Schubert (1797— 1828) was born in a primary school teacher's family in the suburb of Vienna. He began to learn music at the age of 8; 16 years old as a teaching assistant, teaching private piano for a living. 18 13 years, when he resolutely left home to become a "freelance artist" in Vienna, he was full of beautiful yearning for the future. However, his era was the failure of the French bourgeois revolution and the restoration of the reactionary dynasty in Europe.
He wrote 1500 works in his life. Including 14 operas, 9 symphonies, 100 chorus songs and more than 600 songs, among which the most famous ones are the symphony Unfinished, the piano quintet Trout and the vocal suite The Beautiful Mill Girl.
The center of his creation is songs, and he has the reputation of "king of songs". His songs are beautiful, simple and profound, which fully embodies the artistic conception of poetry. The works reflect the depression, depression, joy and pain of young intellectuals in that era and become a model of romantic art.
Appreciate:
1, violin solo "Serenade" (2: 46) Lyrics: ① "My song flies to you through the middle of the night, in this quiet grove, my love, I am waiting for you!"
(2) "Can you hear the nightingale singing? She's begging you. She will tell my love with that sweet song. "
2. The fourth movement of piano string quintet (trout) in major (7: 35). Creation background: 18 17 Schubert composed the famous song Trout, which is divided into two parts. The first paragraph describes the trout swimming happily in the clear river, and the second paragraph describes a cunning fisherman who muddied the river and was able to fish in troubled waters. Later, when I wrote the piano string quintet in A major, I adopted the tune of this song, so it was also called the trout quintet.
"Piano Poet"-Chopin
Chopin (1810-1849) is a Polish pianist and composer. Born in a teacher's family near Warsaw, his father is a Frenchman living in Poland and is a flute player. His mother is the daughter of a Polish aristocratic family and plays the piano very well. He liked music since childhood, received strict piano education at the age of 6, and performed in concerts at the age of 9. /kloc-entered Warsaw Conservatory of Music at the age of 0/6, and studied music theory with Dean Elsner. 1830, 20-year-old Chopin traveled abroad to perform. He came to Paris, which is the art capital of stars. As a composer and pianist, he gained a high reputation here. 1849 10 17 10, he died in Paris.
His music is elegant, subtle and gentle, all of which are manifested in the rich and distinctive national style and warm and deep patriotic enthusiasm. People call him a "piano poet". He left more than 200 piano treasures for later generations, including 27 etudes represented by revolutionary etudes in C minor, 565,438+0 Mazzuca dance with national style, Polish dance in flat major (also called Bologna dance) with masculine beauty, and his 265,438+0 serenade is a masterpiece in piano music, and he also wrote.
Appreciate:
1, one-minute waltz in d flat major (puppy) (1: 5 1)
2. Piano Concerto No.2 in F minor, second movement (15: 06) Performance: London Symphony Orchestra, piano: Rubinstein, conductor: Andrei Pleven.
(Note) Andrei Pleven (1929-) was born in Berlin, Germany, and was a Jew. During World War II, he went to the United States with his family and began his command career from 1963. He has served as music director and permanent conductor of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, Houston Symphony Orchestra, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra and London Symphony Orchestra.
18 13 10/0/0/0, Verdi was born in a small town in northern Italy. His father is a farmer and runs an inn. Verdi was rejected by Milan Conservatory of Music, but he didn't lose heart. He studied hard day and night under the famous conductor lavinia, and soon became a genius.
Verdi lived in the most turbulent times in Italy. His famous work "nabucco" reflects the brutal Austrian rule over Italy, so it was greatly welcomed by the Italian people and achieved a sensational success. From nabucco, Verdi embarked on a glorious journey, and his songs spread all over Italy with golden wings.
From 65438 to 1950s, Verdi's creation entered a mature period. His three masterpieces, The Clown, The Bard and La Traviata, came out one after another, and he also created a number of well-known operas: Evening Prayer in Sicily, Simon Boca nagel, Masquerade Ball, The Power of Fate and La Traviata.
Aida brought the fame of an opera master to the pinnacle of his life. This opera was created at the invitation of the Governor-General of Egypt. It describes a famous historical story of ancient Egypt. 187165438+On February 24th, the Cairo premiere was a great success. A month and a half later, the opera was staged at Scala Theatre in Milan. Verdi conducted it himself and the Italian king came to watch it. There is unprecedented pomp inside and outside the theater.
When Verdi was eighty years old, he wrote his last opera Falstaff. Such a long artistic life cannot but be amazing.
190 1 year 65438+1October 27th, Verdi died in Milan. In the endless funeral procession, a touching song spontaneously sounded: Nabucco's most famous aria, flying, thinking, riding on those golden wings! 》
Brahms
Brahms ohannes brahms (1833- 1897)
Writer's life works: overture to college festivals, violin concerto in D major, German requiem, symphony No.1, symphony No.4, Hungarian dance music and blues.
The overture to the College Festival was written in 1880. 1In March, 879, breslau University awarded Brahms a doctorate in philosophy. He wrote this song to thank him, but it was not finished until August 1880. 188 1 year 1 year premiered in breslau university under the guidance of the composer himself. The author once said that this is "a collection of joyful students' songs at the banquet".
Brahms' Violin Concerto in D Major is indeed one of the four greatest violin concertos in the history of music. Whether it is skill or style, it is as famous as Beethoven and others. Some people say that if Beethoven's violin concerto is a man, Mendelssohn's is a woman. So Brahms' is a man among men. Music critics say Beethoven's violin concerto is calm on the surface, but full of storms inside. What about Brahms' violin concerto? I believe everyone can hear that the first and third movements are vigorous and bold, and the vertical and horizontal character of the giant is different from Beethoven's introverted character. This is one of the reasons why Brahms' violin concerto is particularly magnificent. It can be compared with his first symphony and echo each other. But that seems to be the problem, right? Several European, American and Japanese music critics think that the mature conception of Brahms violin concerto is profound and interesting, and it is almost a perfect treasure, which is not easy to see for other works, but the only flaw is precisely because of its symphony personality. Is this because of the structure of the orchestra or the characteristics of the violin itself? Can't the violin concerto be colorful and powerful? Brahms Piano ConcertoNo. 1 is also symphonic. The orchestra is aggressive, but it seems less controversial. Maybe it's the loud volume and deep rhyme of the piano. Being exposed to the stormy waves of the orchestra, it can still highlight its unique timbre as a stringed instrument and has a unique aesthetic feeling. Concerto partners in violin concerto are stringed instruments and wind instruments, and violin occupies a considerable proportion. The volume of solo violin is limited, and the interval overlaps with concerto violin. Once faced with the ensemble, Solo seems to be at a loss. Is this explanation too superficial? There was also a Harcha Du Juan violin concerto in the 20th century, which was rough, bold and beautiful, but it was unheard of that the solo was drowned out because of its magnificent style? Or is it because concerto is basically different from symphony and is not suitable for "symphonization"? Or is it because the expression of concerto is more focused on the performance of solo instruments?
The special position of Brahms' Requiem for Germany in requiem lies in that it is not only sung in German ("Germany" here has the double meaning of "Germany" and "Germany"), but also its lyrics have got rid of the norms of traditional Latin texts and become more humane in spirit, from the divinity of Catholicism to Martin. The Protestant spirit that has arisen in Germany since Luther (Germany in this sense). Brahms began to write German requiem from 1857 when he was only 24 years old. By 186 1, the requiem had written four movements. From 1865 to 1866, Brahms added two movements to commemorate his mother's death. It was not until 1868 that the last piece (the fifth movement with soprano solo) was written, and the composition lasted 1 1 year. The final version of the German Requiem consists of seven movements. Brahms is a devout Protestant, and the lyrics of the German Requiem are carefully selected and edited by himself from the paragraphs about death, faith and eternal life in the Old Testament and the New Testament translated by Luther. Because Brahms is very familiar with the Bible, the lyrics are composed seamlessly, leaving no trace. As far as words are concerned, it is already a big deal. The music he wrote is in perfect harmony with the lyrics he chose. Although there are mourning and sadness here, there is no traditional horror about doomsday judgment, no content of dedication, atonement and transcendence, but a different belief about life and death: all flesh and blood are like flowers, grass will wither and flowers will wither; But people with faith, death is not a terrible thing, they will get comfort from God. If the word "God" here is replaced by the word "faith", it will have a broader meaning.
Although Brahms wrote only four symphonies, he is still considered as one of the greatest symphony composers after Beethoven. His first symphony is called the tenth symphony by the world. The so-called "No.10" means that this song is the tenth famous symphony after Beethoven's "Immortal Ninth Symphony". Music is full of struggle, worry, depression, depression, joy and other worldly desires, which is the greatest spiritual comfort for people who have experienced vicissitudes of life and the spiritual treasure Brahms left to the world. Interestingly, Brahms deliberately quoted the tune of Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in the last movement of this symphony, which is worthy of his reputation as the tenth symphony. It took 2 1855- 1876 years to compose this song, and Brahms was 43 years old when it was finished. The writing time of this symphony is very long, not because the composer is busy with other composing work, but because he is very cautious. Brahms is very rigorous, especially in symphony creation. He is determined that if he wants to write, he must write works that can keep pace with the "immortal nine symphonies" and not disgrace the style of his predecessors. Therefore, before writing this magnificent masterpiece comparable to Beethoven's symphony, he did not hesitate to spend half his life thinking carefully.
This song was completed on 1885 and premiered by Brahms himself on 10 in the same year. The author began to write this symphony in the summer of 1884, and it took one year to complete it, which shows Brahms' meticulous creative attitude. This symphony is very different from the author's other three symphonies in character: first, it has a sad color that the first three symphonies do not have, that is, what later generations call "classical tragedy." In fact, before this, Brahms often expressed his sadness in his works, but like this song, it was the first time that sadness was used as the keynote of music. Its second feature is that the whole song is written in an ancient way. Of course, quaint is one of the important features of all Brahms' works. Because of these characteristics, this symphony has not been widely understood. But the profound meaning of this song has finally been gradually accepted by the audience. Brahms often played this song before his death, and it often won a house full of applause.
The most well-known music in all Brahms' works is not only played everywhere, but also adapted into various forms of instrumental music. Brahms began to compose this series of music from 1852. At that time, he was very interested in the gypsy music in Vienna, so he wrote many melodies of gypsy music. 1869 began to publish "Hungarian Dance Music Collection", in fact, most of them borrowed the melody of gypsy music and edited it. Brahms's Hungarian Dance Music is a collection of 265,438+0 piano ditties, played by four hands. Although the melody and style of each piece are different, they all combine the characteristics of Hungarian national music and gypsy national music: the rhythm is free, the melody is modified in various ways, the speed changes dramatically, and it has certain improvisation; Although there is no uniform regulation in form, the three-part style is the most. Brahms's Hungarian dance music can all be classified as world famous songs, especially the top ten are most favored by the world.
This lullaby, which is often used for violin solo, was originally a popular song written by 1868. According to legend, the author gave this cordial and sincere lullaby to Mrs. Farber to congratulate her on giving birth to her second son. Mrs Faber is a famous singer in Vienna. Brahms 1859 In Hamburg, she once heard a Bowman's waltz. Brahms was deeply moved by her beautiful singing. Later, she changed syncopation with the melody of waltz as the accompaniment of this lullaby, as if the mother were patting the baby to sleep. The lyrics of the original song are "sleep in peace, sleep here, the small bed is full of roses, the fragrant wind blows into the dream, the mosquitoes and flies are silent, and the baby sleeps sweetly." May you sleep comfortably until the sun rises. " The quiet and beautiful melody itself is a lyric poem. Later generations adapted this song into light music, which spread widely in the world like folk songs.
After a long period of development, American music didn't have a unique American style until the beginning of the 20th century, and achieved the same important position as western countries' music culture. Prior to this, the music of various nationalities or races lived in this land of the United States, and there were also professional music brought by European musicians from European countries. After a long period of mutual influence and integration, they promoted the formation and development of American music.
16-/kloc-Indian singing in the 0/8th century is mainly used in labor, weddings, funerals, preparations for war and other occasions, with percussion instruments such as drums, which are simple in tone and unique. /kloc-After the 6th century, with the arrival of immigrants from various countries, they also brought their own music culture. After fierce competition, the British finally gained an advantage in the North American continent. Therefore, English music has the greatest influence on American music, laying the initial cornerstone for the formation of American music. 16 19, the first batch of 1 African slaves were sold to North America. African blacks love music and are used to singing while working. The moving melody and unique syncopation rhythm of black music have played a great role in the development of American music.
1640, Massachusetts published Poems of the Gulf, which was the first 1 book published in North America. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, in order to improve the singing level, many priests wrote books to guide singing. At the same time, with the increase of immigrants and the gradual prosperity of some big cities, secular music began to become active. European instruments such as violin, guitar and Harper Secord became popular, and professional musicians appeared. 173 1 year, 1 concert was held in Boston. The usual concert programs include patriotic songs, opera arias and traditional folk songs. Sometimes there are some instrumental works with or without titles. On this basis, the first American born! Batch composer. Compared with European music, the works of American composers at that time were considered immature.
19-early 20th century19, many European musicians came to the United States, and they brought far more advanced musical level and skills than the United States. 1848 After the European Revolution, a large number of German musicians moved to the United States. They obviously changed the musical taste of Americans who are used to hymns, and also brought great influence to the creation of young American composers. At the same time, music education has developed rapidly.
After the Civil War, American music life became more active, and some important music groups were established one after another, such as metropolitan opera (188 1) and Boston Symphony Orchestra (188 1). More importantly, a number of composers with considerable professional skills have emerged. They have raised American music to the level of Europe, but their works lack originality and have obvious imitation tendency. Among them, the highest achievement is E. mcdowell, who is regarded as the 1 composer in the United States with international reputation.
Although almost all American composers follow the European style, songwriter S.C. Foster writes with African-American music. Many of his songs were written for the popular "Black Troupe" at that time (white people disguised as black people and their members were called bards). However, the music of real African-Americans has not been taken seriously, and they only spread and developed among blacks. The main types of popular black music at that time were soul music, blues and labor music.
19 At the end of the 20th century, there was a new trend in America to get rid of German music control. Czech composer A de Vozak played a great role in it. 1892- 1895 was invited as the dean of new york Conservatory of Music. He suggested that American composers should apply American Indian and black music to their own creations. Some composers turned to French music, and their works were closely related to Impressionism. Another composer, C.E. Ives, is exploring the Americanized music language by himself. He didn't attract people's attention at that time, and later he was regarded as the most famous composer of the older generation in America.
In the 1920s, public opinion encouraged American composers to create works with American style and characteristics. With the support of various parties, a group of composers contributed to the establishment of American nationalist music. Especially in the field of symphony, they have won the status of American music comparable to that of European countries. Copland (A. Copland), Harris (R. Harris), Preston (W. Preston), Thomson (V. Thomson) and sessions (r. Sessions)( 1896-), who studied under French composer boulanger in Paris, all introduced American music to a certain extent. Their students and followers, such as Schumann, Barber and Bertelsmann, inherited their path. Most of these young composers were trained in China.
American music in the 1920s and 1930s developed in more than one direction. After the First World War, western music experienced unprecedented upheaval and a new modern music school appeared. Even the above composers, in some of their works, show the nature of experiments to varying degrees. The most important experimentalist is E. Varese, 19 15, a French composer who settled in the United States. At the same time, American pop music has developed unprecedentedly. Especially jazz music evolved from black music blues and ragtime is popular all over the country. Musicals with independent American style (also known as Broadway musicals) are gradually developed on the basis of European operetta and comic opera, and occupy a special position in popular music. Famous music composers include R. Rogers (1902- 1979), G. Gershwin, Bertelsmann, etc.
The appearance of Nazi regime and World War II brought many famous European composers to the United States, such as P. hindemith, B. Bartok, Schoenberg, Stravinsky and D. Mi Yue. They have brought great new influence to American music life. America has become an important center of western music culture. The nationality of American music creation is no longer valued, and the differences in style between the works of many American composers and European music have almost disappeared.
After the 1950s, American music became more diverse. Although some composers basically create according to the traditional music language, what attracts the new generation of composers is the endless stream of new music schools, represented by J Cage. In the field of pop music, new varieties have also appeared. Rock music developed from blues and other music is very popular all over the country, while jazz music takes a back seat. The representative figure of rock music is e Presley (1935-1977), and the famous folk singer is b Dylan (194 1-). After 70' s, the craze of rock music gradually faded, and all kinds of pop music influenced each other, and their styles tended to be comprehensive. The most famous pop singer is M Jackson (1958-).
In music performance, the United States often reaches a high level because of its world-class conductors, soloists and opera singers. American symphony orchestras account for more than half of the world total. Among them, the symphony orchestras in Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, new york and Philadelphia all enjoy international reputation.
Claude Debussy (65438+August 22nd 0862-1965438+March 25th, 2008, also translated by Claude Debussy)
French composer. Born into a merchant family. He entered the Paris Conservatory of Music at the age of 1 1. 1884 won the "Rome Prize" for his chorus "The Return of the Prodigal Son" and went to Italy to study for two years. Artistic opposition to the old tradition, and influenced by oriental music and aestheticism, gradually formed the Impressionism which had a far-reaching influence on modern European and American music. And its essence is closer to symbolism. Debussy is also quite unconventional in his private life, and even disliked by friends in the circle.
1873 entered the Paris Conservatory of Music. He has been an excellent student for more than ten years, and the chorus "The Return of the Prodigal Son" won the Rome Prize. Later, he became very close to the small group of poets and painters headed by Malamei, and created a lot of acoustic music with their poems as lyrics. He also composed an orchestral overture "Afternoon of the Faun" based on Malarme's poem of the same name, and an opera "pelias and Melisand" based on the Belgian poet maeterlinck's play of the same name. He got rid of the influence of Wagner's opera and created a unique expression. Piano creation runs through his life, and the early tasker of Arabia and Bergamo Suite are close to romantic style. Layout, Happy Island, Two Images and Twenty-four Preludes are the representative works of Impressionism. There are many vivid chapters in the orchestral Nocturne, Sea and beria. During the First World War, he wrote some works of sympathy for the suffering people, and his creative style also changed. At this time, he got cancer and died in 19 18 when Germany attacked Paris.
During his creative career of more than 30 years, he formed a musical style called "Impressionism", which had a far-reaching influence on European and American music.
Debussy's "Dream World" Debussy, the founder of modern music, has developed a strange sound world that no musician has ever discovered. He was born in 1862. There were no musicians among his predecessors. His father is a shopkeeper, too poor to let his son receive any kind of education, so he plans to make his child a sailor. But a kind lady who used to be a student of Chopin was very interested in this child with musical talent, so she gave him lessons for free. Debussy cherishes this opportunity very much. He studies hard. At the age of eleven, Debussy was admitted to the Paris Conservatory of Music. During his stay at the Conservatory of Music, Debussy became a pianist in a trio of wealthy Russian ladies, and had the opportunity to travel all over Europe-Florence, Vienna and Venice, and finally lived in the lady's Russian manor for some time. There, Debussy met some Russian composers who tried to create a national music for their motherland from folk music. Debussy is very interested in the strange scales used by these Russian musicians, which are very different from the major and minor scales used by composers in other countries. These scales are based on the folk music of fanatical orientals. A year later, Debussy returned to the Paris Conservatory of Music and, like many other French musicians, won the Rome Prize and completed his conservatory course. But the music he writes is completely different from other musicians. He doesn't often use the major and minor scales used in traditional classical music. Sometimes, he will return to the strange old mode of early church music, and he often uses diatonic scales. Our major and minor scales consist of seven tones, five whole tones and two semitones. The difference between major and minor scales lies in where those semitones are placed. In major scales, semitones are always in the third and fourth tones, and the seventh and eighth tones (3-4; 7- 1). In minor scales, a semitone is always between the second and third notes, but there are also several different minor scales, in which the second semitone is in a different place. Debussy's favorite scale has six whole tones and no semitones at all (such as C, D, E, F-sharp, G-sharp and A-sharp), so his melody sounds different from any previous music, and the chords are even more strange. Debussy constructed his unique "dream world" with his preferred diatonic scale.
Second, the overtone Debussy made many bold innovations in traditional music. Perhaps it's because no musician has ever had such keen ears: Debussy actually heard more overtones than the average person. Just like a color is often composed of some other colors (purple = blue+red, orange = red+yellow, etc. ), a sound is often composed of many sounds. All kinds of sounds are caused by all kinds of vibrations in the air, and we can see from the Greek Dan Xian piano that whether a sound is high or low depends on the speed of vibration. But in addition to the first or main vibration, there are some secondary and resonance in a sound, just like a stone thrown into the water, which causes not waves, but expanding ripples. The first and strongest overtone is the fifth tone above the pitch, which Debussy can hear without hearing AIDS. If we have a well-tuned piano, press a key silently, and then hit the fifth tone above or below it loudly, we can often hear that it is the overtone of another tone, producing an effect that Debussy once heard with his ears. The second overtone is the tenth tone above the original tone (pitch), and the third overtone is higher, but weak. The following overtones and so on. The main reason why different musical instruments have different timbres is the difference of overtones. Musical instruments such as violin have smooth and round sound quality and low overtones; The higher the overtone of an instrument like a trumpet, the better the sound quality. Debussy used these inaudible sounds in the air to construct his strange and non-earthly music. In order for everyone to hear, he boldly made sounds that people didn't even know they had heard. Because of Debussy's sensitive ears, he also used different combinations of various instruments in the orchestra to produce soft and flashing sound effects. At first, everyone was confused by his music and didn't know how to understand it, but once they got used to it, they would like it very much. This kind of music created by Debussy is the music called "Impressionism" by later generations.
■ Major projects
By genre time:
Orchestral music: spring (1886); Afternoon Prelude for Faun (1894); Nocturne (1899); The sea (1905); The martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (1911); Picture (19 12)
Chamber Music: String Quartet (1893); Cello sonata (1915); Sonata for flute, viola and harp (1915); Violin music (1916-1917).
Piano Music: Bergamo Suite (1905); Piano music (1901); Printed matter (1903); Images (1905 and1907); Children's Garden (1908); Prelude (Volume I: 19 10, Volume II:1913); Etudes (1915); White and black for two pianos (19 15).
Chorus: the prodigal son returns (1884); Missed the selection (1888);
Opera: pelias and Melissa (1902).
Songs: More than 50 songs