1. Young turtles overwinter
A young turtle that has just hatched is called a young turtle. After hatching from turtle eggs, young turtles are weak in physique, have poor adaptability to the external environment, and consume more physical energy during the long wintering period. If it is not properly managed, the mortality rate of overwintering is very high. Little turtles have stopped eating since the first frost. After the first frost 1 week (the end of 10), the young turtles should be transferred from the outdoor to the indoor pool for the winter. The indoor pool should be filled with sediment in advance, and the sand should be washed clean with clean water or tap water. After the young turtles dive into the sediment, they should put a net cover on the pond to prevent the enemy from invading. Sediment should maintain a certain humidity, which requires that it can be kneaded into a ball without water accumulation. When the sediment is excessively dry, it should be wetted with water, and the temperature difference of water should not exceed 2℃. The temperature of the indoor wintering pool should be kept above 0℃ to prevent the pool water from freezing, and the young turtle will die when it reaches freezing point. When the temperature is too low. You can cover the swimming pool with a straw curtain. Young turtles do not feed in winter, and the general density is 100- 150 per square meter. The little turtle is small and delicate. Before the light snow (L65438+1late October), whether the water temperature meets the theoretical requirements or not, the wintering work of young turtles must be finished.
2. Young turtles overwinter
After the young turtle overwinters, the turtle with immature gonads is called a young turtle when it is over 2 years old the following year. Young turtles are also not strong in low temperature resistance. If you spend the winter in the outdoor natural swimming pool, the density should not be too high, 20-30 animals per square meter. The water depth exceeds 1 m. Put mud with a thickness of 10 to 20 cm on the bottom of the pond, put a cold-proof frame on the pond, cover the frame with a plastic film, leave one or two ventilation pipes, and cover the film with a straw curtain for wintering.
For example, indoor cement overwinters, just like young turtles. Since 1978, the author has wintered more than 5000 young turtles in outdoor caves, and the effect is very good. Specific methods: Dig a 50-60 cm deep earthen pond in a sunny place, and adjust measures to local conditions according to the number of young turtles. The entrance to the pond is made of wooden sticks or boards. In order to prevent frozen soil, cover it with straw curtain and compact it with soil. Dig drains around. Leave 2-3 air holes on the sunny side of the pond mouth to let the young turtles spend the cold winter safely.
3. Parents overwinter
3. 1 In order to restore the parents' physique after laying eggs, feed more protein and high-fat feed before overwintering. Fresh animal feed and compound feed are put into production at the same time. In feed, lysine, methionine, multivitamins, etc. Appropriate addition can store a certain amount of nutrients in overwintering parent turtles. In order to achieve the goal of disease-free and early prevention, 20-30 grams of Chinese herbal medicines such as red and blue flowers, chrysanthemums, licorice and isatis root can be added to every 50 kilograms of bait for feeding.
3.2 The wintering pool should be located in a sheltered, sunny and quiet place. There should be 20 cm thick mud at the bottom of the pool, so that turtles can dive into the mud for the winter. In order to provide a good water environment for soft-shelled turtles after hibernation, the water in the culture pond was disinfected before overwintering, with 0/00-200g of quicklime/kloc-per square meter, and changed to clean water after 8 days.
3.3 Before overwintering, strictly select and check the parent turtles. Parents are required to have normal body color and strong physique. Tortoise caught by hook, fork, electricity, disability and slow crawling should be released separately and not allowed to enter the pool for the winter.
3.4 Before the first frost and light snow, put aquatic plants in the breeding pond, and the amount of aquatic plants accounts for 1/3 of the pond area. Too much grass should not affect the light. The four corners of the feeding pond should be built with crop straws to prevent the sudden attack of cold current.
Practical techniques of turtle culture
1. Present situation and prospect of turtle culture As a precious aquatic product, people pay more and more attention to the edible value and economic value of turtle.
(I) Status of Turtle Breeding In the early 1980s, some people in some areas of China used wild resources and mature individuals to artificially breed and raise turtles. At the same time, aquatic experts have also carried out research on turtle culture techniques, such as gonad development, embryo development, reproductive status, karyotype, turtle polyculture, reproduction, reproduction, and changing hibernation habits. Since 1990s, this research and development has developed rapidly in Hunan, Hubei, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hainan and other provinces. 1. Artificial turtle breeding in Hunan started earlier. At present, there are 8 parent turtle farms with an annual output of 10 ton or more, and 8 farms with an annual output of 1 ~10 ton. It is estimated that 1998 can produce more than 350,000 young turtles. Followed by Jiangxi, Hubei, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces, 1998 can hatch about 250,000 to 300,000 young turtles. At present, the technical level of artificial turtle culture mainly shows "four rates", that is, spawning rate, fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival rate of young turtles. 2. Artificial breeding of turtles At present, the main ways to raise turtles in China are as follows: from August to 10 (after the young turtles hatch), they are cultured in ponds with natural temperature, and at this time they are mostly fed with commercial feed, weighing 5-20g; From June 1 1 to May of the following year, most of them were cultured in greenhouse, at this time, the density was relatively high, but it grew rapidly. Generally speaking, the female turtle can grow to 200-350g, and the male turtle is about 150g. From June to 65438+10 month, the female body reaches 400 ~ 550g, the largest individual is 700g, and the male body is generally below 250g. Most of the turtle heating and breeding equipment is improved on the basis of turtle heating and rapid breeding equipment. At present, the turtle breeding areas in China are mainly Hubei, followed by Hunan, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces. It is estimated that 1998 will reach 50-60 tons, and 100 tons or more. 3. Related industries of turtle breeding With the development of turtle breeding, the supporting technologies, products and related industries of turtle breeding are also developing constantly, including the development of turtle feed with different specifications, turtle disease prevention drugs, temperature control equipment for breeding and hatching, etc. Some also use soft-shelled turtle to produce oral liquid and Chinese patent medicine.
(2) The breeding prospect of soft-shelled turtle With the improvement of living standard, people not only require food with rich nutrition and good taste, but also prefer food with medicinal and dietetic functions. Because of the above characteristics, soft-shelled turtle is more and more favored by consumers. At present, consumption has increased greatly and prices have risen. Although the artificial breeding of soft-shelled turtle has made great progress in recent years, the supply is still relatively tight.
1. Turtles are widely used. The demand in turtles is not only for viewing, scientific research and teaching, but also for three purposes: First, eating. Soft-shelled turtle is full of treasures, and its fish and eggs are extremely delicious, and protein is rich. "Pork belly" means that nail fish has the nutrition and taste of five kinds of animal meat: cow, sheep, pig, chicken and fish. In particular, all kinds of turtle broth made from the raw material of Carassius auratus has become one of the top dishes at the banquet. The second is medicinal. Li Shizhen said, "A worm is 360, and a turtle is long. Turtles, the spirit of insects, the elders. " Tortoise shell and tortoise plastron is a traditional precious medicinal material, which is rich in collagen, protein, calcium, phosphorus, lipids, peptides and various enzymes. Clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine holds that tortoise plastron is fishy, salty and cold in nature, and has the functions of nourishing yin, reducing fire, subduing yang, eliminating steaming, tonifying kidney and strengthening stomach. Turtle blood also has a special effect of inhibiting cancer cells. Third, export to earn foreign exchange. Soft-shelled turtle and its deep-processed products, such as canned food, nutrition and health products, traditional Chinese medicine, etc., can be exported. Green turtles can also be exported to earn foreign exchange.
2. Turtle has high price and good breeding benefit. Although young turtles are only in 20 yuan at present, the price of parent turtles is about 500g 160 ~ 180 yuan, and that of adult turtles 140 yuan, which basically meets the value, without overheating. Consumers can accept it, and producers can get more lucrative profits.
3. Turtle breeding has a good prospect for a certain product or industry, and its development generally goes through three periods, namely, development period, prosperity period and decline period. The turtle industry is currently in the development stage for three reasons: first, it has a wide consumption range and a large market; Second, the product has great potential for deep processing; Third, export has a strong ability to earn foreign exchange. It can be seen that the prospect of increasing the development of turtle industry is still promising.
Second, the living habits and reproduction of turtles
1. Living habits of turtles: turtles belong to semi-aquatic and semi-terrestrial reptiles. Mainly inhabit rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds and other waters. Many people are trapped in the water during the day and look for shade in droves when it is hot in summer. Gentle temperament, do not fight with each other. When the enemy is injured or frightened, the head, limbs and tail are retracted into the shell. Turtles are omnivorous animals, feeding on animals, insects, worms, small fish, shrimps, snails, mussels, tender leaves of plants, duckweed, melon skin, wheat grains, rice and weed seeds. Strong hunger tolerance, not eating for several months will not starve to death. Turtles are warm animals. When the water temperature drops below 10℃, it will hibernate in mud or covered loose soil at the bottom of the water. The hibernation period generally lasts from 65438+ 10 to the beginning of April of the following year. When the water temperature rises to 15℃, it moves out of the cave and begins to eat when the water temperature is 18℃ ~ 20℃.
2. The age and growth of the tortoise: At present, there is no conclusion on how long the tortoise will live. Generally speaking, it can live 100 years. According to relevant research, it has been more than 300 years, and some even exceed 1000 years. Turtles grow relatively slowly. Under normal circumstances, the growth rate of female turtles is: the first year's turtle weight is about 15g, the second year's turtle weight is 50g, the third year's turtle weight is 100g, the fourth year's turtle weight is 200g, the fifth year's turtle weight is 250-250g, and the sixth year's turtle weight is about 400g. Male turtles grow slowly, and the maximum sexual maturity is generally less than 250 grams.
3. Reproductive habit of turtle: (1) Sex identification: See table 1. ?
Table 1? The difference between male and female turtles
Special point turtle female turtle
Individual sizes are small and large.
The trunk is long and thin, short and thick.
The color of turtle shell is black or dark brown.
The lines on the back nail are not obvious.
Tortoise tail has thin tail handle, long tail, thick tail handle and short tail.
Body odor has a special smell, no peculiar smell.
(2) Age of sexual maturity: Under natural conditions, the gonads of soft-shelled turtles over 5 years old begin to mature, and mature well at 7 years old. In terms of body weight, the average male turtle is 1.50g, while the female turtle is 250g, and sexual maturity begins.
(3) Mating and fertilization: Every April to May, when the moon is just above the treetops, turtles can be seen chasing each other for agriculture by the pond. Sometimes a female turtle is followed by 1 ~ 3 male turtles. At first, the mother turtle ignored it. As time goes by, the strong and flexible male turtle jumps forward, jumps on the back of the female turtle, grabs both sides of the back of the female turtle with his forelimbs, and mates with his hind legs. If in the water, the females and males will roll up and down to complete mating.
(4) spawning period: turtles in tropical areas can spawn all year round. In China, the Yangtze River basin generally begins to spawn from the end of April to the end of August, and the peak of spawning is from May to July. Female turtles can lay eggs 3-4 times a year, with an interval of 10-30 days, with 5- 10 eggs each time, with a maximum of 1- 16 eggs. The best water temperature and air temperature are 27℃ ~ 3 1℃, and if it exceeds 35℃, it will stop spawning.
(5) Oviposition habit: The spawning process of turtles can be divided into four stages: the first stage is to select points to pull. Crawling around and choosing roots or weeds with loose soil is helpful to prevent the enemy from hurting. The water content of soil is about 5% ~ 20%. The second stage is digging holes. Oval foramen is about 3 ~ 4 cm in diameter, with a slightly inclined body and a depth of about 8 ~ 9 cm. The third stage lays eggs. Put the eggs in the hole, and arrange the eggs in the hole with your hind legs after each egg is laid. It takes about 30 minutes to lay an egg every 2-5 minutes. The fourth stage is to fill the hole. The two hind legs work in turn, scraping the soil out of the hole into the hole bit by bit, and pressing it with the hind legs every time. When you cover the egg hole with soil, press it hard with the web of the whole back half. The whole breeding process takes about 8 hours, and the ratio of construction time, spawning time and acupoint covering time is about 6∶ 1∶3.
6. Embryo development: About 30 hours after the egg is laid, there is a white spot above the eggshell, which is a fertilized egg. 30 days after delivery, the fertilized egg turns lavender, and 70 days later, the eggshell turns black. It takes 80 ~ 90 days for young turtles to hatch.
3. Artificial culture technology of soft-shelled turtle
1. Selection and stocking of parent turtles. Parents should be in good health, normal appearance, lively and strong body and intact skin. The female turtle should be more than 500g, and the male turtle should be150 ~ 250g. If the turtle purchased in the market is a parent turtle, it should be carried out in summer and autumn. The ratio of female to male is 3 ∶ 1 ~ 2.5 ∶ 1. The stocking density of parent turtles should not be too high, and should be controlled within 500 kg per mu.
2. Cultivation of parent turtles. To make parents mature early, lay more eggs every year, and the quality is good, which depends largely on the feed conditions. Fish and shrimp, loach, earthworm, snail, mussel, internal organs of livestock and poultry, silkworm chrysalis, bean cake, wheat bran, corn flour, etc. , are the tortoise's favorite food. The ratio of animal and plant feed is 7: 3. Where natural feed is scarce, artificial compound feed can be fed. Feed with high protein content, rich vitamins and low fat content should be added before and during spawning. After beginning of spring, when the water temperature rises to 16℃ ~ 18℃, feeding is started, and parents are urged to eat early with fresh and high-quality materials every three days. When the water temperature is above 20℃, feed 1 time every day, fresh bait is 5% ~ 10% of the turtle's weight, and commercial compound feed is 1% ~ 3% of the turtle's weight. The water quality of Guitang should be fat and cool, and keep moderate fatness. The water color should be dark brown and the transparency should be 25 ~ 30 cm. Always inject fresh water, keep the turtle pond clean and sanitary, reduce mosquitoes, and disinfect drugs regularly.
3. turtle egg collection. Throughout the breeding season, the spawning grounds should be inspected every day, and the inspection time is appropriate when the sun is not out and the dew is not dry. If the mother turtle is found to have laid eggs, cover the hole with mud or other things, and don't turn or transport the eggs at will. After laying eggs for 30 ~ 48 hours, the embryo has been fixed, the boundary between the animal pole (white) and the plant pole (yellow) is obvious, and a round white spot appears at one end of the animal pole. At this time, eggs can be taken. The eggs laid every day are marked with bamboo pieces of different colors so that they can be separated when collecting eggs. When collecting eggs, you can use barrels, pots and boxes to collect eggs. Generally, the bottom is covered with a layer of fine sand with a thickness of 2 cm, and a layer of eggs is placed on the sand, and then sand is covered on the eggs. This can repeat 4 ~ 5 layers. When collecting eggs, take the mud out of the hole in turn according to the signs and take out the eggs. Unfertilized eggs, poorly fertilized eggs, abnormal eggs, eggs with black spots on eggshells and eggs with broken eggshells are excluded. After collecting eggs, the spawning ground should be cleaned up, and some water should be sprayed in case of drought to let turtles lay eggs again.
4. Artificial incubation of turtle eggs.
(1) There are several kinds of common incubation equipment: one is outdoor incubator, the other is outdoor incubator, the third is indoor incubator, and the fourth is others, such as gutter incubator, wooden incubator and improved incubator. In a word, the hatching equipment of turtle eggs is basically the same as that of turtle eggs, and all the equipment that can hatch turtle eggs can hatch turtle eggs.
(2) There are two kinds of sand used for turtle eggs hatching: one is stone sand used for turtle eggs hatching, and the other is mud mashed and mixed with river sand. Comparatively, the latter is better. The arrangement of eggs is basically similar to that of onychomycosis.
(3) The hatching of turtle eggs mainly depends on three conditions: temperature. The temperature should be controlled at 28℃ ~ 365438 0℃, not higher than 34℃ and not lower than 26℃. Humidity. It is best to control it at 80% ~ 82%, and the water content of sand should be controlled at 7% ~ 8%, not less than 5.3% and not more than 25.0%. During the incubation period, check the humidity of the sand regularly every day. When checking, you can gently pry the sand open by hand and observe the depth of the water-bearing sand layer from the surface. If the wet sand layer does not appear until it is close to the egg, spray water on the sand surface with a sprayer to make the fine sand layer (5 ~ 6 cm thick) slightly wet. Never spray a lot of water at high temperature. Generally, spray water every 2 to 3 days 1 time. Ventilation. During the incubation period, eggs should be prevented from suffocating due to surface hardening.
(4) When the turtle eggs hatch to near eclosion, loosen the surface sand with a small rake to facilitate the young turtle to shell. Little turtles that break out of their shells have the habit of swimming into the water. At this time, a washbasin filled with half a basin of water should be placed at one end of the incubator to facilitate the young turtle to climb into the basin. The newly hatched young turtle weighs 3 ~ 7 grams, and its back is khaki, which looks like an ancient copper coin. After the navel of the young turtle is closed and the yolk is sucked up, it can be put into the young turtle pond for feeding.
Four. Turtle culture
1. There are four feeding methods for adult turtles: one is heating culture, and the heating time is the wintering stage of natural culture. The second is to use plastic greenhouse for heat preservation cultivation, which is characterized in that the cultivation time can be extended by two months in late spring, early summer and early autumn. The third is open-air soil pond culture at room temperature, which is divided into two kinds of turtle polyculture in Danyang River. Fourth, raise turtles in courtyards and farmhouses. Generally, turtles are raised in front of and behind the house, with water, plenty of sunshine, warm and quiet idle land or existing water surface.
2. Preparation before stocking adult turtles: repair and disinfection of turtle ponds, including cleaning and disinfection of ponds, inspection and repair of escape walls and water inlet and outlet pipes. It is best to breed separately when stocking. The stocking time should be in late April or early May, when the water temperature is stable at 18℃ ~ 20℃. Before stocking, young turtles should be washed and disinfected with drugs. Stocking density: See table 1 for stocking standards of different breeding methods in adult turtle stage, which should be increased or decreased according to their respective breeding conditions and technical level in practical application.
3. Daily management feed and feeding method of adult soft-shelled turtle: Feed: The natural animal feed of soft-shelled turtle includes snails, mussels, fresh fish, earthworms, shrimps, by-products of livestock processing, and artificial compound feed with protein content of 40%. The feed coefficient of natural feed and processing by-product feed is generally 8 ~ 15, while that of artificial compound feed is about 2. In practical application, 1% ~ 2% of vegetables and 3.5 ~ 4% of leftovers of fresh fish or poultry and livestock are added to each artificial compound feed (dry weight) and fully mixed to form dough. Press 1 time in the morning and evening for fixed-point feeding. Feeding: See Table 2 for the monthly feeding standards of normal temperature culture. The increase or decrease of feed is generally based on the following principles: (1) Increase the amount of feed with the gradual increase of turtle weight; When the water temperature is stable at 30℃ and sunny days, the feeding amount should be increased appropriately; On rainy days, it will be reduced as appropriate; In case of continuous rainfall, it is best to build a shelter above the feed table to ensure the normal feeding of turtles and the feeding of feed. In June, July and August, when the growing season is vigorous, try to feed fresh feed to maintain a balanced nutrition. When the water temperature drops below 65438 08℃, water inflow should be stopped. Management of water quality: High-density intensive culture of adult turtles has small water body and poor self-purification ability, so special attention should be paid to the regulation of water quality. In general, mixed culture or single culture of soft-shelled turtles under conventional conditions has the advantages of deep pond, high biodiversity in aquatic ecosystem, strong self-purification ability of water body and easy control of water quality. Under normal circumstances, when the water quality is too fat and it is easy to lack oxygen at dawn, fresh water should be injected in time or the aerator should be started to increase oxygen. Add quicklime (10mg/l ~15mg/l) or bleach 1 ~ 2 ppm every10 ~/5 days. Water level: the water level of the adult turtle pond should be protected at around 1 m, which may rise or fall depending on the weather. Too deep, the turtle breathes up and down and consumes too much physical strength; It is too shallow and the water quality is changeable. There should be more land around the pond for turtles to lie on their backs. Water temperature: The water temperature of soft-shelled turtles raised under heating conditions should be kept at 30℃ 1℃ ~ 2℃ as far as possible. In normal temperature culture, when the climate is unstable in early spring and late autumn, the water level should be deepened appropriately to prevent the water temperature from changing frequently and rapidly; When the water temperature reaches 34℃ ~ 35℃ in midsummer, the water level should be deepened in time to cool down. Expansion: especially in intensive turtle ponds, it is easy to lack oxygen and produce toxic gases (biogas and hydrogen sulfide); Timely aeration and oxygenation can accelerate the escape of these gases and purify water quality. When the transparency of the pool water is about 30 cm and the dissolved oxygen is about 4 mg/L to 5 mg/L, the environment is most suitable for turtle growth. When the concentration of ammonia in water is 20 mg/L ~ 30 mg/L, the turtle grows normally, and when it is 70 mg/L, its appetite decreases, so it should be replaced in time. If it exceeds 100 mg/L, it is easy to cause disease.
Five, the nutritional needs of soft-shelled turtle and feed preparation technology
(1) Nutritive Requirements of Soft-shelled Turtles The nutrients that soft-shelled turtles need are mainly protein, fat, carbohydrates, inorganic salts and vitamins. 1. protein. Protein is the most important to the growth and development of turtles. Turtles take egg whites directly from feed. It is generally believed that the high content of protein in feed will make the feed have good nutritional value and the breeding objects grow fast. Soft-shelled turtle has a high demand for protein content in feed, and the demand is different at different growth stages. Generally, the content of protein in feed is required to be 38% ~ 42%. 2. Fat. Fat is one of the indispensable ingredients for the growth and development of soft-shelled turtle. Mainly used as body fat stored in the body or as an energy source for exercise. Generally, the thermal energy released by fat oxidation of soft-shelled turtle is twice that of sugar and protein. The experiment shows that the fat content in turtle compound feed is 3.5% ~ 5.0%. Too high or too low will affect feed efficiency, weight gain rate and meat weight gain coefficient. 3. carbohydrates. The main physiological functions of carbohydrates after being absorbed by human body are: one is to provide heat, the other is to form body components; The third is to keep protein in the body as a binder for feed. The suitable amount of starch in turtle feed is 23% ~ 26%. 4. Inorganic salts. Inorganic salts play an extremely important role in turtles, not only participating in the formation of bones and blood, but also directly or indirectly regulating the physiology of the body, especially for the spawning and reproduction of parent turtles. Among the necessary inorganic salts, the following are easy to be lacking, such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, zinc, copper and cobalt. Calcium and phosphorus account for 3/4 of all inorganic salts in the body, especially "efficient and fast-growing additives" such as bone meal must be added before and after laying eggs. 5. vitamins. When turtles lack vitamins, their growth and development slow down, their metabolism is abnormal, and they are prone to various diseases. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied through feed. Vitamins, like animal hormones, are small but essential, so multiple vitamins must be added to the feed.
(2) Types of turtle feed
1. Animal feed. Including all kinds of freshwater fish and marine fish, mollusks, eggs, aquatic insects, meat and water of all kinds of livestock and wild animals, silkworm chrysalis, etc.
2. Plant feed. Including corn, wheat, soybeans, millet, rice, various cakes, fruits and vegetables in green feed, aquatic plants and so on.
3. Feed additives. It includes bone meal, calcium powder, salt, high-efficiency fast-growing additives, vitamins, veterinary multivitamins, sulfanilamide drugs in oxytetracycline and Hangmycin, dry yeast, mother food, koji and so on. Among the drugs for strengthening the stomach.
(3) Feed and feed preparation
1. Natural feed. It covers a wide range, including red worms, silkworms, worms, water eggs, fish, shrimp, snails, mussels, maggots, silkworm chrysalis, animal slaughter leftovers and various green substances, such as melons, green leafy vegetables, sweet potatoes, rice and wheat. The processing method is as follows: the animal and plant feed is mashed respectively according to the ratio of 6: 4 or 7: 3, and then poured into a blender to add some appropriate disease prevention drugs, and then stirred evenly. The protein content of this feed is not very high, generally around 30%, but the effect of raising turtles is better.
2. Artificial compound feed. According to the physiological characteristics of the tortoise, a variety of raw materials are prepared according to a certain proportion and processed according to a certain technology. Reasonable proportion of various nutrients in feed can maximize the economic benefits of various nutrients and obtain the best feeding effect. Turtles have different requirements for various nutrients at different growth stages. See table 1. Formula 1: fish meal 38%, bean cake 12%, peanut cake 10%, rapeseed cake 5%, corn flour 10%, flour 20%, bone meal 3%, lysine 1%, and multivitamin. The crude protein content of the compound feed is 42%. Formula 2: fish meal 25%, silkworm pupa powder 10%, bone meal 3%, soybean meal 15%, peanut cake 15%, flour 15%, corn flour 15% and lysine/kloc. The crude protein content of the compound feed is 38%.
Regular drug disinfection, turtle culture technology