, falling together, and the struggle and alliance between two or more ethnic groups have been quarreled for a while, and finally they are assimilated and calmed down. After the assimilation of the old ethnic group, a new ethnic group appeared, so the harassment returned to assimilation for a period of time, and so on. There are 56 ethnic groups in China so far, which is the particularity in the history of ethnic development in China.

It is not difficult to understand that every expansion of the Cathaysian system changes its original quality. Today's China is not China in the Ming Dynasty, China in the Ming Dynasty, China in the Tang Dynasty, China in the Han Dynasty or China in ancient times. By analogy, other ethnic groups will also absorb and assimilate the components of other families in the process of evolution, which depends on the master-slave relationship of the geographical environment at that time. For example, the aborigines in Gu Xiang are collectively called Na Man. Nanyan in the ancient Hongze Lake, Zishui in the eastern and western foothills of Xuefeng Mountain and the residents of Yuanshui River Basin: Nanman in the Spring and Autumn Period, Wuling Man in the Han Dynasty, Changsha Man in the Six Dynasties, Jing Yong Man in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Meishan Man in the Five Dynasties and Miao Yao in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, all of which can not be separated from the above development laws. Miao Yao has developed into an international country.

Second, the origin of Jason Wu and Meishan people

Jingwu system was recorded in the Yin Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, ancient Jingchu still claimed to be "barbarians", but in summer, it was called "Man Jing", who lived in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and gradually became stronger, and annexed some small countries in summer. At that time, the people of the State of Wu were also Man Jing, whose monarch claimed to be from the Zhou Dynasty and arrived in China at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. His country later died in Viet Nam. Wu people assimilated into China when they entered Chu, and some moved to the south of Dongting. They are closely related to the residents of Zishui River Basin in Shui Yuan at the east and west foothills of Xuefeng Mountain, and there is a relationship of consanguineous blending and mutual assimilation.

Thirdly, Baiyue (Yue) is the main part of Meishan people in later generations.

Baiyue is famous for its wide variety. There were "Yuyue" in the Spring and Autumn Period, "Yangyue" in the Warring States Period, "Ouyue, Minyue, Nanyue and Luoyue" in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and "Shanyue" in the Three Kingdoms Period. Except those who moved south during the war, most of them were assimilated by China. In the article The Origin of Meishan Culture Development, according to historical data and local relics, the author thinks that Yang Yue's Biography of Mei is the founder of the ancient Meishan culture, and "Yue people" is the main body of the formation of "Meishan people".

Baoqing's Restoration, Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi, Meishan Tongzhi? The geographical records quoted from Huguang Tongzhi and China Celebrity Dictionary all contain: "Wu Rui, a native of Yangyue, led his troops to respond to Xiang Yu's surrender to Qin, and his troops cooperated with Liu Bang to pound Xianyang. Because of his work, Wu Rui was appointed King of Changsha and Mei Huan was appointed as 100,000 households.

With the rise of the Han Dynasty, in view of the political trend that Liu Han's regime rejected dissidents, all birds bow to hide, all cunning rabbits die, and lackeys cook, Mei Zhiyi left the officialdom and led his troops into the middle and lower reaches of Xuefeng Mountain, adhering to the theory of Laozi and Zhuangzi, establishing his own family and opening up a new world. So this place is because of Meijia ("Chubao? Mei Huan became the "Ruling Duke" and "Mei Wang" admired by later generations. The Temple of the Ancient Beauty King left by Cangxi Mountain in Xinhua, the statue of Wang Mei wearing armor and a full face of beard, and the wizard's practice handed down from later generations, in order to thank Hanwang for his "Nuo Opera", sent five soldiers to hunt down "Maogong", which is enough to prove Mei's dissatisfaction with Pei Gong Liu Bang's killing of hero Han Xin after living in Meishan. Mei Zun, a native of Yangyue, was the founder of Meishan culture in the Middle Ages, and a large number of Vietnamese merged with local ethnic groups to become the later Man Mei forces.

Fourthly, the origin of Miao Yi ethnic names.

According to "Mountain Watch and Man", "Lin Miao is indeed the same clan. First, because the languages are similar, they all belong to the "monk-wheat family"; Second, because their constitutions are similar; All the sources of their names belong to the same species.

The origin of the name "Lin" is difficult to verify. There was no name of "Lin" in ancient times, and the word "Lin" was probably converted from other characters. There are two kinds of statements:

(a) "Shuo Wen" Note: Idle, five Liu Qie, South has "Jiao Xianren";

"Custom Pass" said: "There are eight kinds of barbarians, one is redundant barbarians; There are six kinds of honor, one is jade honor; If today's Yao people, the types of ancient barbarians are also covered. "

"Xiaoyun" is: ancient and cut. I don't stop for luck.

According to Shuowen, its shape, popularity, its race, and Xiaoyun, its sex. Because there are no words in the book, Shuowen is indispensable when it is used to supplement the meaning. The word "Yu" in Min Xu's Yue Shu changed from "Yu" to "Ye".

(2) Guangyun said: "You are so embarrassed", dog education.

Guang Yun? Back to the 26th, its "food" is like "fox" and "fox". Note: "Dog Ye", or Yun Yao, the empress of Pan Hu, was exempted from corvee because of his meritorious service that day, and was later mistaken for "Yao". Is "not stubborn", which is the "embarrassment" in Guang Yun. (Quoted from Textual Research on Vivi Problem in Hunan)

"Sui Shu" contains: There are many barbarians in Changsha County, named "Mo Yao", named after their ancestors who made meritorious deeds and avoided corvee. ②

The author thinks that Yao nationality is Pan Hu, and the recorded myths and legends are hard to believe. As for the statement that "merit can avoid corvee", it seems inappropriate! If the patriarch Tiger Pan is active, who will exempt him from the corvee? In the clan stage in the late primitive period, there was no need to bear any corvee to anyone. It is reasonable to say that "Rose" played an important role, but the name "Mo Yi" did not appear among the southern nationalities during the Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It didn't appear until the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Therefore, it should be noted that since Meixian, a part of the Yue people, settled in Meishan, they have merged with barbarians and Wujing people from all over the country, prospered and stood on their own feet. In order not to succumb to the feudal rulers of the Central Plains, they put forward the strategic defensive slogan "Mo Yi"! It is inevitable to inspire people and enhance cohesion. Over time, "Mo Yao" has become a synonym for the people in this area and a general term for a nation. This is the pride of the ancient Meishan people, the glory of Man Mei's descendants, and the concrete embodiment of the national spirit of Meishan people who are not afraid of violence, perseverance and courage. It is a title with more characteristics of the times after Wuling Wu Ximan.

Then, from the perspective of transliteration of Chinese characters, the origin of the words Miao and Lin is inferred.

The sound of the word "Mani" is "Moao", and its sound is close to that of "Miao", so "Mani" and later "Miao" are actually homophones. Modern Miao people call themselves "men" or "Meng", and their pronunciation is very close to "people", which is the same as the initial "m" of "Momi". These three words are gradually changed by pronunciation. Mr. Lin also mentioned this point in the National History of the Republic of China in the Twenty-five Years.

Torii Ryuzo, a Japanese anthropologist, said: "Miao's name was a self-proclaimed word in the past, so the Han rulers named it because its self-proclaimed voice was similar to Miao and cat."

Many scholars believe that today's Miao people are not ancient "Miao people", but descendants of Manchu people in Qin and Han Dynasties.

"Man" sound "MUN, MON" is close to Miao sound, so "Miao" evolved from "Man" sound. And "Man" is a Chinese phonetic alphabet. For example:

Poetry of Xiaoya is "as rough as temminick". Justice is "the same with this", with the same sound and meaning.

"Mao Zhuan" has "Kuai Yi Te Ming also".

Lv Simian thinks that "as rough as temminick" is emphasized by two voices. The pronunciation of "Kuaiyu" and "Temminick" is closer to that of "Miao", so Miao's pronunciation is "Manchu, Kuaiyu and Temminick", which is beyond doubt.

Historically, it is certain that "Lin" and "Miao" belong to the barbarians mentioned by the Han people. Moreover, the word "Yi" has been defined as "Mo Yi" and "Miao" which belong to the pronunciation of Chinese characters "Mo Yi" or "Man", so it can be completely affirmed that "Miao Yi" belongs to the same family, and then it is divided into two ethnic groups because it is represented by Chinese characters.

The Records of Diseases in Counties and Counties in the World (volume 104) reads: "Mo Yi people come from five streams in the south of Jingnan, living among mountains and seas, and are called mountain people. They are Pan Hu's heritage, and there is no chief. They live in the valley and make a living. They collect and capture without paying tribute.

The History of the Chinese Nation written by Mr. Lin in the 25th year of the Republic of China uploaded: "... Wuling, now Changde County, Hunan Province, is the ancestor of this nation, the so-called totem worship, which is explained by myth ... so it can be said that it is the ancestor of Vivi in this world ...".

Wuling, which it refers to, was later called Dingzhou (now Changde City), and Meishan (including now Anhua, Xinhua and other counties and cities) was under its jurisdiction, and was later placed under Tanzhou. "History of Song Dynasty" contains: "Meishan people are not connected with China". Enough to prove that it is a self-reliant barbarian.

In short, Changde, Hunan Province belonged to Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period, captured by Qin in the Warring States Period, and changed to Wuling County in the Han Dynasty. In the later Han Dynasty, it was also called Wuxi, which was razed by Ma Yuan, a general of the Han Dynasty. Judging from its development stage, during the chaos in China in the Six Dynasties and Five Dynasties, some Na Man also moved northward to the Central Plains, and later Wei often named him Naiman Tusi as the secretariat, and the son of the traitor Huan Xuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was Sun Man Tusi. Its Jiangnan people are named after different place names, such as Jingzhou people, Changsha people and Chenzhou people. . There are barbarians in West Shu. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the political groups in Xia Dynasty used barbarians to control the enemy. And the barbarians did great harm to both sides. In the first year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (566), the large-scale conquest was frustrated by brute force. 1979 published "History of the South": "Song people were forced to toil, the poor no longer suffered, and fled to barbarians. Without corvee, the strong don't pay official tax. The parties even joined the county seat, with hundreds of people. If the county is weak, it is a thief, with more types and unknown hukou. How dangerous it is. Xiong Xi, Hengxi, Chenxi, Youxi and Wuxi live in Wuling. All the mountains are blocked and you can't enter. " After the Tang Dynasty, there were no barbarians in the north of the Yangtze River, but there were both assimilation and southward migration.

Living in Jiangnan. Because the surrounding areas were suppressed by the forces of the Central Plains, most of them gathered in the deep forests in the middle and lower part of Xuefeng Mountain uplift, enjoying a unique geographical environment and thriving, and developed into the "Mo Yi" of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the "Meishan Man" of the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, which shocked the ancient Hunan and Chu areas and made the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty uneasy. After the Song Dynasty, it gradually became a general term for people.

To sum up, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Miaolin ethnic group is a new ethnic group, mainly Huaxia ethnic group, formed after frequent wars in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties and Five Chaos.

2. Miao Yi is descended from barbarians, although it is a clan of its own today. In the historical development of China, it also partially absorbed other national elements;

3. Lin Miao is the same clan, so it is divided into two major nationalities, because the Central Plains culture has different names because of its Chinese characters. Ancestors should be from Wu Lingren-Mo Yi-Meishan. Therefore, Meishan area in ancient Hunan should be the birthplace of Miao nationality in later generations.

Five, the difference between today's Miao Yi and ancient "Jiuli" and "Sanmiao" [5]

As explained above, Miao people are descendants of barbarians. This family belongs to the same clan, because the rulers of the Central Plains adopted different names in Chinese characters. However, does this have anything to do with the ancient "Jiu Li San Miao"? There are also various views. Most of them are based on the following historical records.

Historical records? "Biography of the Five Emperors" "At the time of Xuanyuan, Shennong was in decline and the princes invaded the people. Shennong's Fu Neng sign. Therefore, Xuanyuan is used to fighting for unhappiness, and all the princes and salty guests come from this. Besides, Chiyou is violent, and you can't cut it. Emperor Yan wants to invade the vassals, and the vassals will return to Xuanyuan. It is to revitalize Xiu De, rule the Five Qi, hold five things, comfort the people, spread all directions, teach bears, beasts, valiant soldiers and tigers, and fight against Emperor Yan in the wild of Banquan. After three wars, he won his ambition. Chiyou made a mess without the emperor's command, so the Yellow Emperor became a vassal and fought Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, thus capturing and killing Chiyou. The princes respected Xuanyuan as the son of heaven and took the place of Shennong. "

Gao Youzhu's annotation "Chiyou, the king of Jiuli and the king of Jiuli people" is the cloud in Qin Ce's interpretation of Chiyou.

Book of rites? Yi Yi Zheng quotes Zheng Zhu's Lv Xing: "The Miao people are called the king of nine miles. When the ruler of Jiuli declined in Shao Hao, he gave up the good way and severely punished Chiyou. Those who are destined to change their minds. After Miao Jiu Li, Zhuan Xu replaced Shao Hao, punished Jiu Li, and enfeoffed his descendants, becoming the third Hispanic Miao. The decline of the highest hatred is the evil of nine Li. Yao Xing was also punished, and Yao fled in the late Dynasty and Shun Dynasty. The late king hated the ferocity of this clan, so he called it the people. The people are invisible and have not seen benevolence. "

"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals": "Yao fought in the pool of Dan water to subdue barbarians, and the Miao people who followed it were more vulgar."

"Shan Hai Jing" Guo Pu's note: "In the past, Yao let the world, the king of the Three Miao was absent, the emperor killed it, and the people with Miao rebelled, which was called the' Three Miao Country'."

"book? Yao Dian: Three Risks and Three Miao, and Three Miao in the North.

Historical records? Biography of the Five Emperors: "Sanmiao people are in Jingzhou, Jianghuai, and the number is chaotic."

Han Feizi: "Those who are not satisfied with the three seedlings, Hengshan is in the south, Minjiang River is in the north, Dongting Lake is in the right."

Historical records? Wu Qichuan: "Three Miao left Dongting and right Peng Li".

Because the record of the above example is not satisfactory, there are several different explanations.

One said: Miao is the seedling of future generations.

Liang Rengong said: "According to Han Confucianism, Chiyou, who was crusaded by the Yellow Emperor, was the first of the Miao people, which was a myth in nature and should not be studied in depth. But according to the book? Yao Dian,, and Lu Xing all said that Miao was my ancient enemy. Generally speaking, when Yao Shunyu was in power, the Miao people invaded our base areas, so it was a great event to repel them. ? After years of exile, his family fled to the south. The Spring and Autumn Period is quite beautiful. " (Ethnic Studies in the History of China)

Wang Tongling said, "When was it four thousand years ago? Now Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places have been occupied by Miao people, whose country name is Jiuli and the monarch is Chiyou. At that time, there was a big conflict with Yan Di Yu Wang, the co-owner of the Han nationality, and Yu Wang was defeated. Fortunately, there was a great hero of the Han nationality named Gongsun Xuanyuan, who met Chiyou and was defeated and killed. ? History books call it the Yellow Emperor. " (Wang Zhu's History of China, page 4)

Second, Miao Yulin wrote A General History of China: "China People's World? Li miao is in the south. ? Zhuan Xu said Jiuli before, and Zhuan Xu said Sanmiao later. (Zheng Xuan said)? Although li miao is not today's Miao, he and the Party belong to another family. ? Generally speaking, in ancient times, Jianghan area belonged to Lebanon. However, if Chiyou is the King of Jiuli from Mazheng, it makes no difference. Chiyou was beheaded, and Xia people lived in the country forever. "

Thirdly, Lv Simian, the history of China's nationalities, said, "Hmong, transliteration of Gaiman? Today's so-called Miao people, their real names are Gai. China is called beautiful because it lives in the south. It's too late to be true. So I got mixed up in the ancient Sanmiao Kingdom. Jiangmiao's last name? People close to you can't tell the difference between today's Miao people and the three ancient Miao people. ? How do you know that Sanmiao is the country of Jiang surname and not the name of race? ? Hmong, people are derogatory? There were three seedlings, all of which were divided by Jiang at that time. It was really a dispute between Ji and Jiang. "

Fourth, say "Zhang series", don't record "Man Pingyi". Zhang Taiyan said: "There are different names for taking the test. Across the country, they are accompanied by a family of wretched people. Since the end of the Zhou Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty has collectively called them barbarians, with aliases such as Yan, slang and Lvliang. What is not called "Miao" is called "Miao" Since the Song Dynasty, Fei Ming's ambition has been almost the same, and this old saying has been kept. This is what a scholar said in turn according to the article of Sanmiao in Shangshu. There was no Miao surname in the Han Dynasty, and those who said they were ministers would not take Sanmiao as the master. " Yu Shu "jumped three seedlings in three risks, and Ma Ji said the name of three seedlings. After Jinyun's family, he became a vassal and was covered with gluttony. " There is a suggestive note in Huainan Xun: Sanmiao is named after descendants Hundun, Descendants and Gluttonous Miao. It has nothing to do with the seeds of this world. "

There are different opinions above. It is hard to believe that ancient history was originally written by many descendants. The ancient Sanmiao and Jiuli, or just the names of tribes, are not the general name of the whole nation. Two tribes, one behind the other, so later generations decided that Sanmiao was a descendant of Jiuli. The result of the struggle between these two tribes and the Han nationality failed in ancient times. Jiuli failed in Zhuan Xu? Three seedlings are followed by Xia. It is hard to believe that these two tribes belong to the later Miao nationality. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were two different races in Jingzhou, Jianghuai, Shu Jing and wuyue. It was once the hometown of Sanmiao, and wuyue, Shu Jing was not a post-Miao. So how could the ancient Sanmiao be called a post-Miao? !

Mr. Wu Xinfu's Exploration of Miao History 1992 says: "? There are seedlings, that is, Naman, and Naman has seedlings. " Zaizo

After the disintegration of the Miao nationality, it was no longer called "Nanman" by "Three Miao" or "Youmiao", but named "Man Jing", "Man Jing" or "Jingchu" by land. In other words, from Sanmiao to Miaomiao, it is the same strain. "Man Jing" comes after "Sanmiao"

Another stage of Miao nationality's historical development. Mr. Wu quoted an Interview with Langdai County in Volume 20 of the Continuation of the County Records of Xuyong and Yongning Pavilion, saying that Miao people were called "Three Miao", "Youmiao" or "Man Jing" in ancient times. Miao people come from Chu, that is, the ancient man is quiet.

Clouds. "

Mr. Wu Xinfu is a famous contemporary scholar and an authority on the research and textual criticism of Hunan's national history. I have always respected him as a knowledgeable and rigorous historian. I want to make it clear that many ethnic groups in Man Jing originated from the descendants of Sanmiao, but after all, they later assimilated to China. At that time, many Wu people also assimilated to China, and it was even more difficult to guarantee whether their ancestors or parents had blended with other ethnic groups in blood. Even if one of them is a descendant of Sanmiao, the spouse may not belong to Jiuli Sanmiao, and Jingchu people have been completely sinicized in the Spring and Autumn Period. After the great integration of the Chinese nation in history, is it necessary for people today to trace back to who Yi, Rong and De belong to? Or a descendant of Sanmiao? Today, among Macau people, some people have Portuguese fathers and China mothers. Are their descendants Portuguese or China? Then, it can only be "Macao people". Therefore, the ancient "Man Jing" was "Man Jing", and if it was sinicized, it would be Chinese. If you have moved south to Wuling Wuxi or Meishan, that is another matter.

The author thinks that Zhang Taiyan's argument is reasonable, and many scholars also hold this view. Although Miao's name appeared in the classics, it has never been seen in the history books since Zhou and Qin Dynasties. It didn't reappear until the Yuan Dynasty. For example, there is a saying in Yuan history that "the whole cave is full of wonders" in the first month of the 29th year of Zhiyuan, Yuan Shizu. He also mentioned such languages as "Sangzhou Temple, Bafan, Miao Man and Luo Dulai pay tribute to the square", and also used such titles as "Man Zi and Cave". In the Ming Dynasty, Miao talked more and more, such as Daming? Huidian has the language of Miao. There are names such as Miao people, Miao man, Dong Miao, Xi Miao, Zijiang Miao and Ye Miao in the unified annals of Daming. After the Qing Dynasty, the word "Miao" became popular, with many differences. At first, the scope was relatively narrow, but later it gradually expanded and became the general name of southwest nationalities. Since then, it has replaced the word "Man Zi" in history.

Therefore, Miao Yao in this world is by no means an ancient "Nine Li Three Miao". It is a new nation-Miaolin system formed after the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.