natural science

The relative atomic mass used in this paper is H-1c-12n-14o-16ca-40.

First, multiple-choice questions (4 points for each small question, a total of 24 points, only one option for each small question meets the meaning of the question)

1. The following belong to the population ()

A. Everyone in downtown Hangzhou B. Fish living in the West Lake

C. All the trees on Tianmu Mountain in Lin 'an D. All the insects in a rice field in Jos Farm.

2. On April 17, 2002, Hangzhou was cloudy and rainy, with northerly winds of 3-4, and the highest temperature during the day was 17- 18℃. The atmospheric state and its changes in Hangzhou on this day are called ().

A. Weather B. Climate C. Meteorology D. Climate characteristics

3. Before and after the chemical reaction, the number of which of the following particles may change ()

A. molecule b atom c proton d neutron

4. The following substances belong to binary alkali is ()

A. soda B. hydrated lime C. basic copper carbonate D. caustic soda

5. The picture shows a demonstration experiment in the textbook, showing: ()

A. Like a magnet, there is a magnetic field around a charged conductor.

B. A charged conductor will be subjected to force in a magnetic field.

C. When a part of the conductor in the closed circuit moves in the magnetic field and cuts the magnetic induction line, a current will be generated in the conductor.

D when the conductor is electrified, it will generate heat energy.

6. Among the following statements, the correct one is ()

A. The athletes bid for the javelin, and the athletes do no work on the javelin.

B. the parachute falls vertically and gravity does work.

C. People carry heavy objects in the horizontal direction for a certain distance, and the lifting force of people does work on the heavy objects.

D. The ball rolls for a certain distance on a smooth table, and the table helps to support the ball.

Second, multiple-choice questions (3 points for each question, a total of 48 points, only one option for each question meets the meaning of the question)

7. In April 2002, scientists from China, mainly from Hangzhou Huada Gene Research Center and Zhejiang University Bioinformatics Research Center, successfully decoded the rice genome information. The following statement about rice genetic material is wrong ()

A. Rice genes are essentially some genetic fragments of rice DNA molecules.

B. A series of heritable characters of rice, such as disease resistance, lodging resistance, high yield and good quality, are all determined by genes.

C. Rice DNA molecule is a macromolecular chemical substance with relatively large molecular weight.

The genes, DNA and chromosomes of rice, human beings and other organisms cannot be changed.

8. The following changes belong to biological evolution is ()

A. dinosaur eggs become dinosaurs. B. The ocean turned into land.

C. the ape became a man. a tadpole is transformed into a frog.

9. The following experimental operation is correct ()

A when the solid reactant is heated in the test tube, the mouth of the test tube should be inclined upward to avoid solid leakage.

B. When using the pallet balance to weigh substances, use the weights directly by hand.

C. The waste liquid after the chemical reaction in the laboratory is directly poured into the sewer.

Beakers and flasks cannot be directly heated by flame.

10. He presided over the establishment of China's first nuclear science research base-Institute of Atomic Energy, trained a large number of young and middle-aged business backbones, personally participated in the first atomic bomb explosion test in China, and made great contributions to the development of atomic energy in China. Chinese physicist is ().

A. Li Siguang B. Yuan Longping C. Qian Sanqiang D. Shen Kuo

1 1. As shown in the figure, it is a rearview mirror installed beside the cab of an automobile, which is ().

A. a convex lens can make the image clear.

B. concave lens can make the image clear.

C. convex mirror can expand the observation range.

D. concave mirror, you can increase the scope of observation

12. According to the data in Table 1 and Table 2, we can judge that the following statement is correct ().

A the temperature difference between day and night is large in coastal areas and small in desert areas.

B The lowest temperature in the Antarctic reaches -89.2℃, and a mercury thermometer should be used to measure the Antarctic temperature.

C. water is often used in car engines to help dissipate heat.

D. Water will freeze at 0℃.

Table 1

Specific heat of matter (coke/kg℃)

Water 4.2× 103

Ice 2. 1× 103

Sandstone 0.92× 103

Table 2

Crystal melting point (℃)

Solid alcohol-1 17

Solid mercury -39

Ice 0

13. The following statement about molecules is true ()

A. everything is made up of molecules.

B. molecules are the smallest particles in chemical changes.

C. In the process of water vaporization, the distance between water molecules becomes larger.

D Solid and liquid objects can maintain a certain volume because there is only gravity between molecules.

14. From the following experimental phenomena or operations, the correct conclusion is ()

A. adding BaCl2 solution to the solution produces white precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid, indicating that there must be SO42-

B. Hydrogen can be burned in chlorine, which means that oxygen is not necessary for combustion.

C, adding dilute hydrochloric acid into the solution, releasing colorless irritating gas, indicating that carbonate exists in the solution.

Sodium chloride crystals are not conductive, which means that there are no ions in the sodium chloride crystals.

15. In order to reduce the interference of noise generated by high-speed vehicles to units and residents on both sides of the expressway, barriers with a certain height are often erected on both sides of the expressway. This effective and feasible noise prevention measures belong to ()

A. Blocking the organs that feel noise B. Blocking the spread of noise

C. control the noise source D. prevent the noise from echoing.

16. Some data show that when a tornado blows, its atmospheric pressure can reach 9× 104 Pascal. In a simple flat-topped factory building of 200m2, the atmospheric pressure at that time was 1× 105 Pascal. If a tornado blows over the roof of the factory building at this time, the atmospheric force on the roof of the factory building may be ().

A. upward direction, 2×106 n.b. downward direction, 2×106 n.

C. The direction is upward, 1.8× 107 cattle. D. The direction is downward, 1.8× 107 cattle.

17. Both X and Y have three electron shells, the outermost layer of X has two electrons, and the outermost layer of X and Y has seven electrons, so the chemical formula of the compound formed by X and Y is ().

A.XY B.XY2 C.X3Y2 D.X2 Y3

18. People often drink Sprite in their daily life. The following statement about Sprite is true ().

A. After drinking Sprite for a period of time, the pH of human blood will rise.

B. Drink Sprite in summer, and burp soon after drinking Sprite, mainly because CO2 dissolved in Sprite becomes less soluble when heated, and a large amount of CO2 gas is released.

C. Drop phenolphthalein indicator into Sprite, and Sprite turns red.

D. Burping after drinking Sprite is a thermal radiation process.

19. In the circuit shown in the figure, A 1 and A2 are two identical ammeters with two ranges of "0-0.6A" and "0-3A". When the switch S is closed, both instruments have normal indication, and the deflection angle of the pointer is the same, then r 1: r2 is ().

a . l:4 b . 4: 1 c . 1:5d . 5:l

20. As shown, it is a schematic diagram of automatic fire alarm. In case of fire, the following changes will occur: (a) The temperature rise will bend the double-layer metal plate; (b) switching on the contacts to make current flow in the working circuit; (c) the electromagnet is magnetic; (d) the armature is attracted; (e) closing the contacts to make current flow in the control circuit; (f) When the light is on and the bell rings, an alarm will be given. The correct order of these changes is ()

A, B, C, D, E, F.

Britain, Europe, China, Germany, Britain, France.

C, B, D, C, E, F.

d、a、e、d、c、b、f

2 1. The following statement about iron is true ()

A. Iron can react with high temperature steam, zinc nitrate solution and hydrochloric acid.

B, coating or electroplating a layer of other metals on the surface of iron products. The principle of these two anti-rust measures is the same.

C ironmaking is a process in which iron ore (mainly composed of Fe3O4 or Fe2O3) is oxidized.

D. Iron is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust.

22. Hydrogen fuel cell is a new type of energy device actively developed by various countries to protect the environment. Its basic principle is that hydrogen and oxygen are used as raw materials to directly generate electric energy through electrochemical reaction. The temperature generated during operation is generally less than 80℃, and the only product after reaction is water. In the following description of hydrogen fuel cells, it is true that ()

A. Its energy conversion process is: chemical energy-thermal energy-electric energy.

B all chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen is converted into electrical energy.

C. hydrogen is reduced in the process of energy conversion.

D. the energy used by hydrogen fuel cells is renewable energy.

3. Fill in the blanks (the total score of this big question 14)

23.(5 points) (1) A classmate watched a circus performance in Hangzhou Zoo. As soon as the animal trainer whistled, the black bear began to perform the "unique skills" of riding a bicycle. When it finished a program, the animal trainer immediately fed it some food. The purpose of the animal trainer is to strengthen and consolidate the black bear establishment with unconditional stimulation (food). At this time, the trainer's.

(2) Some watermelons are sweet, but they have many seeds. Sweetness is due to the fact that watermelon plants can synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O through _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and accumulate them in fruits; There are many seeds because there are many _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the pistil of watermelon plants when they bloom.

24.(4 points) A temperate grassland ecosystem has six kinds of animals, A, B, C, D, E and F, which do not represent green plants. Their relationship is as follows: ①C preys on F, E and A; ②B, AE preys on G; 3 d, a preys on b; ④F preys on D and E, please answer:

(1) The picture on the right shows the food web of temperate grassland ecosystem. Please fill in the correct letters in the box on the right.

(2) There is a food chain in this food web, and producers belong to it (fill in letters).

25.(3 points) In the emergency of temporary lack of homotype blood, the doctor slowly infused a small amount of type A blood to a patient with AB blood during the operation, and the operation was successful without agglutination. In the above-mentioned clinical blood transfusion examples, although there is lectin in the donor's serum that can resist the lectin on the recipient's red blood cells, in the process of slowly infusing a small amount of type A blood, the serum of type A blood is rapidly diluted by the patient's blood, and the patient's red blood cells cannot agglutinate because of the low concentration. In addition, because there is no blood in the serum of the recipient, it is impossible to agglutinate the red blood cells of the donor.

26.(2 points) The curve below shows the changes of O2 and CO2 contents in human blood respectively. Please answer according to the picture:

(1) When blood flows through B-segment capillaries, oxygen molecules and hemoglobin in the blood are rapid.

(2) Do you think B-segment capillaries are alveolar capillaries or capillaries in tissues?

4. Fill in the blanks (24 points in total)

27.(4 points) On the moonlit night, enjoy the moon on the cruise ship of Qiantang River, and the boat will arrive near the first bridge of Qianjiang River. It is known that the water depth here is 8m, and the distance between the moon and the earth is 3.84×105km. The moon watcher looked down and saw that the distance between the images of the moon on the river and the lake was kilometers.

28.(4 points) As shown in the figure, it is a schematic diagram of the water pump crank, with O as the fulcrum. Please make arm F 1 and F2 on the answer sheet.

29.(5 points) As shown in the figure, it is a schematic diagram of the energized solenoid. Please mark the current direction in the circuit correctly on the answer sheet. The end indicated by the letter A is the pole of the electromagnet.

30.(5 points) As shown in the figure, the plug-in resistance box is used for a school laboratory demonstration. When the plug is inserted, the plug will short-circuit the resistor. When the resistance box in the figure is connected to the circuit, the total resistance of this resistance box is ω.

3 1.(6 points) It is reported that in order to solve people's rapid traffic problems and improve urban traffic, the Shanghai maglev train project was officially launched, and the first maglev train will run in early 2003. The maglev train runs from Longyang Road at one end of Shanghai Pudong Metro Line 2 to Pudong International Airport, with a total length of 33 kilometers and double-track operation. The design maximum speed of maglev train is

450 km/h, one-way running time of 8 minutes. If there is only one stop during the operation of this section, the stop time is minutes. If the total mass of the train is 10 ton and the maglev train is lifted by strong magnetic force during operation, the train will be lifted to do work. (Set the maglev train to run at maximum speed all the way)

Fill in the blanks with verbs (abbreviation of verb) (22 points in total)

32.(3 points) Among these three substances, there are reductive pure substances, which belong to electrolytes and mixtures. (All the blanks above are filled with the serial number of the substance.)

33.(4 points) (1) It is known that the ionization equation of uranium bisulfate is as follows: nahso4 = = na++h+so42-,and the pH value of its solution is less than 7. The substance category of sodium bisulfate is that zinc particles are added to the solution, resulting in the phenomenon of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) Excess carbon dioxide gas is introduced into the clarified limewater. In this process, the phenomenon is that the quality of the solution changes as follows

34.(3 points) There are four colorless solutions: A, B, C and D, but only hydrochloric acid, potassium carbonate solution, calcium chloride solution and silver nitrate solution are known. The related phenomena are as follows:

A+B → Bubble Formation A+C → Precipitation Formation

C+D → B+C produced by precipitation → no obvious change.

According to the above phenomenon, it is inferred that the chemical formulas of A, B and C are A B C.

35.(8 points) Ferric chloride is a good water purifying agent, which can be prepared by various methods in chemistry. Please write four chemical equations for preparing ferric chloride from iron and its compounds by one-step chemical reaction:

① ②

③ ④

(Note: Iron carbonate should not be used as reactant)

36.(4 points) A factory accidentally dropped a precision hollow ball made of magnesium alloy into a deep and small solid cement hole when it was equipped with a piece of equipment, which could not be taken out with various tools. Someone suggested pouring some solution into the hole to make the ball float. Solubility data of three substances are available:

③ 20 40 60 80 100

Copper nitrate125.l159.8178.8 207.8 239.6

Potassium nitrate 31.6 64.0110.0169.0 246.0

Potassium chloride 34.040.045.051.1.56.7

Note: The density of water is 1g/cm3. After the solute is dissolved in water, the volume change of the solution can be ignored.

On the premise of not damaging the ball, in theory, the substances in the above table can be made into solution and poured into small holes to make the ball float, and the lowest temperature of the solution should be kept above℃. (The known pellet density is 1.64g/cm3). At the lowest temperature calculated above, the mass fraction of solute in saturated solution is: if the volume of pores is 4000 ml, at least grams of solute is needed to prepare 4000 ml saturated solution.

Six, short answer questions (this big question 17 points)

37.(4 points) A classmate prepared the following experimental equipment: an iron frame with an iron clip, a sink, a large syringe, a thin glass tube (with a nozzle at one end), a rubber tube (with a water stop clip), a flask, a rubber plug with a hole and some water (red). He did a beautiful fountain experiment: the result of the experiment was that red water could be seen from the nozzle of a thin glass tube in the flask, and then almost filled the whole flask. The following two pictures are two experimental steps taken during the experiment. Please say these two experimental steps in short words according to the situation in the picture and explain the principle of forming the fountain.

38.(4 points) The picture on the right shows the commonly used heatable drinking fountain. In order to facilitate drinking water, a lot of natural science knowledge is used in the design. Please give two examples of this kind of drinking machine in design, structure or use, and tell the principle (reason) on which it is based.

Example: There is an indicator light on the water dispenser, which can only indicate whether it is heated or not. The lamp is made by using the principle that the diode will emit light when it is turned on, which saves electricity.

39.(6 points) After learning the knowledge of catalysts, students in an inquiry group of a class want to study whether copper oxide can play a catalytic role in the thermal decomposition reaction of potassium chlorate, and design the following comparative experiments and follow-up operations:

① Take two portions of potassium chlorate, put them into two identical test tubes respectively, and add accurately weighed n grams of copper oxide powder into one of the test tubes.

② Two portions of potassium chlorate are heated correctly at the same time under the same conditions, and the released gas is introduced into water to observe the speed of the released gas.

(3) stopping heating and cooling, dissolving the reaction mixture mixed with copper oxide in water, carefully filtering to obtain filtrate, washing and drying.

④ Observe the state and color of the filtrate.

⑤ Mix the filtrate with carbon powder, heat it in a closed container at high temperature, and introduce the gas generated by the reaction into clear limewater to observe the experimental phenomenon.

(1) One of the above experimental steps is not rigorous enough. Please point out which one?

(2) In order to achieve the experimental purpose, in addition to improving the imprecise experimental steps, an experimental step must be added. The steps of this experiment are as follows

(3) If the experiment in step 5 is replaced by another experimental device and operation, the experimental purpose can also be achieved. Please connect the instruments in the picture below into an experimental device that meets the experimental purpose. The interface connection sequence of this experimental device is as follows

Connection; Connection; Answer the phone. (The airflow direction is from left to right)

40.(3 points) About 200 years ago, many people died of smallpox, an infectious disease, and many small blisters grew on the skin of smallpox patients. Jenner, a British doctor, found that milkmaids are often infected with mild diseases (vaccinia) similar to smallpox, while women workers who have suffered from vaccinia generally do not get smallpox. So Jenner put forward the hypothesis: "…". In order to test this hypothesis, Jenner did the following two experiments:

Experiment 1: Purulent fluid was taken from the blisters of patients with vaccinia and smeared on the skin of healthy people prone to smallpox. As a result, the man was infected with vaccinia, but he recovered in a few days.

Experiment 2: Purulent fluid was taken from the blisters of smallpox patients and applied to the skin of people who had suffered from vaccinia. As a result, this person is not infected with smallpox.

(Note: The above experiments were conducted with men's prior knowledge and voluntary participation. )

Q: (1) The hypothesis put forward by Jenner is:

(2) The results of Experiment 2 showed that smallpox virus was produced in people with vaccinia. Jenner makes people immune to smallpox by vaccinia, which is called

Seven, analysis, calculation problem (this big problem, a total of 3 1 minute)

4 1.(5 points) People have noticed that China is a developing country with a large population, and the development model of western countries is not completely applicable to China. For example, if the average consumption level of beef in China, which is dominated by plant food, reaches12 of that in the United States, it is necessary to increase grain by 65,438+64 million tons every year to increase feed supply. Provide 0 if necessary. L tons of nitrogen per ton of grain, then

(1) If all the required nitrogen is provided by urea [CO (NH2) 2], China needs to increase the output of 1 100 million tons of urea every year. (Results are rounded to two decimal places)

(2) The principle of urea production is as follows

Carbon dioxide +2 ammonia carbon dioxide +H2O

According to the above calculation results, in order to increase the required urea output, it is necessary to build several ammonia (NH3) plants with an annual output of 200,000 tons. (column calculation, the number of factories is an integer. )

42.(5 points) Life jackets (a brightly colored vest with a lower density foam lining) are often equipped on cruise ships. Please use the following requirements and data to design the life jacket: ① Design according to the quality of the rescued person; In order to protect people's safety, wearing this life jacket can make 65,438+00% of people's volume above the water; ③ The density of foam material is 0.065438. (4) The quality of fabrics and other accessories used for life jackets is not counted; ⑤ The population density can be approximately taken as 1× 103kg/m3.

Please answer:

(1) Why do you use brightly colored fabrics to make life jackets?

(2) Calculate the minimum mass of foam material used to make life jackets.

43.(7 points) As shown in the figure, it is a schematic diagram of power supply equipment transmitting electricity to users of residential buildings. In order to ensure that all electrical appliances of users in residential buildings can work normally, it is necessary to ensure that the voltage between input lines of residential buildings is 220V V. The power consumed by a residential building is shown in the following table:

Rated total power of electrical appliances (kW)

The lighting device 4

Kitchen appliances 13

Air conditioning 18

Other electrical appliances 9

Q: (1) What is the total power of all electrical appliances in this residential building?

(2) When all electrical appliances are working normally, how many amperes is the current passing through the transmission line?

(3) If the total resistance of the transmission line is 0. Lω, residential buildings will apply to the power supply department for "capacity expansion" due to the increase of household appliances, that is, increase electricity consumption. When the rated power of electrical appliances in residential buildings is increased to 88kW and all electrical appliances work normally, how many kilowatts does the power loss of transmission lines increase compared with that before "expansion"?

44.(8 points) It is reported that in recent years, hyacinthus orientalis (an aquatic plant), a part of the river water in Taihu Lake Basin, has been over-propagated, flooded, and then rotted, resulting in river blockage and the death of a large number of cultured fish. The main reasons for excessive reproduction of water hyacinth are. The direct cause of the death of a large number of cultured fish is. To prevent this from happening, other measures can be taken besides applying proper amount of chemical fertilizer in farmland to prevent water hyacinth from being lost or salvaged artificially. Water hyacinth contains a lot of organic substances. How to turn harm into benefit and make use of it is also a problem that people think about. Please tell me a way to use water hyacinth.

45.(6 points) There is a kind of food that is convenient to heat in the supermarket called "Lagage". The heating agent is quicklime and water packaged separately. When the rope is pulled, quicklime reacts with water to release heat and heat food.

(1) Under the condition of keeping the total mass of quicklime and water unchanged, the mass ratio of quicklime to water is.

(2) If "the heat (Q) released by the reaction of a certain amount of calcium oxide with a sufficient amount of water" is to be measured, the following instruments can be used: beaker, glass rod, thermometer, alcohol lamp, tray balance, among which the unnecessary ones are.

(3) The measured data in the determination process are: the mass of water m 1, the temperature of water before reaction t 1, and the highest temperature t2 of suspension after adding calcium oxide in water. In addition to the above data, what other data do you think need to be determined? (narrated in words and then represented by symbols)

(4) The formula for calculating the heat (Q) released by the reaction of a certain amount of calcium oxide with water is:

(Assumption: there is no loss of heat released during the determination; The reaction vessel does not absorb heat; The added calcium oxide has the same temperature as the water before the reaction; The specific heat of the generated calcium hydroxide suspension is "c")