Old Duan is upright and upright. He served as Prime Minister of the Republic of China for three times. After Yuan Shikai's death, he firmly held the central government for more than four years. After the March 18th tragedy, Duan personally went to the square and knelt down to apologize. This shows the attitude of the ruling party. He is a vegetarian tiger. Even if the gastric ulcer breaks out, the doctor still refuses to eat meat: "People can die, but meat will never open!" " In his later years, Japanese spy Kenji Fujiwara invited him to organize the Northeast government several times, but all of them were flatly rejected. Duan never smoked opium, went whoring, drank too much, gambled, embezzled, or sold officials all his life. He was called "six prime ministers", and his character and integrity were very valuable in the Republic of China. Liang Qichao once commented: "His shortcomings are inevitable, but no matter what his strength is, he is brave enough to be responsible for the country, and no one in the country is like him."
Yuan Shikai was trained in a small station, and Yin Chang, president of armament school, recommended Duan, Wang Shizhen and Feng for him. Beiyang Army established three associations. According to the German way, you need to take a written test to become an association system. Wang Shizhen and Feng have already formed an alliance system, but Duan failed twice. The day before the third exam, Yuan Shikai sent someone to give him questions, and he got through other key links one by one, finally making him a Lenovo department. Duan deeply felt that "Ai En is profound and unforgettable." Since then, he has served as the general instructor of the third battalion of the newly-built army left-wing artillery regiment. Duan died on 1900, and Yuan Shikai betrothed his adopted daughter Zhang to him. With this relationship, Duan's position in Beiyang has soared and he has a taste of his own family.
Create a Republic
19110 June10, Wuchang uprising broke out, Yuan Shikai came out of the mountain, and Duan was the commander of the first army and the governor of Huguang. As a result of studying abroad in his early years, Duan accepted the western thoughts of democracy and republicanism, knowing that China's backwardness stems from centralization and corrupt family rule. Therefore, when attacking the revolutionary army, there was no real large-scale attack, but negotiations with the revolutionary army, and telegrams were sent to the cabinet of the Qing court, the military advisory office and the war department, saying: "Republican ideas have penetrated into the hearts of soldiers, and generals are quite unstoppable. I immediately rioted when I was squatting, and I collapsed when I was perfunctory. "
191265438+1October 26th, Duan, together with 46 heavily armed generals, called the cabinet, the military advisory office and the Ministry of War of the Qing Dynasty, unanimously demanding that "the imperial edict be proclaimed, both at home and abroad, and a republic be established". If the Qing court does not make a quick decision, Jianghai will fall and the situation will die. " On February 5, Duan led all the generals of the first army to call the Qing court. On February 12, 2002, Empress Yulong announced the abdication of the Qing Emperor.
19 15, Duan opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne and was forced to resign. Before Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, he tried to dissuade him five times. As a result, I was rejected three times and rejected twice. He discouraged Yuan Shikai from proclaiming himself emperor, saying that this matter was related to national security and Yuan's personal life, and he should never do it. However, after Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, he never took part in it, although he did not publicly denounce it or get any reward.
Second, create a republic.
After Yuan Shikai's death, Duan was the most powerful and qualified person in domestic politics to inherit the unification. However, the reunification of North and South is a thorny issue that the new government is about to face. The Southern Defence Force has repeatedly expressed its support for Li, then vice president, to succeed as president, and regarded this as an important measure to prevent Beiyang Group from continuing to monopolize the central government. In other words, as long as Lee is not the new president, his life will not be easy.
Since the "Gengzi Incident", all the rulers in China hope to take charge of the political situation and gain the recognition of their ruling status from the international community. Proceeding from the interests in China, all countries hope that the political situation in China can remain stable, and the best way to maintain stability is undoubtedly that the vice president will succeed the president according to legal procedures, which can reduce many disputes, just like the "eldest son inheritance system" in ancient China. Even Japan is no exception, and its government is trying to persuade the North and South forces to support Lee. In fact, as early as when Yuan Shikai was seriously ill in bed and dying, he sent Zeng to Nanjing to discuss with Feng about "Ji's death". Feng believes that Li was originally the vice president, and he should naturally succeed the president. Faced with pressure from home and abroad, Duan had to compromise and expressed his support for Li in public many times. At the same time, there are not a few people who plan to climb the dragon and attach the phoenix to the throne. Some people even advocated that Yuan Shikai should start work before he died, and let Duan seize power by means of "everything is taken by the cabinet", just because Duan himself "could not hold on", he reluctantly gave up. Duan didn't want to, but the situation at that time did not allow it. The revolutionary army in the south and Feng in Beiyang are eyeing up. If they insist on coming to power, it will certainly cause division within Beiyang. In this way, Li, an unarmed old man, took over as president, Feng as vice president and Duan as prime minister, and restored the National Assembly and the provisional constitution.
Three republics
A new government has been established and a new struggle has begun. Let me tell you something about the famous struggle between the government and the court in history. First of all, Li Heduan had a dispute over the choice of Secretary-General the State Council, and finally Xu Shichang came forward to solve it. After wave after wave of turmoil, the struggle between the two sides became more intense on whether to participate in World War I or declare war on Germany. In order to achieve the purpose of the main battle, Duan summoned more than a dozen overseers to Beijing to form a "overseer corps" and put pressure on Li, but failed; Later, Duan asked someone to write a declaration of war against Germany and asked the president to stamp it. In order to calm Li's storm, he reluctantly stamped the document. Even so, Duan was still dissatisfied, and he intervened in the meeting of the National Assembly and finally touched the public's anger. Just then, it was revealed that Duan borrowed money from Japan privately. 1965438+May 2, 20071day, Li seized the opportunity and ordered the dismissal of his post as prime minister. Duan angrily left Beijing for Tianjin. According to the provisional constitution, the president has no right to revoke the post of prime minister and refuses to recognize Li's dismissal order. Because one side is the presidential palace and the other is the State Council, the struggle between them is called "the struggle between the government and the court". Subsequently, Li invited Zhang Xun, head of the military superintendent, to come to Beijing for mediation on June 14, 2004. After Zhang Xun entered Beijing, Xuan Tong was restored. Lao Duan took this opportunity to re-enter the mountain and immediately went to the racecourse to organize a rebellion. On the 3rd, Duan sent a telegram to crusade against Zhang Xun in the name of the commander-in-chief of the rebel army, took an oath at the racecourse, and contacted Feng to count the eight sins of Zhang Xun and published a campaign against Zhang Xun. 12 years, the restoration failed, Li resigned as president, and Feng succeeded. After Zhang Xun was driven away together, the dispute between the government and the imperial court could not be idle, and the second wave began again.
The contradiction between the two sides on whether to participate in the war is getting bigger and bigger. It is said that in order to support Sun Yat-sen's war of resistance, Germany gave Sun Yat-sen 2 million marks (Sun actually paid 1 million) as funds for secret activities, and Sun Yat-sen also used this generous gift to set up an "extraordinary parliament" and a military government in Guangzhou. Competing with Beijing Chamber of Commerce. Duan advocated unifying the whole country by force and declaring war on Germany. Feng is the first mouse at both ends, but he is afraid of Duan's hegemony and opposes Duan's reunification by force. In order to realize his political ambitions, Lao Duan manipulated the Anfu Parliament and removed his direct leader Feng from the presidency. The contradiction between the two branches of Anhui was also put on the table, and then the war of supporting Anhui broke out, and the direct warlords joined hands to serve Zhang, and the Anhui army was defeated. /kloc-in July of 0/9, Duan was forced to resign and leave Beijing to take refuge in the Japanese concession in Tianjin. Since then, he has devoted himself to Buddhism, calling himself a "Taoist".
As the saying goes, times make heroes. After Yuan Shikai's death, the warlords went their own way, just to keep the chassis and seek their own interests. There is no equivalent principle on major international issues. Duan's efforts eventually went down the drain. 102, Duan died of stomach trouble at the age of 72. He left a personal will to the government, that is, "Eight Don't": Don't rashly start a political struggle because of my opinion, don't talk about ignoring practice, don't waste people's money on urgent matters, don't believe radical remarks and shake the foundation of the country, and tell diplomats not to forget to consolidate national defense. The National Government gave a special state funeral, which was conducted in accordance with Buddhist etiquette, and flags were flown at half mast in Shanghai.
The conclusion of Tianjin Ta Kung Pao is that "Mr. Duan is the first person who has a lot to do with the Republic of China besides Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Xiangcheng."