Qin unified the six countries and established the first unified feudal empire in the history of China. Because of the vast territory of the powerful Qin Dynasty, all the surrounding ethnic groups and countries called China "Qinren" until the Han Dynasty. However, after all, the Qin dynasty was short-lived and did not last as long as the Han dynasty, so "Qin people" were actually just a transition from "Huaxia" to "Han people", and eventually the Han people called it "Han" instead of "Qin".
Sima Qian and his Historical Records played an important role in the formation of the Han nationality. Sima Qian combed the history of China and integrated the history of China in Historical Records, and came to the conclusion that the Yellow Emperor is the common ancestor of the world and all ethnic groups are descendants of the Yellow Emperor. Advocating the idea of great unity, advocating unity and opposing separatism, narrated the history of the formation of the Han nationality, and established the concept of a multi-ethnic unified country, which has far-reaching influence. Mr. Bai Shouyi commented: "Although Sima Qian didn't have the concept of' Han nationality' and probably didn't realize that he was writing history for the formation of a nation, he actually did this work. Until now, his works have been the basic literature for us to study the history of the formation of the Han nationality. " Looking through historical records, we will find that words such as Hanwang, Li Han, Hanjiang, Han Bing and Han pawn can be found everywhere, but there are no titles such as Han people and Han people. Appellations such as "Han people" and "Han people" first appeared in Hanshu. In the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, re-levied Dawan. "It is said that Wancheng is new to the Han people, but there is still a lot of food inside." In Jiankang, Xuan Di, Wei Xiang wrote a letter to remonstrate: "Huns taste kindness, Han people get it, and they don't commit border crimes." When he was in Yuan Di, Lang Zhonghou should say, "Be near Xiqiang and keep in touch with the Han people." At the time of Emperor Ping, the corps commander Ping Xian said, "Hao Qiang is willing to wait for other species, with a population of 12,000. I am willing to offer fresh water, seawater and salt ponds for the Minister of the Interior, and give beautiful grass to the Han people, and claim to cover the obstacles. " By the Eastern Han Dynasty, appellations such as "Han Chinese" and "Han Chinese" became more and more common. In the ninth year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu, Ban Biao said: "There are Qiang people in Liangzhou today, and Hu Qiang is left-handed, but they are different from Han people in customs and language barriers." In the twenty-third year of Jianwu, the Xiongnu Aoge chased the king on the day of Jianwu. Because he failed to be Khan, he "sent Han to serve the map of Xiongnu" and Xihe prefect asked for attachment. In the twenty-sixth year of Jianwu, "Bei Khan was afraid, quite a bit Han Chinese, as a gesture of goodwill." In Yongping for three years, "Adult Hugh Mobafu and Han Chinese Han Rong killed their brothers at the end of the capital city and stood on their own feet in the king of Khotan". In the third year of Emperor Anyong's reign, "Han Cong, a Han Chinese, entered the DPRK with South Khan", but he also said that South Khan attacked the Han Chinese and the Han soldiers fought back. "Khan saw that the army went hand in hand, and it was very powerful. Gu Yan said:' You said that all Han people died. "What kind of person are you now?" I sent a special envoy to beg for surrender and agreed. ... is also the money of men and women in China. In the first year of Yonghe, Shun Di, the magistrate of Wuling, wrote: "Controlling foreigners by barbarians can increase the tax of Han people." In the sixth year of Yonghe, Zhang Dan, the corps commander, "broke the Wu Huan, learned to cut its canal handsome, and won the Han people."
The above-mentioned "Han people" and "Han people" undoubtedly refer to the people of the Han Dynasty, and also refer to the national community developed on the basis of the Huaxia nationality. The long-term struggle between the farming ethnic community "Han people" and the nomadic ethnic community with Xiongnu as the core in the north has strengthened each other's national consciousness. Calling Hu Han, Han Yi and Yue Han as "Han" highlights the national appellation significance of "Han", which is evidenced by the appellation of "Han" and "Han Min" in the relationship with the surrounding ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xiqiang, Naman and Dawan. In the Han dynasty, the meaning of the family name "Han" was not clear because of its original dynasty meaning. With the end of the Han dynasty, the dynasty meaning in the double meaning of the word "Han" naturally disappeared, and the meaning of its family name was finally clear.
Third, the integration period (Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty)
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the first great division period after the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties, and it was also a historical period of great ethnic integration. The word "Han people" was widely used. Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Wudi: In the eleventh year of Xingping, "Wuwan, three counties and one county, suffered chaos and broke the secluded state, with a population of more than 100,000 households." "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Tian Chou" Pei Songzhi's Note: Tian Chou "lured Hu Zhong, the Han people or died, and 50,000 people heard the earthquake." "The History of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei 50,000 Xianbei Dongyi" quoted a fish to write Wei Lue: When Wang Mang was in the land of Chen Han, he saw a man in Tanaka driving away birds, and his language was not Korean. When asked, the man said,' I waited for the famous Han family to come, and our generation of 1.5 thousand people cut down trees and were all cut off and enslaved by the Han people.' "Hu Zhong" and "Han Min" are juxtaposed, "Han" and "Han" are symmetrical, and the meaning of "Han" is obvious. It's just that the recorded events happened at the time of Wang Mang or shortly after the new death of the Han Dynasty, and it's still difficult to get rid of the suspicion of "the man of the Han Dynasty". At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Jiang Tong wrote "On the Migration of Rong": "Leading the satrap of Longxi to rebel against Qiang, the rest migrated to Guanzhong, living in Fengyi and Hedong Qingye, but mixed with Han people. After a few years, the nation is generous, that is, relying on its fatness, the bitter Han people invade it. " This is the story of Han Dynasty quoted by Jiang Tong to prove his theory, and the meaning of the word "Han Chinese" is still uncertain.
With the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty and the rise of the Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries, the northern nomadic tribes Xianbei, Xiongnu, Anta, Biandi and Qiang entered the Central Plains for the first time since the formation of Huaxia. So there was a situation of division and confrontation between the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The south was ruled by the Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties established by the Han people, while the north was ruled by the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei (Northern Qi) and Western Wei (Northern Zhou) established by Xianbei and other ethnic minorities. The Southern and Northern Dynasties is an important period of national integration in China. The large-scale mobility and high-intensity confrontation of all ethnic groups make the existing ethnic titles clearer. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty vigorously promoted the sinicization reform and moved the capital to Luoyang, changing his surname from Han to "breaking the northern dialect (Xianbei dialect) and starting with the accent (Chinese)". Emperor Xiaowen's reform promoted national integration and strengthened the meaning of "Han". Mr. Chen believes that "Han" is undoubtedly a national title, probably during the political reform of Emperor Xiaowen.
In the Northern Qi Dynasty, there was a general of the Han nationality who followed Gao Huan to beg the Zhujiajian family. Gao Huan said to him, "Commander Gao is a pure Han, and I'm afraid it will break down. Now more than a thousand soldiers in Xianbei are involved, so what? " Ang said to him, "I am willing to lead the Han army myself, and it is more appropriate to get it for nothing." High and well-directed, he has repeatedly made meritorious military service. "At that time, Xianbei looked down upon Han Chen and dared not serve Ang. Every time Gaozu applied for the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, he often spoke in Xianbei. If Ang is listed, it is from China. " Liu Guizheng, the assistant general of the suggestion, was sitting with Ang, and many servants drowned in the river. You said,' If the first money is expensive, you can die with it.' Anger is expensive to draw a sword. "As a Xianbei Han Chinese, Gao Huan knew the importance of unity with the Han Chinese. When he started the uprising, he made a rule that" no bullying the Han Chinese in public ". After he sat on the throne, he often said to Xianbei people, "Han people are your slaves, your husband plows the fields for you, and women weave for you, and you have lost your millet and silk to feed you." What are you? " He also said to the Han people, "Xianbei is a passer-by. You can take a handful of millet and a piece of silk and satin to make you a thief and make you peaceful. What's the matter with you? "In addition, the books of the Northern Qi Dynasty are called Han Dynasty, Dog Han and Han Laozi. There are some names in northern history, such as "Han family", "Han land", "idiot", "Han Xiaoer", "Han female", "thief Han head" and "short Han". There are some names in Song Shu, such as "Han female" and "Shandong miscellaneous Han". There are some words in the Book of Southern Qi, such as "not specialized in Han people", "mother is Han people", "connected with Hu Han people" and "Hu Mu Han Cao".
The above historical data clearly show that the word "Han Chinese" was completely divorced from the original meaning of "Han Chinese" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and it was used to refer to ethnic communities different from nomadic peoples such as Xianbei, and it has completed the transformation from being called by others to being called by itself. It is true that the above-mentioned historical materials also reflected the fact that all ethnic groups were unequal at that time, which was embodied in the discrimination of Xianbei people against Han people. There are two main reasons for this: First, Xianbei people entered the Central Plains and competed with the Han people for China orthodoxy, so they deliberately belittled the Han people; Secondly, Xianbei's human nature is fierce, and he thinks that the Han people are weak and timid, so he despises the Han people. However, as Engels pointed out, "in the long-term conquest, the more savage conquerors, in most cases, had to adapt to the relatively high' economic situation' that existed after the conquest; They were assimilated by the conquerors, and most people even had to adopt the language of the conquered. " The historical process of ethnic blending in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties fully proved this assertion, and the historical facts since then have continued to prove this assertion.
It is worth noting that the connotation of "Huaxia people" has changed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it no longer refers only to Huaxia people or Han people as in the pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties, but extends to people in the Central Plains including ethnic minorities. This is because Schleswig-Holstein, Fu Jian, Tuoba and other minority rulers who once unified northern China all called themselves "Chinese emperors" and demanded to share the title of "China". Therefore, it is necessary to expand the connotation of "China people" and distinguish it from "Han people", so as to bring our nation into the ranks of "China people".
Sui and Tang dynasties continued the great national integration since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Sui and Tang dynasties were not so much a Han dynasty as a multi-ethnic unified dynasty dominated by Han people. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in addition to the appellation of "Huaxia" and "Sui and Tang people", more people still took "Han" as their surname. Biography of Sui Shu and Rui Liang: Nanning is "rich in land, mostly Han people." "Biography of Wen Yanbo in the Old Tang Dynasty": courtiers advocated that Turks "were planted in Henan, scattered in counties and counties, cultivated their fields, changed customs, and millions of Land Rover could be slaves." It is said in the Biography of Yuan Wangshou in Old Tang Dynasty that Wang Shou of Hong Qingyuan called the Turkic Li Jie Khan: "The customs of Han and Turkic are different, and Han is a Turkic. What's the use?" "Biography of Li Ji in Old Tang Dynasty": "General Fan, known as Xu Sheren, gathered the Han people in Huyan Mansion and said that Yan Su, a monk, said,' Don't be afraid, give it to the Han people, which is shared by the British public and five generations of grandchildren. "Biography of Xirong in the Old Tang Dynasty contains a nursery rhyme cloud of Gaochang:" Gaochang military forces are like frost and snow, and Han military forces are like the sun and the moon. The sun and the moon shine on the frost and snow, and the strike back will be destroyed. " There is an interesting record in Biography of Mu Zong in Old Tang Dynasty: "There are beasts in Longshan, such as monkeys, with long waist and long tail, red and blue, and fierce. Jump up and eat when you meet barbarians, and stop eating when you meet Han people. " The difference between barbarians and China people was even perceived by wild animals.
Han, Han, Han officials, Han envoys, Han generals, Han soldiers, Han troops, Han riders, Han captives, Han families, Han dynasty, Han boundary, Han boundary and Han dynasty not only reflect the frequent ethnic exchanges and close ethnic relations in the Tang Dynasty, but also reflect the wide application of the word "Han".
After the Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, a large number of appellations such as "Han" and "Fan Han" were used. In the blessing newspaper at the end of the Jin Dynasty, An Chongrong, the ambassador to Germany, accused Shi Jingtang of "being a minister, serving the table, making China rare, contributing to the Khitan, and abusing the Han people, but he was never satisfied." Zhang Li, the right servant of the Khitan, said, "When I first fell into the Khitan, I carried the Khitan to the south and got it for riding. The Lord of Qidan was very angry and said, "Why did you leave me?" Li said, "Li, Han people also have different clothes and diets. Life is worse than death. Please a little faster. "It serves to show the great differences between Han and Qidan cultures and customs, as well as people's strong national consciousness.
Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties is another important period of national reorganization in China. In addition to "Han people" as a national name, Han people are also called "Ren Yan", "Southerner" and "Qidan". After a long period of integration, it was finally unified with the "Han people".
Symmetry between Korea and Fan in Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi said, "Since Fanbu belongs to the Han Dynasty, its customs are cheap and expensive. Han people can exchange goods with Fanbu, and Fanbu's situation will be easily adjusted." Liao is a political power with Qidan as the main ethnic group, which was jointly established by Qidan people and Han people. "The Khitans ruled the Khitans with the state system and treated the Han people with the Han system", "The Khitans taught the Han officials to follow the Han instrument and listen to the marriage with the Han people". The Khitan nationality has a high degree of sinicization, and finally it is completely integrated into the Han nationality. At the end of Liao Dynasty, there was a saying that "the Khitan and the Han nationality were one family for a long time". The meaning of "Han people" in the Jin Dynasty is complex, mainly referring to the Han people, Khitan people and Bohai people in the former Liao country. These Han people are also called "Yanren" because they live in Youyan area. The Han people living in Henan and Shandong conquered by Jin Xin are called "southerners", while those living in Song Dynasty are called "Song people" and sometimes called "southerners". Jin Shizong Xia Shi records Sejong's words: "Yan people have been honest and straightforward since ancient times, Liao soldiers came from Liao, Song people came from Song, and this dynasty came from this dynasty. Southerners are strong and there are many people who dare to say it. " Biography of the History of Jin Dynasty: "Sejong likes Congo and says,' Nanren mines dare to move directly, and the Han people are traitors, so they take refuge for emergency. In different times, southerners didn't learn ci fu, so few people came first. In recent years, there have been more people who came first in Henan and Shandong, and almost beat the Han people to be officials. "Yan people", "Nan people", "Song people" and "Han people" are also called, and obviously each has its own meaning, which can prove the above statement.
From the late Liao Dynasty to the early Jin Dynasty and then to the Yuan Dynasty, "Qidan" was once another name for "Han people". Mr. Jia Jingyan made a textual research on its special composition, and thought that, firstly, a large number of Han people entered the Khitan area, mainly Khitan, and secondly, a large number of Khitan people came to the Han area and sinicized it. Over time, the two became one, that is, the Han people were Khitans and the Khitans were Han people. The meaning of the word "Han Chinese" in Yuan Dynasty is more complicated. According to Tao's Record of Dropping out of Farming, there are as many as eight kinds of "Han people". Except for repetition and omission, there are actually five kinds of "Khitan", "Koryo", "Nvzhi", "Bohai" and "Han people". The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty divided the people into four categories: Mongolians, Semu people, Han people and southerners. Among them, the Han people include the Khitan people, straight women and the northern Han people who were originally ruled by Jin, while the southerners refer to the southern Han people and other ethnic groups. The complexity and diversity of the meaning of "Han people" in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties just reflected the strong ethnic integration and the growth of Han people in this period. Although the Han nationality had a low status in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it had a huge lineup and strong assimilation ability. Among the three generations of ruling ethnic groups, the Khitan ethnic group and the female straight ethnic group are basically integrated into the Han nationality, and many Mongolians are assimilated by the Han nationality. Because of this, no matter how the times change, "Han" as a surname has continued.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the national names of the Han nationality were not as complicated as those of Liao, Jin and Yuan. In the Ming Dynasty, they were mainly called "Han people", and sometimes they were called "China people", "Ming people" and "China people". The appellation of Han nationality in Qing Dynasty was further simplified. "Han Chinese" and "Manchu" are relative terms. For example, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shunzhi said that "Manchu is my son", while "Han Chinese" and "China people" include Manchu, which gradually become different terms from foreigners.
To sum up, from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Liao, Song, Xia, Jin, Ming and Qing Dynasties, China has been like a melting pot for more than 1,600 years, cultivating and casting the Chinese nation. As the core of the cohesion of the Chinese nation, the Han nationality has been developing and growing, and its national names have gone through an integration process from complexity to unity. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the formation of a multi-ethnic unified country, the process of the integration of Han names had basically ended, but "Han" and "nationality" had not yet been combined into compound words, and the word "Han" had not yet appeared.
Fourth, the establishment period (from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China)
The word "nationality" can't be found in China ancient books before the end of Qing Dynasty. "Man" and "clan" are used separately. Words related to "clan", "clan", "clan", "clan", "clan" and "clan" can't be found in China ancient books before the end of Qing Dynasty, and different nationalities generally use "X" instead of "X". Although you can occasionally see titles such as "Khitan", "Qiang" 43 and "Hui" 44, they are not commonly used. The terms "nationality" and "Han nationality" appeared in China in the late Qing Dynasty.
Since the Opium War, China has been repeatedly invaded by foreign powers, and the national crisis has become increasingly serious, and the national consciousness of the people of China has awakened unprecedentedly. At present, it is known that the word "Han nationality" first appeared in China literature, which may be a letter written by Li Shixian, the late courtier of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, to the consuls of various countries; The earliest use of the word "national character" may be the article "Westernization is based on its strengths" published by Wang Tao in 1882, but it has no universal significance. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, western nationalism was introduced into China through Japan. Under the joint action of national crisis, nationalism and Japanese culture, the concepts of "nationality" and "Han nationality" really appeared. 1895, Lu, praised by Sun Yat-sen as "the first martyr of the Republic", made a generous statement in "Confessions of Righteousness": "I hope to awaken the soul of Huang Zhi and restore the Han Dynasty", "You know today, unless it is abolished, it will never be enough to restore the Han Dynasty." 1897, Tang said in an introduction to the axioms of politics and religion in various countries: Genghis Khan "If the son of Sun returns to the Central Plains, he will enslave the Han nationality". 1899, when Liang Qichao introduced Japanese works in A Bright Moon in the East, he used the word "nationality" extensively, and also used titles such as "Han nationality" and "Mongolian nationality". Liang Qichao was not the first person in China to use the concepts of "nationality" and "Han nationality", but he was probably the first person in China to systematically expound the western nationalism theory, accurately understand the meaning of "Han nationality" and consciously use it frequently.
At the beginning of the 20th century, especially from 1903, due to the promotion of foreign powers, the corruption and incompetence of the Qing court, and the successive occurrence of the Soviet case and Shen Zhou case, the contradiction between Manchu and Han suddenly intensified and the revolutionary movement flourished. The revolutionaries, under the banner of nationalism, called on the people of China to clean up and save the country. They increased the propaganda of nationalism and set off another climax of respecting the yellow river after the Western Han Dynasty. Appellations such as "Han nationality" and "descendants of the Chinese people" quickly became buzzwords. 1903, Zou Rong shouted in his masterpiece Revolutionary Army: "Is it a great experience for China Huaxia, a barbarian and a non-China to divide races?" In refuting Kang Youwei's book, Zhang Taiyan called for "if Han people hate Manchuria, they should hate it all." Cai Yuanpei emphasized in the article "Relieve Hatred Man" that "China people are all Han Chinese, and there is no such thing as Manchu!" In the article Chronology of the Yellow Emperor, Liu thought: "To protect the survival of the Han nationality, it is imperative to respect the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor of the Han nationality, can learn about the Han nationality through dating. " Sun Yat-sen advocated in "Letters to fellow countrymen" that "if 40 million Han people can prosper, they should launch a revolution to keep the emperor from chaos". These remarks made in the same year have long been discussed in publicizing the achievements of the anti-Qing revolution and the mistakes of Han chauvinism, so there is no need to repeat them. We just want to point out the fact that the word "Han nationality" was widely used and recognized in the early 20th century, which is one of the main signs of the establishment of the word "Han nationality".
Another important symbol of the final establishment of "Han nationality" is the complete separation of "Han nationality" from "Huaxia" and "Chinese nation". The word "China" originated in the Jin Dynasty and appeared at least four times in the Book of Jin. It is a compound word of "China" and "Huaxia", with the same meaning as "China" and "Huaxia". At the beginning of the 20th century, when the word "Han nationality" was widely used, the word "Chinese nation" was born. Its original users were Liang Qichao, Zhang Taiyan and others, whose original intention was the same as that of "Han nationality". 1902, Liang Qichao said in the article "On the general trend of China's academic thought changes": "In ancient times, the thinkers of the Chinese nation were unique", which may be the first time that the word "Chinese nation" appeared. 1905, Liang Qichao thought that "the Chinese nation today is the so-called Han nationality" in the article "Observation of China Nationalities in History". 1906 Pingyi Uprising, called "Han nationality in China", simply combined "Chinese nation" and "Han nationality" into one, which vividly illustrated the consistency of the two. After the founding of the Republic of China, the contradiction between Manchu and Han was solved, and the theory of "five nationalities republic" was advocated. The meaning of the word "Chinese nation" has changed, and it began to refer to the community of all ethnic groups in China at a higher level. 19 19, when Sun Yat-sen explained nationalism, he said, "The Han nationality should sacrifice the name of its origin, history and hubris, and meet the people of Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan in good faith to form the new doctrine of the Chinese nation." "Chinese nation" and "Han nationality" are different levels of national concepts, and the Chinese nation is regarded as a multi-ethnic community composed of Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan nationalities.
In the 1920s and 1930s, there appeared a small climax in China to study China's national history, and a number of academic works appeared, such as Liang Qichao's A Study of China's National History and Song Wenbing's A History of China's National History. Among them, Liang's works can be described as the pioneering works in the study of China's national history, and Wang, Lu, Song, Lin and others wrote the national history of China according to their ideas. These works further established the name of "Han nationality" from an academic point of view. 1934, in the book History of China Nationalities, the use of "Hua", "Xia" and "Han" was disapproved, and "Hua" and "Xia" were used instead of "Han" as national names. He believes: "Chinese characters, as the name of a nation, have long been irrelevant to the number of dynasties." For example, in the Tang Dynasty, it was called Han and Fan; Qing dynasty called Manchu; During the Revolution of 1911, it was said that Han, Manchu, Mongolia, Hui and Tibet were republics. How to change such a thing? The word "Xia" was not used before, but Chinese people suspected that it was mixed with nobles and urged it to continue to use "Han" as the surname. His theory is thorough and insightful. Since then, "Han nationality" has completely broken away from the appellations that once referred to the Han nationality, such as "Huaxia" and "Chinese nation", and has become the only national appellation of the Han nationality, which is still in use today.