Yuan Chonghuan, a morpheme (Biography of Ming History), can speak freely (A Brief Introduction to Huang Zunsu). Born in the 12th year of Wanli (1584) on April 28th. Born in Dongguan, Guangdong, he was born in Beimen Street, tengxian, Wuzhou, Guangxi. Yuan Chonghuan was born in Dongguan, Guangdong. At the age of fourteen, he moved to tengxian with his ancestor Yuan and his ancestor Yuan Zipeng.
Before going through customs
Chonghuan Wanli forty-seven years (16 19), ranked 40th in the top three, and was named Shaowu County, Fujian Province. Be a talkative person. Xia's "Stories and Records" said: "It is very hot to talk about soldiers and regard the people as allies. For the county magistrate in central Fujian, in the middle of the branch school, I call a veteran to study Liao affairs every day, talk with him about soldiers, and never look at the papers. Or ask it, and then say: everyone who is suitable for a scholar has his own life and can choose at will. Do you think deacons must respect them? "
In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), Jiang Richai, the censor, recommended it. Jiang Richai said, "Now Shao Wu ordered Yuan Chonghuan to attack the troops slightly, be good at martial arts, and be good at riding and shooting. I went to government city and seized its box. Although I'm talking about honesty, I really have the talent to go to the altar. I expect it myself, not just talking about it. There are many people who can be an arm in the knot. Today, I saw that I was under the hub. The hub department called to try it. If the minister's words are true, he will break the rules and discuss the use. He commissioned him to recruit heroes and soldiers to practice dispatching. There must be people who use the country. " In the same year, Yuan Chonghuan rode alone behind the enemy lines in Liaodong, prepared Chen Guanqing and general plan, and ordered the soldiers to guard Shanhaiguan. In February, Yuan Chonghuan was appointed Minister of War. In the same month, he was promoted to Shandong Governor and Army Governor. ("Xi Zong Shi Lu")
Please build Ningyuan.
In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), in March, King Jin and April, Huguang soldiers stationed in Beishan fled, and Yuan Chonghuan was determined to kill several people. In June, Wang Jin ordered Yuan Chonghuan to move to Zhongqian Institute, where he served as supervisor Zhou Shoulian, guerrilla Zuodian and manager Qian Tunwei. Yuan Chonghuan set out that night and arrived in Qiantun the next day. In the night, among the thorns, tigers, leopards and wolves, four drums entered the city, and the soldiers had nothing to hide ("A Record of Three Dynasties and Liao Dynasties"). Wang Zaijin relies heavily, please promote him to be a soldier in front of Ning.
At that time, Wang Zaijin discussed the construction of Shanhaiguan in Bali. Yuan Chonghuan thought it was inappropriate and tried his best to fight for it. The court ordered Sun Chengzong, a university student, to visit in person. On June 26th, Sun Chengzong arrived at Shanhaiguan and refused Shanhaiguan's request for re-entry. Sun Chengzong called the relevant internal and external officials to discuss, Yan Mingtai kept Juehua, and Yuan Chonghuan kept Ningyuan. After a field trip, Sun Chengzong thought Ningyuan was a natural gateway to mountains and seas, so he followed Yuan Chonghuan's advice.
In August, Sun Chengzong invited Liaodong, and Wang was transferred to the Ministry of War in southern Shanxi. Yan Mingtai was promoted to the governor of Liaodong, and Yuan Chonghuan transferred the mountain road. In September, Sun Chengzong arrived at the customs. In December, Yan Mingtai ordered Yuan Chonghuan to review the number of soldiers, and Yuan Chonghuan personally beheaded the primary school (he killed two people in "Records of the Three Dynasties in the Ming Dynasty"), and almost defected in the military camp. Sun Chengzong angered him by killing troops, and Yuan Chonghuan confessed.
In the spring of the third year of the Apocalypse (1623), Sun Chengzong ordered Yuan Chonghuan to stab the ministries and make them move out of Bali to Ningyuan and recover 270 Li (Sun Chengzong Chronicle). At the beginning of Sun Chengzong, Zu Dashou was ordered to build Ningyuan City. In September, Yuan Chonghuan returned home. Yuan Chonghuan set the scale of the lower city and supervised the construction of the city in Zu Dashou. In the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), Ningyuan City was built and gradually became an important town outside the customs.
In the spring of the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), Sun Chengzong said that "Ningyuan can fight and defend" and said that "I would like to worship Huan to refer to Dan's urgency, rather than" the courage of hundreds of officials to encircle the waist and praise the scriptures behind closed doors ",and the emperor listened to it.
In September, Yuan Chonghuan Ma Shilong and others led a patrol of1.20,000 people to March in Quang Ninh, Syria and Laos to prepare for the agreement, and later rose to the political right. In the same year, Yuan Chonghuan's father died, and Yuan Chonghuan was not allowed to resign.
In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Sun Chengzong sent troops to cities such as Songshan Xingshan in Jinzhou. In the same year, Sun Chengzong was involved in the battle of Liuhe for many times, so he resigned. In October, the Minister of War Gao Di ran to Liaodong.
Battle of Ningyuan
After Gao Di took office, he thought it was necessary to keep the pass, and urged him to withdraw Ningjin's soldiers from Shanhaiguan. Du Tuntong sentenced Jin Qichen to write to Yuan Chonghuan and refused. Jin Qichen wrote that "Jin, You and Daling are all forward positions. If we retreat, the peaceful people will be resettled again and the territory we won will be lost again. You have to retreat several times inside and outside the customs! " Yuan Chonghuan also fought for it, saying, "The art of war advances without retreating. The three cities have been restored, and encore is lightly withdrawn? If Jin and Right waver, Ning and Qian will be shocked and closed. If you choose a good general to guard it today, you will have no worries. " (Record of Liao History in Three Dynasties, Volume 15). Gaudi didn't listen, but Ma Shilong still withdrew from Ning and the first two cities. (Chronicle of Sun Chengzong) Yuan Chonghuan said: "I am better than before, and the official died here." I'm not going "("Border Notes ") Gaudi had to withdraw all the military forces from Jinzhou, Songshan, Xingshan and Linghe, and abandoned more than 100,000 stones. In December, Yuan Chonghuan was promoted to provincial judges, and he was still in charge of peace. (Sun Chengzong Chronicle)
In the sixth year of the apocalypse (1626), on the 14th day of the first month, Jin Bing crossed the Liao River. Zhou Shoulian, the right garrison commander, fled, and Zuo Fu, the garrison commander in Songshan and other places, also burned down the grain depot and retreated. (Complete Works of Donghua). When Yuan Chonghuan heard this, he joined forces with his lieutenant, Man Gui, to defend Zu Dashou and gather soldiers to defend Ningyuan. Zuo Shi teachers Chen, teachers Xu Fuling troops into the city, deputy teachers Zhu Mei as foreign aid. ("Three Dynasties Liao Fact Record"). Zhao Lvjiao and Yang Linyou of Shanhaiguan in Qiantun were ordered to be beheaded.
On 23rd, Nuerhachi led 8 Jin Army to Ningyuan. Nuerhachi claimed to lead 300,000 troops to break the city and let Yuan Chonghuan surrender. Yuan Chonghuan replied, "There are 300,000 soldiers here, about 130,000. Would rather stay in Ningyuan, rather die than lower your ear "(Donghua Record). Later, when Jin attacked the city, Yuan Chonghuan and other Ningyuan defenders refused with firearms. Ning Yuan sentenced Jin Qichen to die for his country because of the spontaneous combustion of his gun. ("Ming Xi Zong Shi Lu"? 》)。
After Jin attacked Ningyuan, China was known as an adventurous man. Seven thousand sailors, including the golden crown, were martyred on the island, and seven thousand businessmen were slaughtered. Later Jin burned 80,000 stones of grain and 2,000 ships in Juehua Island. Cui Chengxiu impeached Gao Di and Yang Lin, and Yang Lin was allowed to resign and return to China because he didn't help cut his post. Wang Zhichen took over as governor of Liaodong. ("National Lack")
In the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), on March 7th, the governor of Liaodong was reinstated and Yuan Chonghuan did it. Syria, plus Yuan Chonghuan ministry of war right assistant minister, the shadow of thousands of households. Yuan Chonghuan three hydrophobic, don't allow.
Governor of Liaodong
At that time, the relationship between Zhao Lvjiao and Manchuria was not good, and Yuan Chonghuan asked for a full transfer in May, but Wang Zhichen thought it was wrong. He bravely took Manchu as the company commander of Shanhaiguan, but Yuan Chonghuan thought it was impossible. He tried to settle the dispute one by one. After mediation by the court, Yuan Chonghuan and Wang Zhichen were decentralized, Yuan Chonghuan was in charge of customs, and Wang Zhichen was in charge of customs. Yuan Chonghuan admitted his mistake and demanded that Man Gui be transferred to Shanhaiguan. (Records of Letters of the Two Dynasties)
Nurhachi died in August, and Yuan Chonghuan sent envoys to mourn Nurhachi. Huang taiji took the opportunity to send envoys to reply and make peace. Yuan Chonghuan reported to the court to ease the situation so as to build Linghe Zhucheng in Jinzhou. Wang Zhichen, the manager of Liaodong, argued that sending envoys is not a plan and should be rejected and discussed. Play Shu: "For many years, the slave leader made peace with Lu (Mongolia), but Lu refused;" Give in to North Korea, but North Korea won't. Once the peace is reached, he will be centrifugal, benefiting the enemy and being alone! Recently, all the officials passed by the General Order Office and whipped them behind their backs: "You Han people have no brains ...' The Lama mourned for him, but taught others to be enemies, so I might as well submit to him'. (Records of Letters in the Two Dynasties). The suggestion is wise and decisive, and the princes have different opinions, fearing that the border affairs will be mistaken ("National Que"). In the first month of the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), Wang Zhichen was recalled and Yuan Chonghuan was paid all the customs clearance fees (History of Three Dynasties and Liao Dynasty).
In the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), on the eighth day of the first month, Huang Taiji sent an envoy to make peace with Yuan Chonghuan and left the army at the same time (80,000 records were recorded in Liao annals of the Three Dynasties, and about 30,000 records were recorded in Eight Banners annals). Later, Jin Jun crossed the Yalu River and attacked North Korea, which was called "Battle of Ding Mao" in history. ("Complete Works of Donghua"), on 14th, Ke Yizhou split his troops and attacked the Tieshan Department of Dongjiang River. Mao fled to the island (A Record of the Liao and Three Dynasties).
North Korea and Mao were in an emergency, and the court ordered Yuan Chonghuan to send troops to help them, so that light soldiers could pound their nests. Yuan Chonghuan has nothing to criticize. It is said that "I heard that hundreds of slave soldiers plundered the fresh, and hundreds of people guarded it. What are you looking at, giving Yi an illusion? " ? I'm going to smash it, whether I can't go deep into the army or not, I'm going deep into it or I'm hurting it. And Hu Kui's new combination of flowers and flowers, depending on the special area, has a new communication with slaves and has a resentment against me. In case our soldiers were on the east side of the right path, the slaves would ride north and attack me in Ning Guan. At this time, save lives and restrain yourself? ",sent Xu Lian rate sailors one thousand aid dongjiang, sent Zhao Lvjiao Zhu mei led nine thousand people to sancha river. The Korean army returned with Hou Jinda and others.
Battle of Ningjin
On the eighth day of April in the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), the messenger of Huang Taiji accused him of taking the opportunity to build a city and unwilling to make peace. When Jinzhou City was built, the Linghe River had not been completed. On May 1 1, Huang Taiji led the Jin army to cross the Daling River. The troops stationed in Daling River City have no city to defend and retreat to Jinzhou. (Donghua Record) Later, Jin went straight to Jinzhou.
After the peace talks, Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander of Jinzhou City, stuck to Jinzhou City and sent messengers to wait for rescue. Huang Taiji wrote to Zhao Lvjiao to surrender. Zhao Lvjiao replied, "The city can be attacked but not defended". On the 12th, the late Jin attacked Jinzhou West and dispatched troops. Firearms are in full swing, and the latter can't stop. He retreated five miles and sent someone back to transfer troops. ("Donghua Record")
At the same time, Yuan Chonghuan handed a book to encourage him to stick to Yuan's legacy collection, saying that "the firearms and horses in the city are complete and cannot be suppressed". Also let the Lama Wang supervise the Mongolian ministries to raise flags in Jinzhou, and the navy moved eastward to contain them, so that the four cities outside the customs could not hold on. Shanhai Mangui, Zu Dashou Mashilu and others sent troops to aid Jinzhou. (Records of Letters of the Two Dynasties)
Manchu was temporarily stationed in Qiantun, and Ma Shilu led by Zu Dashou led ten thousand troops to help. /kloc-On October 6th, I met Hou Jin in Zhao Li. After small-scale contact, more than 60 people died and 30 people were seriously injured in the Ming Dynasty. Houjin suffered similar casualties. Mangui retreated to Ningyuan City. (Records of Letters in the Two Dynasties).
On the 25th, Houjin reinforcements arrived. On the 28th, Huang Taiji led an army to attack Ningyuan and fought with Ma Shilu in Manchuria outside Ningyuan. Mangui was shot with several arrows, and Ma Shilu's steed was also shot with arrows. In the post-Jin period, Belle Giralang, Sahalian and Wada were also hit. ("Donghua Record") Yuan Chonghuan Lincheng ordered a shunt to kill, and then 8 Jin Jun retreated ("The Record of the Two Dynasties from the Letter").
On the same day, Zhao Lvjiao fought out of Jinzhou City to fight the army left by Houjin. He came back after a small victory. He was shot while preparing for Bashi as a guerrilla in Luobai Mountain.
On the 29th, Houjin withdrew from Ningyuan, and attacked Jinzhou again on June 4th, but the siege failed, causing heavy casualties. That night, Huang Taiji withdrew his troops on the grounds that the soldiers' weather was unbearable. Yuan Chonghuan was impeached and resigned in the name of moral corruption.
Platform response
Xi Zong collapsed, Chongzhen acceded to the throne, and Wei Zhongxian was punished. Courtiers please call Yuan Chonghuan back to Korea. In April of the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Chongzhen appointed Yuan Chonghuan's Ministry of War Shangshu as the right deputy commander-in-chief, supervising the military affairs of Hebei, Liao, Deng, Lai and Tianjin. Yuan Chonghuan entered Beijing in July, and Emperor Chongzhen summoned the platform on 14th. Yuan Chonghuan made a generous statement and planned to restore Liaodong in five years. The emperor was overjoyed, and Yuan Chonghuan played again. Yuan Chonghuan said, "I have more than enough to govern the whole of Liaodong, but the public is not enough." Once you go abroad, you will become Wan Li. Is anyone jealous of kung fu? In other words, I don't want to push my elbow with my power, but I can also fool me with my opinion. "(Chronicle of Chongzhen) On 24th, Chongzhen gave Chonghuan a sword and acted cheaply. Yuan Chonghuan thanked Chen Fanglve, Chongzhen offered python jade and silver coins, and Chonghuan resigned from mang jade.
Second customs clearance
When Yuan Chonghuan went through the customs, the 13th Battalion of two towns mutinied because of insufficient pay in April, and captured Liaohe, besieging the company commanders Zhu Mei and Tui. And the soldiers were prepared for Guo Guang to raise 20,000 yuan, and the merchants thought that 50,000 yuan was reimbursed, and the mutiny was slightly alleviated. Never put off till tomorrow what you can, Yuan Chonghuan arrived in Guanwen, conspired with Guo Guangmi, beheaded fifteen people, demoted Zuo Liangyu and other four vanguard battalions to make meritorious deeds, and the mutiny was over.
On August 21st, nomads from Yuan Chonghuan went to Zu Dashou after crossing Huangni 'ao. (Guo que). Yuan Chonghuan recommended Wang Xianggan to caress Lu. On September 24, Chongzhen summoned Wang Xianggan to the platform. Wang Xianggan played in the west of the city, and Chongzhen was overjoyed (Guo Que) and ordered him to join Yuan Chonghuan. When Wang Xianggan arrived at the Pass, he discussed with Yuan Chonghuan and decided to reward 81,200 yuan a year (Ming History). Thirty-six families of Hazai God also rebelled. Yuan Chonghuan took care of them before taking pictures, and they all obeyed. (Biography of Ming History)
During the appointment and removal, Yuan Chonghuan asked him to do it, but after his death, Liao asked him to do it again, instead of doing it again. Yuan Chonghuan asked him to do it again. Ningjin Town became one, and the company commander Zu Dashou was stationed in Jinzhou. Why did China's army replace Zhu Mei in Ningyuan? Move Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander of Jizhou, and close the door. At this point, there are only two company commanders left outside the Commissioner.
In March of the following year, Dohiko (Hartsbush) was hungry and cold. Please have dinner at Nantaibao in Qiantun, and Yuan Chong agreed.
Kill at will
In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), Yuan Chonghuan and Wang Qia, the minister of the Ministry of War, wrote that Mao was an obstacle to peace and called "the Kanto proposal, and the temple advocated that there was a man." Long Wen can help wholeheartedly, and should not suspect or guess; Otherwise, behead him, and it is effective to raise a knife at Huan. "On July 24th, Yuan Chonghuan designed Long Wen under the pretext of military parade. With the "ancestral system", the general is outside and the civilian is ordered to supervise. In terms of autocracy, the money and food of the army will not be nuclear and will be beheaded. People and ministers are guilty of deceiving the monarch, and if they report it, they will be deceived. If you kill people and refugees, you will be honored and beheaded. If a minister has no general, he will be punished. I brought my horse to Dengzhou and beat Nanjing like the back of my hand. It's a big violation. Three beheadings. Soldiers are paid hundreds of thousands of wages every year, and half of them are distributed every month. If they invade and steal food rations, they will be beheaded. If you open a horse market in Pidao and have an affair with someone, you should be beheaded. Thousands of people in the Ministry will take their own names, and the lieutenant will pay Zagreb thousands indiscriminately. All the soldiers are killed, and six are cut. Since Ningyuan returned, he has plundered merchant ships and been a thief, and seven should be beheaded. Forced folk children do not understand discipline, subordinates follow suit, and the people are uneasy, and they must be beheaded. Drive away refugees and steal ginseng. If you don't listen, you will starve to death. The bones on the island are like mang, and nine should be cut. Jin, worshipping Wei Zhongxian as his father, carved a crown statue on the island, and ten things to be beheaded. The defeat of Tieshan, the loss of the army is not counted, and the defeat is meritorious, and the eleventh should be beheaded. After opening the town for eight years, you can't recover an inch of land and wait and see to raise the enemy. You should be beheaded at the age of twelve. " On the grounds of count 12, he beheaded Mao, the military attache of Hosta Island, who also owned a sword. Then he asked the imperial edict, "I want to punish Long Wen in order to keep the army in mind. If there is a dragon among the generals, he will be punished. If I can't succeed, the emperor will punish me with the person who punished Long Wen. " At the same time, in his report to the imperial court, he admitted that he had overstepped his authority and asked for disposition ("General Long Wen, I am not a minister, so I am willing to wait for the crime." ) May of the second year of Chongzhen (1629). When the emperor suddenly heard this, his meaning was extremely terrible. He thought that Mao was dead and leaned on Chonghuan, which was praised by his superiors. Russia issued an imperial edict, which was violent to Long Wen's crimes. In order to reassure An Chonghuan, his minions rushed to the capital so that the company could arrest them. Chonghuan said: "Long Wen is a man. It is illegal to do so, and it is easy to make trouble overseas. There are 47,000 people, old and young, and they pretend to be 100,000. Although there are many people, instead of 20,000 soldiers, they pretend to be thousands of generals. Today, it is not appropriate to be handsome again, that is, to take advantage. " Dibaoke
Although Chonghuan punished Long Wen, he was worried about the change of his subordinates and increased his salary to180,000. But the island lost its coach, and people gradually occupied it, and the benefits were not available, so there were traitors. Chonghuan said, "A town in Dongjiang must contain something. Today, there are two associations, Ma Jun 10 Camp and Bujun 5 Camp, with an annual salary of 420,000,136,000 meters. " The emperor is quite suspicious of reducing soldiers and increasing their pay, and he worships Huan's theory, especially when he asks.
As for Yuan Chonghuan's killing Mao, historical materials in the late Ming Dynasty generally believed that killing Mao was one of the conditions for making peace with Manchu, and compared it with Qin Gui's killing Yue Fei.
"In the afternoon, Yuan Chonghuan killed General Liao's company commanders, and left Commander-in-Chief Mao in Shuangdao. Chonghuan went out of Doumen to Ningyuan to specialize in the main style. At the beginning, after reporting good news in Ningyuan, Chonghuan sent monks to express condolences to the slaves, make peace with them and go home after the meeting. Once again, there is no way to stop Hu's five-year life. He said he was depressed and worried that Mao would make Long Wen give up his plan. He went to the island to seduce Long Wen, ... and ordered Zhao Ke, the leader of the water village, to cut him with his sword. "
"Build lu to conjugate its back, very avoid it. Yin Tongkuan worships Huan and wants to kill him. It's a pity that Chonghuan's plan is unknown. "
-"National Vertebra Volume 90"
"In May, Yuan Chonghuan went to Shuangdao, and Mao paid a visit, and even bother to comfort him. In Wu Wu, Long Wen was killed. Chonghuan went from Doumen to Ningyuan, and the owner paid for it; After Ning Yuanjie won, he ordered the monks to express their condolences to the Qing army and hoped to make peace. Will go home, not go to bed. I will see the sun when I come out again and promise to return to Liao for five years; I'm afraid of being responsible for the effect and want to resume the discussion. Evil winlong, is determined to cut winlong ... "
-"A Record of Chongzhen, Volume II"
"First of all, Li Yongfang was sent to give advice to Daqing. Grandfather Tai said, "If soldiers enter China, they will be afraid that Longwen will be cut off, so they must learn to worship Huan, kill and pretend to return to Liao. The Qing dynasty followed closely. Chonghuan wrote back a secret letter and then returned to China with symptoms. It's time for bed. If you want to kill Long Wen, you will get it. "
-"Northern Ming Dynasty" Volume 4
"ZhuangHuan killed winlong, reported peace to the qing dynasty. The Qing Lord is very happy, and Gao will buy wine. "
-"Northern Ming Dynasty" Volume 5
"At the beginning of the apocalypse, Chonghuan caressed Liaodong, and sent lamas and monks to distill the south block to build the state, and they wanted to go home, but they didn't go home. Even if you come out again, you can't stop the life of the Liao Dynasty for five years. It's just a plan to talk about money. Jianzhou said,' Goer, it comes with a dragon head.' Chonghuan believed it and worried that Long Wenhui would give up his money. He lured Long Wen to the island ... and cut him with a square sword. "
-"Ming Shi Mao Shuai Dong Jiang Bu"
"Du Shi Yuan Chonghuan, appropriate female Naoki (Nuerhachi) died, worship the poor monk Lama hammer south hanging blocks, seeking to negotiate with old coins. The woman agreed directly, but said,' I don't believe it. Mao Longwen is the first.' "
-"Biography of Stone Chambers, Mao Longwen"
"Chonghuan takes women as teachers, and sends lamas and monks there to make peace and kill Mao as a gesture."
-"Biography of Stone Chambers, Yuan Chonghuan"
"As soon as I got to Ningyuan, I came to talk about money. After Gai Chonghuan won the battle in Ningyuan, he ordered the monk to make peace in Dongyi and never returned. There is no way to stop the barbarian life in the East, so I am deceiving myself. The island commander Mao let go of his plan and went into the island to lure him. "
-Xia (the father of national heroes) "Surviving Record"
"Yuan Chonghuan sent lamas and monks to hang the old Monsieur beaucaire, and failed to discuss money, so he went to the place with Chong Huan. When the first emperor was first established, he planned to destroy slaves and asked Chonghuan to handle it for him. Chong Yang Huan fought the main battle, but Yin Shi's main funds were also real. He even killed Dong Jiang Mao Longwen as a symbol of his faith. The first emperor did not allow heirs, so he took slaves to redeem people, still refraining from taking the ephod to the front of the thistle, and Chonghuan waited for Donphan first. It is the enemy who arrives late, and the wine is rewarded. It was still early, and the enemy suddenly formed an alliance with Chongqing, riding at the foot of the thin city and worshipping Huan behind the temple. The first emperor arrested Chonghuan and killed him, but the proposal failed again. "
-The opposition of the national hero Xu Shijihong in the light years, and the famous performance of the Manchu peace talks.
Yan Chongnian, president of Beijing Manchu Academy, believes that Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao in order to unify administrative power and resist the great cause of gold. It is beneficial to the Ming Dynasty to get rid of Mao's arrogance, illegality, resistance to negotiations and arrogance. Yuan Chonghuan's killing Mao embodies "great wisdom and courage" (Yan Chongnian's Sixty Years of Ming Dying and Qing Xing).
Change of oneself
In October of the second year of Chongzhen (1629), a "dynasty change" took place, and Huang Taiji led 100,000 Qing soldiers to bypass Mongolia. October Wuyi Day (1 1 February) broke through the Great Wall of xifengkou, captured Zunhua, shocked the capital and imposed martial law. At the same time, he ordered all military forces and soldiers to be diligent. Yuan Chonghuan, which is not far from Shanhaiguan, arrived in Jizhou on1month 24 (65438+February 24), two days earlier than the late Jin army. Yuan Chonghuan should have stopped the invading enemy from Jizhou to Tongzhou and launched a decisive battle here to ensure the safety of the capital. For convenience, the emperor gave Yuan Chonghuan the power to organize all kinds of loyal troops. Yuan Chonghuan deployed various troops to other defense lines, led Guanningjun to stay in Jizhou, and promised the emperor that "the enemy won't cross thistle". However, Huang Taiji went straight through the natural barrier and pushed Beijing without hindrance. However, Yuan Chonghuan did not pursue after discovering that he had been breached by the Jin army, but arrived in Beijing by another way. Six days later, Yuan Chonghuan arrived outside Beijing Guangqumen on the evening of 1 1 month (65438+February 30th). At this time, the late Jin army has been outside Beijing for four days. Upon arrival, Yuan Chonghuan's defense zone is outside Guangqumen. Yuan Chonghuan's move caused great dissatisfaction among the nobles outside Beijing, and they complained to the court one after another: Yuan Chonghuan was nominally a rescuer, but he let the enemy ride horses to plunder and burn houses, and dared not add another arrow. The pavilions and villas in your garden among the nobles outside Beijing were all ravaged by the enemy.
In Guangqumen defense zone, Guan Ningjun led by Yuan Chonghuan repeatedly asked to enter the city to rest, but was not allowed (the Ming Dynasty stipulated that loyal reinforcements were not allowed to enter the city to fight at the gates). In the face of the attack of the Mangu Taiwan Guard and the 2000 Mongolian Army, the Guanning Army, which has the advantages of equipment and quantity, was defeated again and again, and its formation was disintegrated.
Then, when the main force of the late Jin Dynasty defeated the Manchu-Guangxi Department and approached the defense line of Guanning Army, it was attacked by the bow and arrow troops of Guanning Army. When I hit the arrow of Manchu, I found that there was a sign of Yuan Chonghuan Department on the arrow branch, so I reported it to the headquarters. The emperor summoned Yuan Chonghuan in doubt about the deployment of the war and demanded an explanation. Yuan Chonghuan was speechless. So he announced that he was remanded in custody. As soon as this news came out, Guan Ningjun immediately gave up his defense line and began to return to Shanhaiguan.
Teacher Yan Chongnian, a famous historian, said: "Entrusted by Ming Di, Yuan Chonghuan sincerely tried its best to serve as a frontier guard. In Zhu Ming, it can be described as "loyal to the sky and loyal to the sun" (Yan Chongnian's "Sixty Years of Ming and Qing Dynasties")
Execute by dismembering the body
Yuan Chonghuan was arrested and imprisoned by Emperor Chongzhen in early December. After half a year's imprisonment and trial, Emperor Chongzhen was sentenced to death (chopping limbs) in Xi Shi in August of three years on charges of "Yuan Chonghuan's entrustment was invalid, relying on deception, stealing rice from the city, and cutting handsome with money". Yuan Chonghuan is anathema to people who don't know the truth in Beijing. "The executioner cut off a piece of meat, and the people paid for it and ate it raw. The meat will be sold out soon. Then gut and gut, and sell them one by one. The people bought it, swallowed it raw with soju, and stained their teeth and cheeks with blood "("Stone Room Book ").
It is said that Huang Taiji trapped two eunuchs in the Ming Palace, and then deliberately made them think that they heard the secret language between Manchu generals, saying that Yuan Chonghuan had a secret agreement with Manchu, and Huang Taiji asked one of them to return to Beijing. Emperor Chongzhen was trapped and thought that Yuan Chonghuan was in rebellion. However, some scholars tend to think that Emperor Chongzhen's killing of Yuan Chonghuan was not the result of Huang Taiji's double agents. Since Yuan Chonghuan was imprisoned for half a year before being executed, it is unlikely that he was killed by mistake because of anger. In fact, killing Mao was enough for Emperor Chongzhen to make up his mind to kill it.
reverse a case
In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1772), Emperor Qianlong wrote to Yuan Chonghuan to reverse his conviction. According to the records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, "Ji Liao, the governor of Yuan Chonghuan, was still loyal to what he did, although he was in a difficult situation with us. At that time, he was in a dark state and could not be exhausted, so that he was deeply pitiful. "
Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, famous royalists in modern times, built the ancestral temple in Yuan Chonghuan in the late Qing Dynasty and found a man named She Jingjiang to guard it. Kang Youwei's textual research shows that She Jingjiang is the first12nd generation descendant of a person named She around Yuan Chonghuan, and has been guarding Yuan Chonghuan's tomb. The Historical Biography written by Liang Qichao gave Yuan Chonghuan a high evaluation. At the same time, he thinks that Ming Taizu killed Yuan Chonghuan, so he died.
Yan Chongnian, president of Beijing Manchu Society, spoke highly of Yuan Chonghuan in Sixty Years of Ming Dying and Qing Xing.
What Yuan Chonghuan looks like.
(1) Yuan Chonghuan is ugly in Ming History. In the passbook of Chongzhen's three years, Qian Longxi said: "When Chonghuan first met him, I saw that he was ugly and retired. This passbook was recorded in Chongzhen Long Edition.
(2) Zhang Dai, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said in the Biography of Yuan Chonghuan in the Stone Chamber: "Yuan Chonghuan is short and lean, and looks like a kitten, but he is extremely grumpy." That is to say, Yuan Chonghuan is short and looks like a monkey with a bad temper.
(3) Emperor Qianlong ordered people to draw a portrait of Yuan Chonghuan for publicity, which is the portrait of Yuan Chonghuan that most people see now. Yuan Chonghuan in this painting has a long face and white skin, which has the physical characteristics of Manchu people. It is generally questioned that Emperor Qianlong referred to his own appearance.