Juyan beacon tower site is a beacon tower and wall building site on the frontier fortress under the jurisdiction of Dewey Juyan and Shoushui in Zhangye County in Han Dynasty, which is located in Ejina Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Jinta County of Gansu Province. From Noel, sogou in the north to Mao Mu in the south. The frontier fortress site inclines from northeast to southwest, with a total length of about 250 kilometers. It was built in the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 102) and abandoned at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Juyan beacon tower site is mostly composed of rafts and docks, and some are closed, such as Shoushui Jinguan site. Along the narrow defense line of Juyan beacon tower, there are a large number of pavilions and city walls. At that time, this line of defense played a role in cutting off the connection between Xiongnu and Qiang, and also formed a barrier to Xiongnu in Hexi Corridor, the traffic artery between Han and the Western Regions.
Juyan Han bamboo slips were unearthed in Juyan Fengyi site, from the last year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (early 3rd century BC) to the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty (early 2nd century AD/kloc-0). Four archaeological investigations and excavations were carried out, at 1930 ~ 193 1 972 ~1976, 1986 and1999 ~ 20 respectively.
During the period of 1930, the former northwest scientific investigation team conducted archaeological investigation and trial excavation in Ejina River (weak water) basin in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Along the banks of the weak water, from Zongjian Ama in the north to Mao Mu (present-day Ding Xin) in the south, about 250 kilometers, and about 60 kilometers between Bukentoni and Boluosongzhi, there are brick walls, pavilions and pavilions in the Han Dynasty, and a total of 200 bamboo slips 10200 were found in its ruins. These bamboo slips are now in the Academia Sinica in Taiwan Province Province. Its process is recorded in detail in the book Archaeological Report of Ejina River Basin in Inner Mongolia. There are many places to go out this time, including Zongjian Ama, Broken City, Vaintoni, Boluosongzhi, Bukentoni, Chahar Railway, Jinguan, Diwan and Dawan.
1In the autumn of 972, the Juyan Archaeological Team of Gansu Province, composed of Gansu Provincial Museum, Jiuquan area and PLA resident troops, conducted archaeological investigations along the Heihe River, starting from Shuangchengzi in Jinta County in the south and reaching Juyanhai in the north. On the basis of investigation and reconnaissance, in the summer and autumn of 1973 and 1974, three sites of Jinguan, Pochengzi and Jiaqusai were scientifically excavated, and more than 20,000 pieces of Han bamboo slips were obtained. Among them, within the scope of Jinguan site, 37 exploration sites were opened, and 1 1577 bamboo slips were unearthed; 7865 bamboo slips were unearthed from the broken city; Bamboo slips 195 unearthed in the fourth ditch of Jiaqu. These bamboo slips are now in the Gansu Provincial Museum. In addition, in the summer and autumn of 1976, a survey was conducted in the area north of Bucharest.
Diwan was excavated in 1986. More than 20 explorers obtained more than a thousand pieces of Han bamboo slips, most of which were broken and incomplete, which is very regrettable.
1in the autumn of 999, after three years' work, archaeologists headed by Wei Jian, deputy director of Inner Mongolia Institute of Archaeology, discovered more than 500 Han bamboo slips and hundreds of other cultural relics in Jiaqu Houguan and a series of beacon towers. The follow-up work of this excavation continues.
During the above four excavations, in addition to bamboo slips, cultural relics such as bows, arrows, crossbows, warehouse seals, currency and woodcuts were also discovered and unearthed. Among these cultural relics, one letter is more important. This letter is made of red fabric, and it is decorated on it. Ink pen seal script is "Zhang Ye Dewey's letter". It may not only be a document for customs clearance, but also a symbol of senior officials.
The vast majority of Han bamboo slips unearthed in Juyan are wooden slips, and there are few bamboo slips. In terms of shape and size, there are several kinds, such as Jane (tie), two lines, Jane, check, symbol, Jane, signature, book, Jane, single, common and cut.
Some of these simplified books were still in use before they were abandoned, and some were even bound into books when they were unearthed. Some braided ropes have rotted, but they still keep the shape of the original book. Some of them are scattered around and can be combined into a book, while others are scattered around and need to be sorted out.
Bamboo slips are very rich in content, which not only records the garrison activities and the rise and fall history in Juyan area, but also preserves some documents from the mid-Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, covering the political, economic, legal, philosophical, religious and ethnic fields of the whole Han society.
After preliminary sorting, most of the simplified books are Juyan garrison documents, and such simplified books account for the most complete documents.
The "Brief Book of Garrison Contents" records a perfect garrison system, which is detailed and flexible, with special emphasis on transmission speed and mutual cooperation among libraries, forming an efficient alert communication system. This is of great value for studying the ancient bonfire system in China, restoring the defense structure of Juyan's commander-in-chief, and understanding the organization, discipline and operational command of the entire Juyan military system.
For example, in the early years of Jianwu, 17 pieces "stuffed with bonfires" were 38.5 cm long, of which 16 pieces had dots at the head and titles at the tail. This brief book records the defense regulations of Jiaqu, Sweeping Wells and Zhenbei under the jurisdiction of Captain Eye, reporting the enemy's situation, setting fire, entering and defending, and asking for help. The regulations stipulate the types, quantities, ways, how to deliver bonfires, how to correct mistakes, etc. under different situations such as the location, number, time, intention, trend and weather changes of the Xiongnu invasion.
In addition, there are many bamboo slips about reclamation in Juyan Han bamboo slips. This is helpful for us to understand the reclamation system at that time.
The second is to register and count books of various names, weapons, gifts, money and food books, etc. Names include historical names, family names, official names and family names. And there are "notebooks" and "diaries" that record the daily work of officials and minions.
For example, 62 unearthed "knight names" are written in three rows horizontally, and registered according to the organizational system of the military camp 100. The names, positions and places of origin of more than one knight, etc. In addition to being removed from the list, there are also the Book of Defenders, the Book of Disabled Soldiers and the Book of Defenders, which count the military equipment of each museum. There are "access books" or "food books" for recording the cashier's money and food; There are "post-horse name book" and "post-horse reading book", and there are also so-called "official books" in the post-official records, that is, the list of officials and officials who serve in their subordinate pavilions; In the ruins of the checkpoint, there are registers, passing places, symbols and so on. These books have their own writing format and are filled in according to the prescribed contents.
The third is books. Yan Shigu said, "Here, change it, and change its words with documents." Love books reflect the proceedings in a prison. According to "Biography of the Tang Dynasty", the criminal procedure at that time was robbery, snatch, delivery of books, inquiry, newspaper evaluation and imprisonment. The famous book of Juyan site is the book "What Hou is responsible for" written in Jianwu for three years, which was unearthed in Room 22 of Jiaxu Hou Guan. A total of 36 simplified books have been unearthed, and No.36 is the label of this file.
Judging from the time, content and brief system, this is part of the archival materials of the dispute between the Soviet Union and Ke Min. Including the book, her husband's report in Du Xiang and the official documents issued by Juyan County. The first two books are Cohen's confession records. According to the confession, Hou Suyi of Jiaqu hired Cohen to help him sell fish in Jed, and agreed to sell 5,000 fish at a asking price of 400,000 yuan, and used a black cow and 27 stone valleys as employment expenses. Knowing that Cohen had sold less than 400,000 fish, he sold the black cow to his wife's business to make up 320,000 yuan and owed 80,000 yuan. After coming back, Cohen hired his son to fish 20 stone valleys with Soviet troops. In principle, the Soviets should also pay Cohen the balance. However, the Soviet army sued Juyan County for relocation and Dewey Building, falsely claiming that Cohen sold the cattle lent to him for free. When the superior asked to find out the matter, Du Xiang reported two confessions, which were subsequently approved by Juyan County. ..... "The Responsibility of Cohen Affairs" perfectly records the first three items of criminal proceedings. Such a complete and detailed description of prison management information is extremely rare. As far as the prison system is concerned, it provides a basic and complete information on the specific process of investigation and punishment by county courts, which provides a rare information for the study of Chinese law. There are many bamboo slips about prison litigation in Juyan Han bamboo slips, but because of the scattered and incomplete bamboo slips, it was often impossible to understand their contents clearly in the past. Now, finding such a complete material will greatly contribute to the collation and research of similar bamboo slips.
The fourth is official documents and business such as appointment and dismissal of officials, military discipline rewards and punishments. , including the appointment and removal of officials; Civil engineering construction projects, specifications, materials, number of people; Books and CDs, laws, contracts, disintegration, etc. It covers a wide range of contents.
The second category is a summary of policies, decrees and important events. There are many such books, including the plot of Liu Xu, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the merits of Dou Rong, and the atonement order made by Sang Hongyang after he became a senior farmer. There is also the change of official system, Chang' an name and five-rank in Wang Mang's period.
The third category is chronology. There are a large number of bamboo slips and picture books over the years, which record the years of Liang Wudi, including the first year of Yuanshuo, the fourth year of Yuanshou, the second year of Yuanhan, the second year of Taishi, the third year of Zhenghe and the year of Hou Yuanyuan. The titles from Zhao Di to Wang Mang are basically continuous, with Xuan Di having the most titles when he proclaimed himself emperor. From Wang Mang to the early years of Jianwu, the record of the year number was rather confusing. This just reflected the social situation and political turmoil such as the peasant uprising at that time.
In addition to the year number, this kind of simplified book also records the date and time, which provides important information for us to study the calendar system at that time. In addition to the above three types of simplified books, there are many more. For example, the unearthed Jian Dao of Li Xiangshan is a monograph to identify the merits and demerits of swords, which may be part of the manuscripts of Jian Dao in the Box, the lost articles of Han Shu Literature and Art, and other works such as Jiu Jiu Shu, Ji Jiu Pian and The Analects of Confucius. Examples can be found in the medical bamboo slips unearthed in Juyan. Whether it is the diagnosis method of looking, smelling, asking and feeling, or the prescription of pills, powders, pills and preparations, people's situation at that time can be understood, which is a rare material for studying Chinese medicine. In addition, there are some simplified Chinese books on almanac, branch list, astronomical astrology, star position, solar eclipse, geography and so on. The brief continuation of Juyan is also an important part of China's calligraphy history. The use of bamboo slips in China lasted for more than 1000 years from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Wei, Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties. Judging from the bamboo slips unearthed in Juyan, the calligraphy style is basically Cao Zhang, Li Shu, and the calligraphy is basically mature. From stippling to structure, from simplicity to wholeness, we are extremely particular about it. The neat official script is dignified and precise, meticulous and elegant; As well as a large number of chapters and sketches, the pen is naturally concise, flowing and natural. Most of these simplified books were written by junior officials, which shows that the overall level of calligraphy at that time was very high. Several fonts of bamboo slips calligraphy have their own characteristics, exquisite strokes and the beauty of ancient Athens, which is really a brilliant chapter in the history of calligraphy in China. Observing and studying them will certainly promote the prosperity of contemporary calligraphy art.
From the first discovery of Juyan Han bamboo slips to the present, people have never stopped studying it. Moreover, with the further classification and archaeological excavation of Han bamboo slips in Juyan, people's research on it is getting deeper and deeper.
Generally speaking, the study of Juyan Han bamboo slips has gone through three stages. The first stage is a simple textual research of bamboo slips, the second stage is basically based on the historical textual research of bamboo slips, and the third stage is a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of unearthed places, types and contents of bamboo slips. With the further classification and archaeological excavation of Han bamboo slips in Juyan, people's research on it is getting deeper and deeper. For example, the book Chronology of Names in Han Bamboo Slips in Juyan written by Li, Sun Yingmin, etc. is studied in connection with famous works. Mr. Luo Xianwen's Bamboo Slips of Juyan Han Dynasty is specially studied from the medical system.