1. "Narrow sense" fingertip characters: some of the characters whose initials are J, Q and X are changed to Z, C and S, and the vowels are I and ü, or words with I and ü are pointed characters. Such as "Jiang" reading, reading after reverse cutting, sharp voice, Qiang; Read "Qing" clearly and read sharp CIN；; After switching; "Xiang" is pronounced as Xiang, and the sharp sound siang is pronounced after switching. The rest of the characters with j, q and x as initials are called group words. Here are a few key points:
(1) The division of radical words is limited to the range of words whose initials are J, Q and X;
(2) sharp words take Z, C and S as initial consonants, and group words take J, Q and X as initial consonants, while other words are not sharp words;
(3) The sharp words must be "Qiti Hu" and "Rude Tribe Tiger", that is, the vowels are I and ü or the vowels are I and ü, so there is no problem of sharp words in "Kaikou Tribe Tiger" and "Hekou Tribe Tiger";
(4) Not all the words of J, Q and X can become sharp words, nor can all homophones become sharp words. For example, "Jing" can be changed to zin sound, but the homonym "Jing" cannot be changed, that is, it can only be a group sound;
(5) Pointed words belong to dialect words, which can be said to be a catchy part;
(6) Reverse-cutting the pointed and voiced characters without changing the original tune of the four-tone characters. The "narrow sense" of Jian Tuan characters is more "orthodox", and most people agree with this concept, especially former artists. The so-called sword group characters generally belong to the "narrow sense", and the concept of sword group characters often mentioned by people in the industry is roughly the same.
Second, "broad sense" refers to the syllabic words: all words with initials Z, C and S are called syllabic words, including those with initials Z, C and S that belong to the unmodified Putonghua sequence; All words with j, q, x, zh, ch and sh as initials are called group words, the former is called "light group" and the latter is called "recombination". This statement greatly expands the scope of the word "Biantuan" and breaks the boundary between dialects and non-dialects. At the same time, it is not limited to "even-toothed call" and "swearing call", but involves all "four calls" The controversy about the concept of characters in Beijing Opera Sword Troupe is mainly reflected here. However, the author believes that it is not a big problem to use this concept to calibrate the sharp group characters. There is a saying that emphasizing the distinction between sharp groups ("narrow sense") is aimed at the fact that the northern language family does not distinguish sharp groups, while the southern language family, especially the southern language family, has the problems of "secondary branch", "secondary delusion" and "similarity". Therefore, by the same token, emphasizing the differences between Z and zh, C and ch, S and sh with "generalized theory" is also conducive to learning Beijing opera well for Beijing opera lovers born and raised in southern Jiangsu.
There is a book entitled "Knowledge of Beijing Opera Phonology" by Mr. Yang, and a book entitled "Knowledge of Beijing Opera Phonology" by Mr. Yun and Mr. Huang Jiaheng. Aside from academic issues, the author believes that the two viewpoints are not contradictory, on the contrary, they are completely compatible. Mr. Chu Xiaomei's comments on the sharp words in the lyrics of Mei Lanfang's Selected Songs and Mr. Bao Youdie's comments on the sharp words in the lyrics of Tai Zhen Zhuan are very broad concepts and very practical. Of course, we should also remember what the word "orthodox" is to avoid confusion.
It is a difficult problem how to distinguish the sharp group characters. The author summarizes several immature methods in practice for reference:
1, remember the first letter of the word. From the perspective of "generalized theory", all words with initials Z, C and S are sharp words, all words with initials J, Q, X, zh, ch and sh are group words, and other words with initials have nothing to do with sharp words. Many people find it difficult to distinguish words whose initials are z and zh, c and ch, s and sh. On the one hand, it can be distinguished by the law of Chinese phonological coordination. For example, ua, uai and uang only spell with zh, ch and sh, but not Z, C and S, that is to say, these three vowels have no sharp sounds; On the other hand, you can remember several representative words with Z, C and S as initials, and then remember other words by analogy. Modern Chinese (edited by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong) lists more than 60 representative words with Z, C and S as initial consonants (the sharp words of "generalized theory"): Zhuan, Zhuan, Zee, Zu, Zu, Z, capitalized, Zi, Zi, Zhen, Zai, Zao and Yu. Remembering these words is very helpful for analogy and distinguishing sharp words, which can get twice the result with half the effort.
2. Remember the vowels of words. There are only two kinds of sharp words in the "narrow sense theory", namely, "sharp-toothed call" and "foul-mouthed call", with only eight rhymes and 38 syllables: (1) Qi Qi Zi, Qi Zi, Xi-Su; And Zhu Zhu. (2) Sober has three syllables, namely "Jue -—zio", "Que -—cio" and "Xue-SiO"; ; (3) Shake three syllables, jiao)- Zi 'ao, Qiao)- Ci 'ao and Xiao)-Siao；; ; (4) From the perspective of seeking three syllables, wine-child, autumn-child, repair-Xiao; ; (5) There are six syllables before the speech, sword (arrow)-money, money (shallow)-fairy, fairy (fiber)-fairy, Juan (Iraq)-Sui 'an, spring (all)-Sui 'an, Xuan (Xuan)-Sui 'an; (6) The human body has six syllables, including jin (jin) jing (jing)-zin, qin (qin) qing (qing)-cinn, xin (xin) xing (xing)-sin, jun (Jun)-Zü n, qu (. (7) Jiang Yang has three syllables, Jiang (general)-Jiang, Qiang (gun)-Jiang, Xiang (carriage)-Jiang; (8) Pinch five syllables, solve (sister) ---zie, cut (and) ---CIE, Xie (diarrhea) ---sie, Jue (absolutely) -Zü e, Xue (snow)-Sü e. Here, the rhyme of ing in the Middle East is attributed to human-Chen Yun, while Fahua, Huailai and Suie.
3. Remember the preference of words. It is really difficult to master which words can become sharp words and which words can't. For this reason, some books recommend the analogy of memorizing the side of words. Characters with the following radicals or radicals can be changed into sharp characters: jiao, Qing, Xiao, Xun, Xiao, Qian, Xiang, Qian, Xiu, Jiang, Yi and so on.