The last king of Shang Dynasty was Zhou, a famous tyrant in the history of China. He built the precious Qionglou Yaotai, where "wine is a pool and meat is a forest" all day long, and feasted with his beloved Princess da ji and nobles. In order to satisfy their own enjoyment, Zhou Wang increased taxes, which made social contradictions more and more acute. When the people rose up, he used severe repression. He set up "branding" torture, tied his opponent to a red-hot copper pillar and branded him alive. Uncle Beagan advised him, but he suddenly cut out Beagan's heart. Zhou Wang's brutal rule aroused the people's resistance, and the turbulent society boiled like boiling water. www.findart.com.cn
Zhou Wenwang died on the eve of the completion of the Great Business, and his son succeeded to the throne. After he ascended the throne, he inherited Naifu's legacy, followed the established strategic policy, and stepped up implementation: he made an alliance with the princes (now northeast of Jin Meng, Henan Province) and sent spies to prepare for an opportunity to recruit troops. www.findart.com.cn
At that time, I felt that Zhou people posed a serious threat to myself and decided to fight Zhou. However, this planned military action was shattered by the rebellion of Dongyi nationality. In order to quell the rebellion in Dongyi, Zhou Wang mobilized troops to attack Dongyi with all his strength, which caused great emptiness in the western front. At the same time, the internal contradictions of the Shang dynasty ruling group became fierce. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties acted as rejecters, wantonly killing the royal family, imprisoning Ji Zi and driving away the heretics. King Wu, Lu Shang (played by Jiang Ziya) and others seized this favorable opportunity, took advantage of it and launched a massive attack. After the battle of Makino, the first battle was successful, ending the rule of Shang Dynasty. www.findart.com.cn
Battle of Changping
The battle of Changping was a large-scale field battle during the Warring States period in China. It took three years before and after the battle. The killing of 450,000 soldiers of Zhao before and after the Qin Jun War was regarded by later generations as a turning point in the Warring States Period.
In the 43rd year of Zhao Haoqi, five cities including Han Hongcheng (Hong Ting is 20 miles northwest of Quwo County and 35 miles northeast of Jiangzhou) were captured in Leitian, and the enemy body count was 50,000. In forty-four years, Tian Lei captured the Nanyang Taihang Trail at the southern foot of Taihang Mountain, splitting South Korea in two. In forty-five years, the wild king of Korea was defeated by Bai Qi (the wild king was in the southeast of Taihang and belonged to Guo Xing in the Spring and Autumn Period), and the wild king surrendered. This year, Fan Ju served as Secretary of State of Qin Ke and put forward the famous diplomatic strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near". In 47 years, the Qin Dynasty ordered Zuo Shu's eldest son, Wang Bi, to attack North Korea and seize Shangdang. Shangdang people turned to Zhao, and Qin used this as an excuse to make Wang Bi turn to Zhao. Zhao Linglian resisted. Lian Po led Zhao's main force to Changping, and immediately attacked Qin Jun. Because of the great potential, Zhao Lien-chan was unfavorable and suffered considerable losses. In view of this, Lian Po changed its strategic policy in time, decided to turn the offensive to the defensive, prepared to rely on favorable terrain, built a fortress to stick to it, and waited for an opportunity to disrupt Qin Jun's morale and make it fall into a exhausted situation. Lian Po's strategy was very successful, and Qin Jun's offensive momentum was greatly suppressed, resulting in a stalemate between the two armies in Changping. In order to break the deadlock, people take money into Zhao Xing's counter-plan, saying that they are not afraid of Lian Po, but that Zhao She's son Zhao Kuo is a horse servant ("Qin hates his guts, but that the horse servant Zhao Kuo is obedient, easy to be honest and easy to fall." ) Just as Lian Po began to suffer heavy casualties and turned to stick to it, the prince of Zhao was not satisfied at this time. He heard of Qin's treachery and sent Zhao Kuo instead of Lian Po to attack Qin Jun. After Qin heard about it, he was secretly sent as a general, while the seemingly commander-in-chief Wang Bi was just a lieutenant and general, and ordered the army to behead those who dared to vent their anger. After Tian Lei took office, he learned that Zhao Kuo, who had no actual combat experience, was only an armchair strategist, arrogant and reckless, and listened to rumors. He decided to take the strategic policy of luring the enemy into depth and luring the enemy into mass annihilation, and made the following arrangements: 1 Turn the current frontline troops into luring the enemy, and then retreat to the main position to lure the enemy into depth when the Zhao army attacks; 2. Use the long wall terrain to build pocket positions, guard with the main force, prepare to resist the attack of the Zhao army, and organize elite commandos to prepare for the continuous attack of the Zhao army, so as to consume its effective strength and spirit; 3. Ambush 25,000 people on both wings. After the Zhao army attacked, it was inserted behind the Zhao army to cut off the retreat of the Zhao army and complete the siege of the attacking Zhao army; Infiltrate Zhao's defensive positions with 5000 cavalry to contain and monitor the left-behind Zhao. As expected, the war developed in the direction of Tian Lei. When Zhao Kuo arrived in the army, he changed the restriction that Lian Po was not allowed to go to war, replaced the military attache, and sent troops to attack the Qin Division. When the two armies fell in love at first sight, Tian Lei pretended to be defeated and retreated. Zhao Kuo, regardless of the actual situation, immediately pursued. Zhao's advance to the scheduled Great Wall was met with stubborn resistance from the main force, and his offensive was greatly frustrated. Zhao Kuo saw that the war was unfavorable and planned to withdraw, but it was too late. Qin Jun's two wings were quickly ambushed and inserted behind the attacking troops of Zhao in time, which cut off the external contact of Zhao Kuo's main forces and surrounded the attacking Zhao. Another 5,000 cavalry also quickly advanced to Zhao's defensive position to contain and monitor Zhao who stayed behind. Commanded the commandos to attack the besieged Zhao army continuously. Lien Chan's Zhao army was at a disadvantage and was forced to camp on the spot, give up the attack and wait for rescue. Due to the cut-off of the route for providing foodstuff, Zhao's morale is getting lower and lower. Forty-six days after the grain route was cut off, Zhao began to kill each other. Zhao Kuo tried to break through, and four commandos attacked and all were wiped out. Zhao Kuo's elite assault was shot back by Qin Jun's strong crossbow, Zhao Kuo died under the disorderly arrows, Zhao was defeated, Zhao's general was dead, and all 400,000 soldiers surrendered. Bai Qi said, "The former Qin had joined the Party, and the Shangdang people were unhappy to return to Zhao because of Qin. Zhao died repeatedly. If you don't kill it, it will be chaotic. " So he tricked Zhao Jun into surrendering, but led Zhao Jun to kill them all step by step, leaving only 240 boy scouts back to Zhao. A total of 450 thousand prisoners were killed before and after. This is a famous battle in the history of China-the Battle of Changping, which is a masterpiece in the history of China War. In this war, with its excellent military command ability, the command dealt a devastating blow to Chair Zhao, creating the earliest and largest encirclement and suppression war in the history of our country. It laid the foundation for being respected as a generation of famous soldiers by future generations. www.findart.com.cn
The Battle of Guandu —— A Strategic Decisive Battle to Lay the Foundation for Cao Cao's Unification of the North
In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), a decisive battle broke out between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in Guandu (now northeast of Zhongmou, Henan). At that time, Yuan Shao was the biggest separatist force in the north, followed by Cao Cao, and a decisive battle between the two forces was inevitable. Yuan Shao has hundreds of thousands of troops, covering a large area, but unpopular; Cao Cao Can only used 30,000 to 40,000 troops against Yuan Shao, but he was more supported by the people. Moreover, in his hands, Xian Di can "hold the emperor to make the princes".
In February of this year, Yuan Shao sent Guo Tu, a counselor, and Yan Liang, a general, to attack Ada, the satrap of the East County where Cao Cao had established a white horse, and personally led the army in Liyang. Cao Cao adopted the strategy of introducing from the east to the west, and led troops to Yanjin and Yuan Shao for reinforcements. When Cao Cao saw that Yuan Shao had been tricked, he immediately jumped into the white horse and attacked Yan Liang, and Yuan Jun was in chaos. Yuan Shao was furious and ordered to cross the river in pursuit of Cao Cao. In the south of Yanjin, Cao Cao deliberately abandoned the trench on the road, and Yuan Jun robbed it one after another. Cao Cao took the opportunity to defeat Yuan Jun and punished Yuan Jun general Wen Chou ... www.findart.com.cn
Although Cao Cao won some victories in Baima and Yanjin, the situation that the enemy was strong and we were weak did not change. He decided to lure the enemy into depth, take the initiative to retreat to Guandu, dig deep trenches and hold his ground for a favorable opportunity. After several months of stalemate between the two sides in Guandu, Cao Cao sent Indiana Jones to burn the nest, burned up Yuan Jun's grain and supplies, and took the opportunity to attack Yuan Jun with all his might, destroying more than 70,000 people in Yuan Jun. Yuan Shao and his son Yuan Tan led more than 800 Qin Bing to escape from the Yellow River. In this campaign, Cao Cao defeated many with less, annihilated Yuan Shao's main force, and laid the foundation for unifying the North.
Battle of feishui
The Battle of Feishui is a famous example in the history of China. Decided the long-term division pattern of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. www.findart.com.cn
The corrupt politics at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty triggered great social unrest, and the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jinlang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 3 17 A.D. and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, occupying most areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. In the north, there are many disputes between ethnic minority regimes. The pre-Qin Dynasty established by Di Ren destroyed, Dai and other separatist countries, and unified the Yellow River basin. Later in 373 AD, the Eastern Jin captured Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan), and its influence extended to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River. Fu Jian [URL], the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, was too ambitious. He wanted to wipe out the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, and unify the north and the south. www.findart.com.cn
In August 383, Fu Jian led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry and 30,000 guards, with a total of 900,000 troops heading south from Chang 'an. At the same time, Fu Jian ordered Pei Yuanlve, the prefect of Zitong, to lead 70,000 sailors down the river and reach Jiankang from Bashu. Nearly a million marches "travel thousands of miles back and forth, moving in opposite directions." East and West Wan Li, land and water go hand in hand. Fu Jian proudly declared: "Take my countless trips and throw the whip at the river to stop it from flowing." "This is the origin of the famous allusion" pumping out traffic ".
The Battle of Feishui, which took place in 383 AD, was a strategic decisive battle between the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which favored Anjiang Zuo, and the pre-Qin regime established by the northern clan nobles. As a result of the war, the weak army in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was still in crisis. It took advantage of the mistakes made by Fu Jian, the ruler of the former Qin Dynasty, in strategic decision-making and the improper tactical deployment of the former Qin army, and won a great victory, becoming one of the famous war cases in the history of China. www.findart.com.cn
In the Battle of Feishui, more than 700,000 people in the former Qin Jun were completely annihilated and annihilated. Only the 30,000 troops of the Mu Rongchui Department of Xianbei were still intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely dashed. Not only that, the temporary unification of the north has also collapsed, and it has once again split into more local ethnic regimes. Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality rose again and established new countries respectively. Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang two years later, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. Although the winner of this war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, failed to restore the sovereignty of China, it effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities on the South, creating conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River. www.findart.com.cn
The battle of Feishui has also become a famous example of how to win more with less, which has been recorded in military history and has had a long-term impact on the war view and decisive battle thought of later strategists.
The Battle of Gaixia —— A Successful Example of Large-scale Pursuit War
In December of the fifth year of Emperor Gaudi of Han Dynasty (202 BC), during the Chu-Han War, the two armies of Chu and Han fought a strategic decisive battle in Gaixia (now Lingbi South of Anhui, now Huaiyang and Lu Yi of Henan).
In August of four years, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang were at loggerheads in Xingyang (now Guxing Town, northeast of Xingyang, Henan Province) and Gaoping (now Sishui Town, northwest of Xingyang, Henan Province) for more than two years (see the battle of Gaoping). Xiang Yu was forced to make peace with Liu Bang because he was caught between Scylla and Charybdis. He is located in the east of Xingyang, Henan Province, bounded by the ancient canal, belonging to Chu in the east and Han in the west. www.findart.com.cn
In September, Xiang Yu returned to the East as agreed. Liu Bang took the advice of Sean and Chen Ping. When Xiang Yu was unprepared, the Chu army was hungry and tired, and suddenly launched a strategic pursuit of the Chu army. And about Han Xin from qi (now Shandong), from the beam (now northeast Henan) south through the Chu army. In October of five years (the early Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and in early October), due to Han Xin's failure to go south as scheduled, Liu Bang pursued the Chu army to Guling (now northwest of Huaiyang, Henan Province), and the Chu army fought back and the Han army was defeated.
In order to mobilize Han Xin and Liu Bang appointed Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) as the fief of Han Xin, the king of Qi, in the vast area east to the sea. Peng Yue was named King Liang, and he was enfeoffed from Suiyang (now Shangqiu, Henan) to Gucheng (now Dongan, Shandong). For its fief. Han and Peng Sui led the troops to attack Chu; Han Xin went south from the State of Qi and occupied Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), the capital of Chu, and vast areas such as northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui and eastern Henan. The soldiers pointed directly at the rear of the Chu army, and Peng Yue also headed west from Liangli. Liu Jia, a general of the Han nationality, and Wang, a native of Jiujiang, went north from the father of Xiacheng (now the father of Bo County, Anhui Province); Liu Bangze led Guling eastward, and the Han army surrounded the Chu army from the south, north and west, and Xiang Yu was forced to retreat to Gaixia. www.findart.com.cn
Five years in December, Liu Bang, Han Xin, Liu Jia, Peng Yue, Ying Bu and other Han armies, with about 400,000 men, fought a decisive battle with 65438+ Wan Chujun in Gaixia. Han Xin led the army in the middle of the Han army, with General Kong as the left wing and Michael Chen as the right wing. Liu Bang led his troops to follow up, with General Zhou Bo as the rear guard. Han Xin defeated the attack, led the troops back, and ordered the left and right armies to continue the attack. Chu Jun attacked unfavorably, and Han Xin sent troops again. The Chu army was defeated, retreated into the barriers and stood firm, and was surrounded by the Han army. The Chu army was defeated many times and the soldiers were exhausted. Han Xin ordered the foot soldiers of the Han army to sing Chu songs at night, which made the foot soldiers of the Chu army homesick and war-weary, and their morale collapsed. Seeing that the tide was gone, Xiang Yu rode 800 horses to break through and fled south overnight. Liu Bang sent Guan Ying to chase 5000 cavalry. Xiang Yu lost his way and was chased by the Han army to Wujiang River (now wujiang town at the border of Jiangsu and Anhui in the northeast of Anhui County). He committed suicide after defeat. www.findart.com.cn
In the Battle of Gaixia, Liu Bang launched a strategic pursuit at the right time, actively mobilized reinforcements, besieged the Chu army in multiple ways, and annihilated the Chu army with absolute superiority, which created a successful example of large-scale pursuit war in ancient China.
Battle of Red Cliffs-a famous example of defeating the strong with the weak.
Battle of Red Cliffs is one of the famous wars in the history of China. In the 13th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 208), the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei fought a decisive battle in Chibi (now Chibi Mountain in the northwest of Puyin City, Hubei Province, and Xichiji Mountain in Wuchang County, Hubei Province) and defeated Cao Cao's army. After Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and Wu Huan and basically unified the north, in July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, he sent troops south from Wan (now Nanyang, Henan), first destroyed Liu Biao, and then advanced eastward along the river, defeating Sun Quan and unifying the world. In September, Cao Jun marched into Xinye (now Henan). At this time, Liu Biao was dead and his son Liu Cong surrendered without a fight. Liu Bei, who was attached to Liu Biao and stationed in Fancheng (present-day Hubei), hurriedly led the army and people to withdraw south. Cao Cao incorporated Liu Biao's army, claiming that 800,000 troops were advancing on the Yangtze River. After Liu Bei was defeated in Chang (now Dangyang, Hubei), he sent Zhuge Liang to Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) on his way back to persuade Sun Quan to form an alliance against Cao. www.findart.com.cn
Sun Quan appointed Zhou Yu as the general and Cheng Pu as the deputy, and led 30,000 elite water troops to join forces with Liu Beijun in Fankou (now Ezhou, Hubei). About 50 thousand people marched westward along the Yangtze River and met Cao Jun. In November, Sun Liu and Cao Jun met in Chibi. Cao Cao connected the warships end to end to drill the water army and wait for an opportunity to attack the war. Zhou Yu adopted the fire attack plan put forward by Huang Gai and asked him to send a letter to Cao Cao to surrender. Cao Cao was trapped. Huang Gai chose a suitable time, led Meng Chong to sail into Junshui Village and set it on fire. Cao Jun's fleet was burned and the fire spread to the camp on the shore. Sun and Liu allied forces took advantage of the situation to attack, and Cao Jun suffered more than half of the casualties. So he led the troops back to the north, leaving the general Coss in the south to stick to Jiangling. The allied forces expanded their victory, and Sun and Liu occupied Jingzhou. www.findart.com.cn
In the decisive battle at Chibi, Cao Cao underestimated the enemy's conceit, made mistakes in command and finally lost. Sun Quan and Liu Bei formed an alliance to resist Japan at the critical moment when the strong enemy advanced, and skillfully attacked with fire, eventually defeating the strong with the weak. This battle laid the foundation for the future separation of Wei, Shu and Wu.
Taiping army's northern expedition-an example of going deep into logistics alone.
185 1 year 1 month1day, Hong Xiuquan (18 14- 1864) launched the jintian uprising in Jintian Village, Guangxi. 1853, 19 In March, the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing and went to Beijing another day. Pai, Li and Ji led the northern expedition, all in Tianjin. 1In May, 853, the Northern Expeditionary Army set out from Yangzhou, passed through Anhui, Henan and other places, entered Zhili and approached Tianjin. Emperor Xianfeng declared martial law in the capital. In August, the Northern Expeditionary Army defeated Tianjin. 1March 855, Lin Fengxiang was captured in Lian Zhen. He died in Beijing on April 3rd. Li retreated to Fengguantun, Qiping, Shandong Province. After being captured, he was taken to Beijing and executed in June of A.D. 1 1. After the Second Opium War, the Qing government borrowed teachers from Britain and France to help suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement. Yang Wei rebelled and Shi Dakai ran away, which happened in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. 1862, Zeng Guofan laid siege to the Taiping Army on the third road, and the main force attacked Tianjing from Anqing. 1On June 3rd, 864, Hong Xiuquan died of illness. 19 On July 9th, Tianjing fell and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom fell. www.findart.com.cn
The Taiping Army's Northern Expedition, Single Ride and Dragon Drive were elite troops, but they failed to continue to support them, and eventually the whole army was wiped out. The vast number of soldiers fought bravely, which shook the hearts of the Qing army, restrained a large number of Qing soldiers, and objectively supported the struggle between the Taiping Army in the south and the people in the north.
Opium War-a war that led China to rewrite history and Hongkong's destiny.
The Sino-British Opium War in the twenty years of Daoguang (1840) changed the history of China and the fate of Hongkong.
After the middle period of Jiaqing, the rule of Qing Dynasty declined gradually. The Qing government still claimed to be a "paradise", and it was arrogant and closed its eyes. At the same time, the European and American powers are advancing by leaps and bounds, and China, with its vast territory and large population, is the main target of expanding overseas markets. China has been an agricultural country since ancient times. Under the self-sufficient natural economy and the conservative thought of "China is superior to the country", China people have always had little demand for foreign products. In order to make huge profits, foreign businessmen smuggled a large amount of opium from South China into China, and the import volume of opium increased from 4,000 cases at the beginning of Daoguang's accession to the throne to 40,200 cases in the eighteenth year of Daoguang, that is, before the outbreak of the Opium War. The spread of opium affects people's physical and mental health, corrupts the management of officials, leads to the outflow of silver and the shortage of government revenue. Daoguang continued the policy of banning smoking since Yongzheng, but opium smuggling not only failed, but became increasingly rampant. The development of the situation has aroused the vigilance of people in the ruling and opposition parties. Daoguang ordered the frontier defense minister to discuss the idea of banning smoking, and there were different opinions in the ruling and opposition parties. What finally touched Daoguang Emperor was the memorial of Lin Zexu, governor of Huguang at that time. Lin Zexu hit the nail on the head: If opium continues to spread, there will be no soldiers defending the enemy in the Central Plains in a few decades, and there will be no money to pay for it. This situation is obviously what Daoguang Emperor did not want to see anyway. In November of the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), Lin Zexu was appointed as an imperial envoy and went to Guangdong to ban opium. www.findart.com.cn
After Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, he immediately banned smoking, strictly investigated cigarette dealers, reorganized the navy and instructed foreign businessmen to hand in opium. On April 22nd of the same year, more than 20,000 boxes of opium were publicly destroyed in Humentan. China's smoking ban met with a strong reaction from the British government. In the summer of the 20th year of Daoguang, the British Expeditionary Force consisting of 48 ships and more than 4,000 officers and men blocked the Pearl River Estuary in Guangzhou, and the Opium War broke out. Under the deployment of Lin Zexu, the soldiers and civilians in Guangzhou are ready for battle. The British army had no chance to invade Xiamen from the north, but it didn't succeed. He invaded Dinghai, Zhejiang, and then went to Haikou, Tianjin, and sent a note from the British Foreign Secretary to Qishan, the governor of Zhili. Qishan was ordered to go to Chuanbi, outside Humen, Tianjin, to negotiate with the British Commander-in-Chief and agree on a draft agreement, which was called "Chuanbi Cao Yue" in history. The Qing government was furious, so in January of the 21st year of Daoguang, the Qing government declared war on Britain and appointed Yi Shan, the nephew of the emperor, as a general to fight in Guangdong. The following month, British troops captured Humen Fort, and Guan Tianpei, the Guangdong Navy's prefect, died. Qishan was locked and brought to Beijing to plead guilty. In April of the same year, the people spontaneously fought against the British invaders in Sanyuanli, a suburb of Guangzhou, showing the courage of China people to resist foreign invasion. www.findart.com.cn
In the 22nd year of Daoguang, Wusongkou Fort was captured by the army, and the garrison commander Chen Huacheng was killed. On July 24th, at the gunpoint of the British army, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking. This was the first unequal treaty of the Qing government, which seriously damaged China's sovereignty. In the 29th year of Daoguang, Portugal expelled China's officials in Macau, stopped paying the rent, and openly occupied Macau.
As a result of the Opium War, the Chinese Empire closed Gu Men for 5,000 years for self-defense, and it was opened by British sharp guns from then on. From then on, it is impossible to get back together. US President Taylor immediately sent a plenipotentiary ambassador to Guangzhou by warship. The Qing government was frightened and quickly signed the Wang Xia Treaty with him. French warships sailed to Guangzhou to demonstrate, claiming to attack Zhoushan Islands in the north. Daoguang Emperor quickly signed the Huangpu Treaty with him. Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Prussia (Germany), Austria-Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and other western countries unheard of by China came to sign treaties, which made the Chinese Empire fall into a semi-colonial state. In 5,000 years, I have never been insulted like this. www.findart.com.cn
The Second Opium War (1856- 1860)
In the 1950s, with the further development of industrial production in capitalist countries such as Britain, France and the United States, more raw material producing areas and commodity markets were required. They are increasingly dissatisfied with the rights and interests plundered from China in the First Opium War, and demand to sign a new unequal treaty on the basis of treaty of nanking. 1854 and 1856, Britain, France and the United States put forward unreasonable demands to the Qing government, including opening the whole territory of China and legalizing the opium trade, on the pretext of helping suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which were rejected by the Qing government. Subsequently, Britain and France planned a new war of aggression against China to achieve their evil goals by force. This is the second Opium War in which Britain and France jointly invaded China. www.findart.com.cn
France invaded China on the pretext of 1856, when the French priest Marais was killed in Xilin, Guangxi. Britain, on the other hand, eagerly created an excuse to wage war-the Yarrow incident. Yarrow is a smuggling ship from China. It once obtained a registration certificate in Hong Kong, which has expired. 1856 10, China navy boarded Yarrow near Guangzhou to catch bandits, which was protested by British consul in Guangzhou, Parkes. Although Ye, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, agreed to repatriate the China crew arrested on the Yarrow, the British side ignored it. 10 in late June, the British army suddenly launched an attack, occupied the battery along the river south of Guangzhou, and once rushed into Guangzhou. Due to the shortage of troops, the British army retreated from the provincial river in June 1857, waiting for reinforcements. www.findart.com.cn
1857 In September, the British Plenipotentiary Erkin led the navy and army to Hong Kong. In June 5438+10, the French plenipotentiary Gro also arrived with troops. 65438+In mid-February, more than 5,000 British and French troops attacked Guangzhou and occupied Guangzhou on the 29th.
1April, 858, the British and French fleets arrived in the waters off Dagukou. On May 20th, the allied forces launched an attack, and Dagubao fell after tenacious resistance. The British and French fleet immediately went up the Baihe River and arrived in Tianjin. In desperation, the Qing government immediately sent Gui Liang, a great scholar, to Tianjin to make peace, and signed a shameful traitorous treaty with Britain and France-the Sino-British-French Treaty of Tianjin. On June 25th, British and French warships launched an attack on Dagu Fort. After rectification, the defenders of Dagu fought back, sinking and injuring more than one British and French warship 10, and killing four or five hundred invaders. The British and French allied forces hastily evacuated Dagukou. www.findart.com.cn
1860 In April, the plenipotentiaries of Britain and France, Erkin and Gro, once again led a large number of troops to China. In late May, British troops occupied Dalian Bay. At the beginning of June, the French army occupied Yantai and completed the blockade of Bohai Bay. 1 year in August, the British and French allied forces landed in Beitang, and fell into Dagu Fort in February1year, and occupied Tianjin on August 24. On the 22nd, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, the allied forces occupied Yuanmingyuan, wantonly looted and destroyed it, and set it on fire. Therefore, one of the most magnificent palace masterpieces in the world was destroyed by the British and French invaders. 10 10 In late October, Yi Xin, a representative of the Qing government, and Prince Gong successively exchanged the ratification documents of the Tianjin Treaty with the representatives of Britain and France, and concluded the Beijing Treaty. The Second Opium War ended here. www.findart.com.cn
The Change of Jingkang —— The Collapse of the Northern Song Dynasty
In February of the first year of Jingkang (1 126), after Jin led his troops to retreat in a panic, he continued to attack the unoccupied counties north of the Yellow River and prepared to attack the Song Dynasty on a large scale again, but the Song Dynasty resumed its old state of mild banter. Song Huizong Evonne was taken back to Tokyo. Song Huizong, Song Qinzong and Zhao Heng thought that the world was peaceful from then on, and they fell into a dissolute life.
When Wang Zong led the nomads from the Yellow River to retreat, the veteran Zhongshidao suggested to Song Qinzong to attack and destroy the nomads from the Yellow River. Song Qinzong not only refused to take the advice of Zhongshidao, but also fired him. www.findart.com.cn
The rulers of the Song Dynasty did not make any military preparations to prevent the nomads from attacking again, and all the loyal troops were ordered to be sent back. They fantasized and tried to secretly contact Lu Ye Yujin, commander-in-chief of Liao State in the Jin Dynasty, to bring down the Jin Dynasty from the inside, so as to achieve unexpected success. Therefore, the rulers used this incident and the failure of the Song Dynasty to fulfill the promise of ceding Taiyuan, Hejian and Zhongshan as an excuse. In August of the first year of Jingkang, he sent troops to invade South China. Jin Taizong appointed Han Zong as the left deputy marshal, and Wang Zong as the right deputy marshal. The soldiers were divided into two ways.
The East Route Army led by Wang Zong set out from Baozhou (now Baoding City, Hebei Province), successively captured Calm and Qingyuan, passed Zhou En (now Qinghe County, Hebei Province), and crossed the Yellow River from Weixian County (now thirty miles southwest of Weixian County, Hebei Province) with Guli. The marked army led by Han Zong continued to besiege Taiyuan. The Northern Song Dynasty imperial court destroyed Hedong's anti-Jin deployment many times, and there were no reinforcements outside Taiyuan and no food and grass inside. After being besieged for more than 250 days, it was finally broken by the nomads from September. Then, Han Zong led his troops through the narrow passage guarded by Song Bing (now Lingshi County, Shanxi Province) and reached Heyang (now Mengxian County, Henan Province) on the north bank of the Yellow River. There are120,000 Song Jun guarding the other side of the river, and 8 Jin J dare not cross the river. 8 jin j will be a lot of drums together, knocked all night, Song Jun scared to escape overnight. Jinbing from West Road successfully crossed the Yellow River and occupied Xijing (now Luoyang City, Henan Province) and Zhengzhou. Two nomads from the same time to Tokyo. www.findart.com.cn
Rulers of the Jin Dynasty adopted the strategy of "attacking war with peace", while strengthening military strikes, they constantly sent envoys to negotiate peace conditions with the Song Dynasty. After Jin Jun crossed the Yellow River, Han Zong sent envoys to the Song Dynasty, proposing that the Yellow River should be the boundary, and all places in Hebei and Hedong (now Shanxi) should be owned by Jin Guo. Song Qinzong listened to Xu Jinguo's request and immediately sent assistant minister Geng Nanzhong and magistrate Nie Chang of Kaifeng to deal with land division. Qin zong also sent a letter to the soldiers and civilians in Hebei and Hedong, demanding that Kaicheng drop gold.
The people in Hebei and Hedong were extremely angry and immediately set off a wave of anti-secession anger. Nie Chang arrived in Jiangzhou (now Xinjiang County, Shaanxi Province) and was killed by Jiangzhou people. Geng Nanzhong and Jin Shi arrived in Weizhou (now Jixian County, Henan Province). Weizhou people wanted to catch Jin Shi, but Jin Shi fled in haste. Geng Nanzhong never dared to mention cede territory again. www.findart.com.cn
At the end of November of the first year of Jingkang, Jin Bing Dong and Xi Lu Army met at the Bianjing gate. The nomads from the Song Dynasty once again surrounded the capital. At this point, the capital is in danger, and Song Qinzong still dreams of making peace with Kim. Although there were 70,000 Song soldiers in Bianjing, Song Qinzong did not organize this army to effectively resist. Bianjing people insisted on resisting the nomads from the city, and rose up automatically, killing Xin, an official of Guandong Wall who was suspected of being a traitor and had weak resistance. Song Qinzong and his gang are afraid of Beijing people's rebellion. After the new murder, they quickly drove the Bianjing people who participated in guarding the city out of Chengtou.
After the destruction of Bianjing City, Song Jun soldiers and people in the city demanded street fighting with the enemy. They swear: people in the city swear to live and die with the capital! Song Qinzong was too scared to resist. He said bitterly, "street fighting is tantamount to accelerating death." Didn't you see that Guo Jing, who was proficient in Liu Jia's method, was also defeated? Winning or losing is providence! Said that the prime minister of Qin went to make peace. Li He was so scared that he couldn't even climb on his horse's back that his whip fell off three times in a row. www.findart.com.cn
When Li He arrived in Jin Ying, Han Zong and Wang Zong said to him, "We don't want to destroy the Song Dynasty. Ask the Emperor of the Song Dynasty to discuss the cession of land. After the negotiations, we immediately withdrew. " Song Qinzong led several ministers to Jinying and gave the watches to Han Zong and Wang Zong. Qinzong handed over his watch, but the nomads from the army still didn't retreat. They suggested abolishing the name of the emperor Song Qinzong and establishing another monarch of the Song State. Qinzong returned to Beijing and wept bitterly, feeling that everything was over. Then, Jin Jun sent people into the city, seized gold and silver treasures, and snatched 6.5438+million taels of gold ingots, 20 million taels of silver ingots and 6.5438+million taels of silk. Song Qinzong also sent 24 officials to help the nomads from the royal family, officials, monks and Taoist priests search their homes for more than 20 days. In addition to plundering a large number of gold and silver treasures, the nomads also looted precious antique cultural relics and map files of various capitals. www.findart.com.cn
In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were detained in Jinying. Emperor Taizong of Jin ordered the abolition of Song Huizong and Song Qinzong. On the first day of April, Jin Bing took Qin Zong's father and son, concubines, imperial clan and court officials to the north as prisoners. The Northern Song Dynasty perished. Before the retreat of the nomads from the Song Dynasty, Zhang Bangchang, the leader of the capitulators, was made a puppet emperor with the title of Chu.
Battle of Salhu
The Battle of Salhu, which took place in A.D. 16 19, was a decisive strategic battle between the Ming Dynasty and the late Jin regime in Liaodong. In this war, Nuerhachi, the late Jin Dynasty, showed outstanding military talents, used the correct operational guidance of concentrating forces and dividing them one by one, and won brilliant victories, thus fundamentally changing the strategic situation in Liaodong: the Ming Dynasty changed from attacking to defending, and the late Jin Dynasty changed from defending to attacking. Looking at the different characteristics of strategic and tactical guidance in the battle of Salhu and the final result of the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty, we can fully understand the true meaning of Sun Tzu's art of war, that is, "if you win, you lose." www.findart.com.cn
In this campaign, the late Jin army adopted the principle of concentrating its forces and splitting it into two. In five days, it broke the Sanming Army, annihilated about 50,000 Ming troops and seized a large amount of military supplies, which became a decisive battle in the history of war.
The post-Jin Dynasty was a political power established by the Ministry of Founding of the Nuzhen nationality who lived in Changbai Mountain, China in the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Nuzhen Wanyan and other departments established the Jin Dynasty and entered the Yellow River valley from the northeast, while other tribes remained in the northeast. In the early Ming Dynasty, these tribes living in the northeast were divided into three parts: Haixi, Jianzhou and Donghai. From the 11th year to the 16th year of Wanli in Ming Shenzong (1583- 1588), the leader of Jianzhou, Nurhachi (surnamed Aisingiorro), unified the ministries of Jianzhou, merged the ministries of Haixi and Donghai, and controlled the sea in the east (now Benhai), the area under the jurisdiction of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty in the west, the Yalu River in the south and Xing 'anling in Heilongjiang in the north. Eight Banners soldiers are soldiers when they leave and people when they enter. At first, there were only four flags: yellow, white, red and blue. In the forty-two years of Wanli (16 14), four flags of yellow, white, red and blue were added, making a total of eight flags. Jurchen is divided into eight flags, each flag can send 7500 troops, a total of more than 60000 people, mainly cavalry. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (16 16), Nurhachi was founded as the late Jin Dynasty, and its name was Jin Guohan, with its capital being Hetuala.