From 19 12 to 1949, when the Republic of China was founded, and then to 1949, when the Kuomintang announced its withdrawal from the mainland, under the influence of domestic troubles and foreign invasion, China experienced social unrest, unbalanced political and economic development and ups and downs in the development of overseas education. After the founding of the Republic of China, overseas students became the darling of society. Song advocated bluntly at that time: "The initial government must use all revolutionary parties, not the old bureaucrats." (1) Most of the Revolutionary Party are students studying in China, which shows that overseas students have occupied a very important position in Japanese politics at that time. For the sake of brevity, I divide the study abroad movement in the Republic of China into two periods:10-1920s and 1930s-40s, focusing on the study abroad upsurge in each period, which will be explained in detail below.
10-During the founding of the Republic of China in the 1920s, the movement of studying abroad was geographically distributed. During this period, studying in Japan, the United States and Europe went hand in hand. Compared with the overseas students in the late Qing Dynasty, the overseas students in this period have greatly expanded their majors in studying abroad, not only focusing on the study of western artifacts, but also dabbling in other fields of art and literature. In terms of knowledge structure, this generation of foreign students did learn Chinese and Western. On the one hand, they inherited the traditional culture of China, and at the same time, they personally felt the humanistic environment and historical atmosphere of some European and American countries represented by western culture and Japan with rapid modernization. They played an important role in the modern history of China, especially in thinking about China's way out and exploring the guiding ideology of China Revolution. Among them, the two climaxes of studying in France and the first Sino-Soviet cooperation are represented.
1965438+In February 2002, Cai Yuanpei, Wu, Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui and others initiated and organized a study abroad club. In order to implement the work of studying in France, Li Shizeng and others initiated the establishment of the preparatory school for studying in France. Because some French factories needed cheap China workers at that time, Qi Rushan and others took this opportunity to recruit a group of China workers to study culture after work. This system has opened up a bright road for young people from poor families to go out to study. The establishment of the Work-study Program Association in France enabled the work-study program to move from theory to practice, and gradually developed and expanded, laying the foundation for the climax of studying in France.
19 16, on the premise that France is eager for a large number of Chinese workers, China and France agreed to establish a Sino-French education association. The following year, Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, Wu and others returned to Beijing and established the Beijing Sino-French Education Association. 19 18, we will open branches all over the country, actively recruit students, and prepare to go to France for work-study programs. When the work-study program in France was brewing, the New Culture Movement and the May 4th Movement took place in China. With the help of the May 4th New Culture Movement and the spread of Marxism, the upsurge of studying in France reached its climax. There are many reasons for this upsurge. At home, the vast number of progressive young people have "no books to read" because of the warlord melee and social unrest. Advocates of the New Culture Movement vigorously advocated scientific democracy, introduced various rich social thoughts, such as anarchism and socialism, and strongly denied China's traditional culture, trying to fully introduce western culture. Coupled with the victory of the Russian October Revolution, people saw the "victory of the common people". Seeing the power of "labor", a strong ideological trend of "work-study program" rose, which laid the ideological foundation for the climax of studying in France. In addition, the spread of Marxism in the later period was strictly controlled by Beiyang government, so it was impossible to learn from Russia directly. Therefore, many Russian revolutionaries stayed in France, which is close to Russia, and became the place where Wan Li gathered.