Author: Wu Yuren deep post cat's eye to see people. net
In fact, Chongzhen never said this sentence, which was summed up by later generations according to his will. The content of his will is: I am indifferent and humble, and I am guilty of doing things, and my ministers are all wrong. I'm ashamed to see my ancestors when I'm dead, and I have to go to the crown to cover my face. Let the thieves split up and no one will get hurt. It means: I died of immorality, and God opposed it (when the natural disaster lasted for more than ten years), but these ministers also harmed me.
Why did Chongzhen say that? It can be said that Chongzhen was a very sober emperor who realized the situation at that time. He deeply realized the great crisis of the Ming Dynasty. When the minister accused him of seeking medical treatment too quickly, he replied: If this time is not excessive, when can we expect peace? He intends to face the reality and mobilize ministers to find out the disadvantages together. Even he himself is the most fierce critic of reality. In the fourth year of Chongzhen, he urged him to reflect on North Korea with the theme of drought, and listed eleven kinds of serious unhealthy trends in one breath: First, his men "deceived many things" and did not tell the truth; The second is "improper employment", which is not used by talented and capable people; Third, "the person in charge is shirking", it is wise to leave the corpse in a vegetarian diet and leave it alive; Fourth, "the penalty is missed, but there are many wrongs in the prison", and judicial corruption; Fifth, "the ink collectors are vertical and horizontal, and the small people are mourning", and grassroots officials do evil to oppress the people; Sixth, "Zunyong's reinforcements will disturb the indigenous people", and the troops sent to the front lines of Zunhua and Yongping will disturb the people; Seven, "Qin, the husband of Jin, innocent", killing people at will in the process of recruiting husbands in Shanxi and Shaanxi; Eight, "the participation of officials, mending grievances and favoritism", officials responsible for picketing political discipline, not exercising their functions and powers impartially, but doping personal purposes; Nine, "the collapse of the pressure, depending on the bribe", local officials decide the recommendation or participation of their subordinates according to the bribe; Ten, "province, direct call to buy, secretly send poor Lebanon", provinces and north and south Zhili, the tax burden is mainly imposed on the poor; Eleven, "the people in the frontier fortress paste, enrich themselves", and the grain used by the state for border defense is embezzled in large quantities.
If Chongzhen had been born decades earlier and been an emperor at that time, he would certainly stand out from the crowd and go down in history as a successful and extraordinary emperor. Unfortunately, in the Ming Dynasty (1627), all this was no longer useful, and history demanded more and more from Zhu Youjian. As usual, it is rare to be so brave in breaking bad politics; But now, he must not only be able to break, but also stand. This country is riddled with holes and in jeopardy, and something must be done. In terms of "breaking", Chongzhen did a good job, but he couldn't think of any way to "stand".
Subjectively speaking, he did try. He once said: "Since the second day, I have worked hard all night and repeatedly called the platform. The antique dealers who are careful with their words are really confused, lazy, weak, lazy, empty, etc ... I am eager for the Jing dialect:" Jing, thinking. " "Jing, Master Shen. "Sincerity means that your sincere thoughts are shared by all officials, washing away the habit of bullying and cynicism, and gaining the merits of heroic performance." {174} This is a fact, not a boast. The "calling Taiwan" mentioned in it means that the emperor personally meets the minister and handles daily government affairs. This situation has basically disappeared since the sixth generation of Wuzong. Zhu Youjian not only recovered it, but also persisted. He solemnly promised that in addition to extreme weather such as extreme heat and cold, "I played all the chapters in the Royal Wenhua Hall at that time, and I added details to the assistant minister's face so that I could play it properly."
His understanding of the situation is so poor that it reaches the point of bureaucracy. He wants to concentrate on official management.
Does it make sense? That makes sense. After the four dynasties of Zheng De, Jiajing, Wanli and Apocalypse, the "scholar" class was the most thoroughly destroyed. Faith is completely lost, and ethics and professional ethics are also falling apart. Everyone is cheating and cheating at the expense of public and private interests.
However, although Chongzhen knew where the problem was, he couldn't come up with a solution.
[repost] Super Minister of National subjugation: the bureaucratic clown in the tragedy of the late Ming Dynasty
Author: liyu3455 posted a cat's eye to see people. Net.
/kloc-In the first half of the 7th century, the Zhengshuo dynasty, the last Han dynasty in China's history, was dying, just waiting for the last bell to ring.
Ironically, at that time, China had the most complete and largest moral system, the most complete and sufficient civil service mechanism, the most "advanced" talent promotion reserve system (imperial examination), the largest bureaucratic team and the most advanced military system after the Tang Dynasty.
When Li Zicheng's army had occupied Taiyuan and was about to come to Beijing via Xuan Bing, Emperor Chongzhen asked Zhang Jinyan, the minister of the Ministry of War, why didn't he know that the military intelligence had not sent reconnaissance cavalry?
The defense minister replied: cycling detectives need work and food, and our department has no money, so it is impossible to detect cycling.
2 1 days later, Chongzhen ended his life in Jingshan Park.
Half a month later, Chongzhen was summoned ministers to ask about the timing of governing the country, and told a group of speechless senior bureaucrats his last famous words:
"I am not the king of national subjugation, and all ministers are ministers of national subjugation!"
He woke up too late.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, a super-submissive minister appeared in China officialdom. Many historians love to explain the origin of the tragedy from Chongzhen's character tragedy, and many people regard Chongzhen's killing of Yuan Chonghuan as the cause of the downfall of the whole era, but we all forget that under the guidance of Confucius and Mencius' brilliant thoughts, Chongzhen is nothing but the sacrifice and sacrifice of a group of shameless, incompetent and unscrupulous clowns; Of course, with the end, there is a glimmer of light for our whole nation and civilization.
The death of Chongzhen is a slap in the face to all bureaucrats who hypocritically clamor for moral benevolence and filial piety and always shout for people's livelihood.
The ethical code that began with Dong Zhongshu collapsed on the day Chongzhen died. Today, more than 300 years later, we may be understanding what all the grandiose and false things in the clown system are and what tools they have in their hands.
First, Xiong Wencan
Guizhou people, thirty-five years Wanli Jinshi. In the early years of Chongzhen, he handed over the famous pirate Zheng Zhilong, Zheng Chenggong's father (killed during the Qing Dynasty and Kangxi).
At the end of Chongzhen, he served as right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. His ambition is to be a Taiping official in southern Fujian and Guangdong. Because of this, he has close contacts with the North Korean regime, paid bribes constantly, and gained a good reputation of being able to understand the military and being honest.
On this day, a eunuch came to the palace. It is said that he went to Guangxi to buy pearls for the emperor. How could the satrap bear miss such a good opportunity and send a heavy gift to wait on the waiter and try his best to please him? After ten days of banquet, he inadvertently mentioned the situation of the Central Plains War in Liaodong Crisis. The eunuch lamented the incompetence of the country, which made the country very worried.
Xiong immediately made a true statement and raised his voice to reprimand the courtiers for their mistakes in the country. If you gave me the sacred will to go, how could I let the war go to this point! !
But I don't want the eunuch to stand up and show his attitude in surprise: shopping is fake, and I want to find out your attitude and talent for the emperor. According to my observation of you these days, you are very talented and arrogant. You must be.
Xiong Wencan dummy eats coptis chinensis.
Chongzhen is skeptical about him, but the report of this test is very satisfactory. Under the vigorous promotion of Yang Sichang, he was soon appointed as the military affairs prime minister of five provinces, with the title of Ministry of War Shangshu. Xiong Wencan, who regretted it, first wrote a letter about "five difficulties and four impossibilities" and was rejected. He had to recruit 2000 firearms soldiers as guards in Guangdong. Before leaving, he went to the monk for divination. The monk said, "It is best to ask for help." So I have a little backbone.
As soon as he took over the military plane, Zuo Liangyu was forced to disband the guard, so he complained to Chongzhen, hoping to deploy more border guards for himself. After getting 5 thousand troops, I'm still afraid of shortage. He also wrote to the emperor, saying: I passed by Hunan and Hubei, and saw that there was abundant rice, which was too attractive to thieves. The emperor should order all the peasants' property and grain to be moved to the city. Seeing that there was nothing to rob, the bandits naturally gave up without fighting.
As soon as the paper was handed in, it immediately became a political joke at that time.
After years of fighting in Yang Sichang, the peasant army finally got better. Zuo Liangyu was defeated by Zhang in Nanyang, and Xiong Wencan immediately appealed. Even the eunuchs in the army saw that Zhang could not be caressed and resolutely suppressed. However, seeing how much the mediocre Xiong Wencan hoped to establish meritorious service without bloodshed, Zhang sent someone to send two jasper and two pearls and begged for surrender. Xiong Wencan agreed without thinking, and promised to issue 6544 immediately.
As a result, Zhang did not leave a single soldier, but also occupied the officially designated rest place.
In September of the 11th year of Chongzhen, the Great Wall of Manchuria attacked Shandong, resulting in Lu Xiangsheng's death, Sun Chuanting's imprisonment and Hong Chengchou's transfer to Liaodong. The premise of this transfer is that Chongzhen thinks that Zhang and others no longer pose a threat on the security issue (Li Zicheng has been defeated by Hong and Sun).
So in the winter of this year, the famous "Double Heroes Meeting" happened in history. Li Zicheng went to visit Zhang in Gucheng, got more troops to fight, and began to recover.
At the beginning of the twelfth year of Chongzhen, Zhang finished his self-cultivation and posted notices everywhere, announcing to the local people that Xiong Wencan "blamed everything on the Golden Ball" and "was forced by rebellion!" Even the details of the bribery of officials such as Xiong have been published ... why officials should give priority to the confession has finally come out!
While Xiong Wencan was ashamed, the wicked first complained that the emperor shirked his responsibility and blocked Zuo Liangyu from sending troops. After the imperial edict of Chongzhen ordered him to "redeem himself by meritorious service", he forced Zuo Liangyu out regardless of the military situation. As a result, Zhang was ambushed and lost his elite.
Under the guidance and influence of Zhang, the peasant armies recruited before rebelled in an all-round way. Since then, civil strife in the Ming Dynasty has been out of control. Xiong Wencan's recommender and mentor also died of anxiety because Zhang attacked Xiangyang and killed the captaincy.
Although Xiong Wencan was arrested and imprisoned in Beijing, his stupidity and incompetence directly led to the re-erosion of domestic war. It was through his hands that Zhang and Li Zicheng, the two arch-rivals of the Ming Dynasty, were able to recuperate and make a comeback, and the first ten years were destroyed.
Why do you want to say that the minister of national subjugation does not approve the monarch of national subjugation?
I have read a lot of words denouncing the ignorance and violence of the Ming monarch, but excluding the elements of slander from later generations, since Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, many monarchs and emperors have been mired in wrestling with civilian groups and are unable to extricate themselves. Chongzhen once said, "I rule the world with literati." (Zhou Yanru, the record of Zeng Dangting, was introduced to the teacher's seat and called Mr ... The same thing can also be found in Wanli and Zhang). A huge, extremely complex and energetic bureaucratic group often avoids talking about the restriction of imperial power in historical research, but in fact, the stable ruling power of the cabinet system in Ming Dynasty is unmatched by previous dynasties. Although Chongzhen was a powerful emperor, he was in power for 17 years, but he changed 50 records like a lantern. On the one hand, he can't believe in personality defects, but it is always difficult to reconcile the relationship with civilian groups and find sufficient support.
In the last days, Emperor Chongzhen, who had to give up the plan of moving south because of the insistence of cabinet ministers (this has a great influence on later generations, which will be described in detail later), once resented Chen Yan Shi Lu and said helplessly:
"I don't want to do it, sir. I want to do it, sir. Don't do it."
This is probably the other side of the suspicious and dogmatic historical theory of Ming emperors.
This group of late Ming bureaucrats, (what is a clown? Apart from Xiong Wencan, I want to clarify my own point of view: the state is responsible for its own duties and significance, and the emperor can never bear it alone. All along, people like to blame all kinds of emperors for the festering side of national history. Does this reflect some brands and things in our bones? The nation is strong, we are attributed to the wise emperor, the country is declining, and we are attributed to the incompetence of the tyrant. Then, whether this nation is advanced or not depends only on more than 400 individuals of all kinds! ?
We can see in history that, as the actual ruling class of that society, the scholar-officials played an extremely important and disgraceful role in the process of the country's downfall in the late Ming Dynasty, so that a border official wrote a letter to Chongzhen in his last days, saying: The assistant minister is unreliable and the state affairs are beyond reproach!
Let's continue to look at how the literati and bureaucrats trained by Zhu Cheng and Confucius and Mencius staged their own farce at that time.
Second, Wu Xiang.
This Ningyuan company commander is the father of Wu Sangui, the king of the day who became famous in the future. Ten days before Li Zicheng attacked Beijing, cabinet ministers and records of Chen Yan and Wei Zaode repeatedly prevented Chongzhen from transferring Ning Guan fighters at Ningyuan front to Wang Qin, Beijing, in order not to be suspected of "treason" and "honor". In the case that Wu Sangui had already indicated that he could withdraw his troops, a group of senior officials still pushed the Committee, and no one refused to write a plan to bear the blame in the future. As a last resort, they put forward the best compromise scheme to avoid responsibility:
At that time, Li Zicheng's army has approached the capital.
Chongzhen asked Wu Xiang what he thought about asking Ning Guan fighters to be loyal to him.
"The land of ancestors cannot be abandoned."
Chongzhen comforted that it was his own idea and had nothing to do with father and son. At the same time, he asked: Do you think your son can retreat from the enemy?
Wu Xiang brazenly boasted that if Li Chuang dared to pounce, the detained Sangui would capture him alive, and explained that the defeat of Zuo Liangyu and Sun Chuanting in those years was probably because the number of troops was not dominant, which was not a problem for Liaodong soldiers.
So, how many soldiers did the Qing father and son have?
Wu Xiang suddenly realized the intention of Chongzhen, and immediately dared not blow it again. On the contrary, he admitted that the roster was 80,000, but it was actually 30,000, and the rest was almost empty.
Chongzhen asked: What is the fighting capacity of 30,000 people?
Wu Xiang retreated further: 30,000 people are not all soldiers, but only 3,000 people can really fight.
Chongzhen asked: How can three thousand people fight against one million?
Wu Xiang said deceitfully: These 3,000 people are not ordinary people. On weekdays, Chen and Sangui raised fat sheep with wine, so they were all dead.
Chongzhen asked, so if you want to transship, how much is the reimbursement?
Wu Xiang answered: Millions!
Chongzhen was shocked to ask why, and Wu Xiang calmly replied: These 3,000 soldiers have real estate outside, do they need compensation? At present, there are many cases of wage arrears. Do you need compensation? Hundreds of thousands of family members, do you need to move to the mainland? Give up Ningyuan, should the million people outside the customs move into the customs?
Chongzhen has to admit that he really can't afford that much money.
Court officials are still debating whether to give up the Commissioner and hand over Ningyuan fighters to Beijing. The cabinet always procrastinated and twice refused the imperial edict of the emperor to transfer troops. Until March 4th, Chongzhen finally passed the cabinet letters, making Wu Sangui a Pingxibo and entering Beijing as a diligent king. Wu Sangui and his son, who are outside the customs, traveled dozens of miles a day before entering the customs on 16. When they arrived in Fengrun on the 20th, Beijing had fallen.
Compared with his father, Wu Sangui has a soldier's loyalty. After Wu Xiang, who stayed in Beijing, quickly took refuge in the peasant army, Wu Sangui replied to his father's surrender: You should have fought to the death with the thief, and you should have committed suicide to serve the country, which gave me the motivation for Dai Xiao to wail and avenge you. Now that you choose to surrender, I won't care if the thief ties you to the cauldron to induce me.
Wu Xiang, a clever mouth, was really tied to the rostrum by Li Zicheng as a bargaining chip when he borrowed Qing soldiers to attack Beijing in Wu Sangui. Wu Sangui shot the bodyguard, and furious Li Zicheng ordered the killing of more than 30 Wu Xiang and his family.
Wu Xiang, an old fox, won a short reputation for his son in that short moment.
In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor shunzhi once went to Chongzhen (Siling) to sweep the grave and burst into tears.
"Eldest brother, if I have a gentleman but no minister!"
Shunzhi, who is familiar with the beginning and end of the Ming Dynasty, has his own difficulties, but it is also a substitute for Chongzhen to express his inner feelings.
On March 17th, the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng army reached Gaobeidian in the east and Xizhimen in the west, and the siege war had begun. In the early years of Chongzhen, as usual, a group of senior officials and dignitaries stood idle. In the face of the emperor's heckling, they were silent, and Chongzhen, who was extremely angry, dipped in water and wrote twelve big characters. After that, he wiped them off with his sleeves. Li Si eunuch Wang Zhixin only saw six:
"Everyone can kill a civil servant."
Those who shouldn't have been killed have already been killed, but those who should have been killed are sitting in the temple talking and doing nothing.
Are a group of senior bureaucrats really incompetent?
On March 19th, Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide in the harem after the escape of the Prince, and hanged himself relative to Wang Chengen, the prison supervisor. It is said that there is blood on the royal clothes. He said, "I have been in office for seventeen years and pleaded guilty three times ... I was ashamed to go to the emperor with foresight, put my hair on my body, was dismembered by thieves, and killed civilians as much as possible." Don't destroy the mausoleum, and don't hurt my people alone.
And the performance of bureaucratic clowns has just begun.
It was not until March 22nd that Chongzhen's body was discovered. The eunuch wrapped it in a reed mat and put it outside the Donghua Gate. Later, he replaced it with a wicker coffin and a clod pillow. Only two monks chanted sutras, and four or five eunuchs guarded them. Only twenty or thirty ministers who have been paid by Zhu Ming for generations went to pay their respects. When more senior officials passed by, they rode horses and whipped them mercilessly without looking at them.
What are they busy with?
When Li Zicheng began to attack the city, Chongzhen was in financial distress and it was difficult to raise military funds. He called on senior officials to donate money to help the army and urged them again and again. As a result, only eunuch Cao Huachun and others donated 52,000 yuan each (remember what I said earlier? At this time, Chongzhen can only take seventy-two thousand! What about senior bureaucrats?
The last record (equivalent to the prime minister) Wei Zaode was forced to announce a donation of 520! Remember Chen Yan, the former recorder who stopped moving south? He can't even put on a show, but he insists that he has never taken bribes to bend the law, so he can't donate one or two! Afterwards, under the torture of Li Zicheng's army, adult Chen offered 42,000 yuan to Emperor Dashun!
What about the dignitaries? Jiading Zhou Bokun (a state official) insisted that he did not face the eunuch sent by his son-in-law. Finally, even the eunuch couldn't help cursing, and only took out 12 thousand yuan. Youzi is heartbroken! Finally, like Chen's adult, under the severe punishment of the peasant army, Jiading Bo presented 502,000 silver to the new emperor! (That is, this Jia Dingbo finally gave Wang Yong and his prince to Li Zicheng, and they came to see my grandfather. ) Some high-ranking officials and dignitaries evaded the request of "donating" to Chongzhen, pretending to auction all their furniture in the street to show that they were penniless, and even wrote "I don't want to leave you here, but I have my own place for you" on the gate of the Forbidden City! What's more, some officials and eunuchs in Beijing have also made a collective agreement to "open the city to meet the challenge" and strive for the collective signatures of celebrities and senior officials! The leader is Zhang Yanyan, the defense minister mentioned at the beginning. He can't even afford to send a reconnaissance cavalry.
There is another sad detail: Li Zicheng, who broke into the Forbidden City, searched around the palace, and finally the gold and silver carried away by the ox cart reached 37 million! Chongzhen, who once insisted on vegetarianism in Suzhou and Hangzhou, stopped weaving, halved his palace meals and even damaged his underwear cuffs, so as to avoid the thrifty housekeeping that the minister secretly stuffed back into his clothes, would be very upset if he knew that his subordinates were hiding such huge wealth when he was frightened to death for millions of military salaries and delayed recruiting a diligent king.
On the second day of Chongzhen's death (no one knew that Chongzhen was dead at this time), a mighty team of 1200 people came to Li Zicheng's camp. This is the representative of the whole bureaucratic civil servants who basically rule the whole of China, from the bureau level to the top level, which is varied and varied. Their purpose is unified and firm, that is, under the leadership of Chen Yan, the top leader of the bureaucratic group, and Wei Zaode, the second leader.
The majestic Li Zicheng shouted at him loudly, "Why drag out an ignoble existence when you die of being spoiled? ! "The officials were scared silly, kowtowing and kowtowing. Several representatives dared to say, "Your Majesty was born with it, and would like to stay and serve your Majesty for the rest of your life." However, Li Zicheng scolded him: "If you are your Lord, what can I do!" "
Finally, they all squatted down. Niu Jinxing sent peasant troops to touch the heads of bureaucrats, and then reported their names and resumes for employment. At that time, people described it as "arrogant and indignant on weekdays", but now, "like puppets, they are humiliated by their ranks, and some have their hair cut, some have handkerchiefs (covered with towels) and some pretend to be sick. All kinds of ugliness are difficult to draw in their works. " As a result, from morning till night, after a day of tossing, only more than 90 people were hired, and the rest were sent to General Liu Zongmin.
Three days later, a group of successful job-hopping applicants quickly regained their vitality, and they began to be energetic in a new field, that is, "persuading" their new owners. Under the arrangement of the new leadership, Chen Yan and others tearfully asked Li Zicheng to establish a new dynasty as soon as possible to claim the world, while the world-famous Zhou Zhong and Wei Xuelian worked hard, kept playing, and even kept saying "Teacher Niu" to Niu Jinxing. Niu Jinxing admired his writing. ) and every auspicious day in April, it is also a great pleasure to be advised. In the paper, the downfall of Chongzhen was called "decapitated, the only husband, the heart of returning to the world", which almost caused a group fight, because Wei Xuelian and others claimed that such a good word was their own idea. For copyright, dog bites dog, a little hairy.
People with conscience said with emotion, "The servant of the son of heaven, a trusted minister, said such sad things, but still boasted ... what did you learn from reading the sage book?" ! "
What have you learned from reading sage books? !
Reading the ancient history of China, since the Han Dynasty, propriety, righteousness, benevolence, filial piety and loyalty have filled the uncertain sky of Chinese civilization. How did the last Confucian dynasty, which developed to the extreme in Neo-Confucianism and Taoism, finally produce a set of ugly pictures that were not ridiculous? Everyone sings the virtue of governing the country, and a huge bureaucratic team that eats the salary of the king and pleads for the people takes morality as the banner and faith as the coordinate. Why is it not good for the country and the people?
Since when did we learn to blame the tyrant Yong Di for the decadent side of our nation? Give all the glory to the Ming emperor? A huge bureaucratic group is like a dark cloud that never dies in the sky. Han, Song, Ming ... Kings wanted to bend down to please it, and CoCo Lee wanted to please it. This dark cloud ideology can't blow away morality, justice and kindness. When necessary, it will not hesitate to put away the Lei Yun lightning and play the role of a clown in a down-to-earth manner.
In fact, the story of this super national subjugation minister is far from finished. In just a few days, the iron hoof of the Qing Dynasty began to trample on the Central Plains, and then conquered the whole territory (which is also the most proud joke of many people). Numerous bureaucratic clowns will continue to appear, performing in tandem. They chose the right time, place, object, audience and director ... no one will accuse them of ... a nation's bloodiness and spirituality, only by itself.
Analysis of the cause of death in Ming Dynasty-Chongzhen was also not responsible.
Author: Wu Yuren deep post cat's eye to see people. net