Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an Jushi Collection and Yi 'an Ci Collection have been lost. Today, there are only four copies of Shuyu Ci, 1 book. There are Li Qingzhao's collating, People's Literature Publishing House, Huang Youli Qingzhao's collected works, and Qilu Bookstore Edition.
Li Qingzhao (1084.2.5. ~1155.4.10.), an outstanding female writer in the southern song dynasty, was born in Jinan, Shandong province, and was a graceful poet. Yuanfeng was born in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, and died in Lin 'an at the age of 72. In history, it is also called "Jinan Er 'an" with Xin Qiji, a native of Licheng, Jinan. His father, Li, was born in Licheng, Northern Song Dynasty, a famous scholar and essayist in Qilu. Mother Wang knows books and writes well. Zhao Mingcheng, son of official assistant minister Tingzhi Zhao, is a textual research scholar. Li Qingzhao lived comfortably in her early years and was proficient in writing and music. After their marriage, they worked with Zhao Mingcheng to sort out the inscriptions on calligraphy and painting, and compiled the records of the inscriptions. After the fall of the Central Plains, she went south with her husband and lived a wandering and miserable life. Ming Cheng died of illness and was in a lonely situation. Young people have long been famous for learning from their families. Li Qingzhao is famous for her ci, ci and theory, and enjoys a high reputation in the history of China literature. There are Li Qingzhao in literature and Qin Liangyu in martial arts. "I lived a stable and prosperous life in my early years, and I wrote more words about acacia; After the invasion, great changes have taken place in Jin Bing's country, and his ci is full of feelings about his life experience. Her sense of poetry and prose is different from that of words. She is also good at painting and calligraphy, and she is fluent in music. The existing poems and songs are all compiled by later generations, including Shuyu Ci. "Words, to be unique. "China is the only woman whose name is used as a crater in outer space.
"One hundred generations of rivers, surging waves, scouring the heroes of the ages; The garden is a thousand years old, and the flower of a woman is in full bloom. " It describes Li Qingzhao.
The classic saying is that life is a hero and death is a hero.
Summer quatrains
Living as an outstanding person,
Death is also a ghost.
I still miss Xiang Yu,
Refuse to cross the river east.
Famous words explain outstanding people: outstanding people mean: when they are alive, they are heroes among people and when they die, they are heroes among ghosts. To live, we must set up lofty aspirations and indomitable spirit of struggle, because: the bigger the goal, the harder we work, the more meaningful our life will be, and the more we can appreciate the heroism and heroism of "riding the wind and waves".
biography
Li Qingzhao was born in a scholar-bureaucrat family who loved literature and art. After she married her former student Zhao Mingcheng, she studied epigraphy and calligraphy together and lived a happy and beautiful life. 1 127, after the change of Jingkang, she and Zhao Mingcheng lost most of their treasures to escape the rebellion in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, Zhao Mingcheng died of illness, and she wandered alone in Hangzhou, Yuezhou and Jinhua, and spent her old age in misery and loneliness. Her Slow Voice was written at this time, so we can see her sadness from the first few pairs of compound words in the poem. She is an accomplished writer in poetry, ci, prose and fu, but ci is the best and most famous one. In her early years, she wrote On Ci, which advocated "the unique style of Ci". It pays attention to the characteristics of rhythm, narration and emotion, and criticizes the shortcomings of poets from Su Shi to Qin Guan and Huang Tingjian.
The most talented woman, born in a famous family, never forgets anything when she was young, speaks amazingly and reads widely. Qilu's magnificent mountains and rivers contain the creative spirituality of Qingzhao, and she became famous in her girlhood.
After marriage, Qingzhao and her husband fell in love and were inseparable. "Husband is like a good friend." However, the good times did not last long, and the struggle between the old and new parties in North Korea intensified. A pair of mandarin ducks are separated alive, and Zhao Li faces each other across the river, suffering from lovesickness.
Later, the Jin people moved south, and the Southern Song Dynasty was corrupt and incompetent, destroying the Great Wall. Zhao Mingcheng was full of blood, but he died before he could conquer it. What a pity. Seeing the destruction and death of the country, Zhao Qing "persevered in hardships". In her "searching" old age, she tried her best to compile "The Story of the Stone" and completed her husband's unfinished business.
Therefore, it can be said that Li Qingzhao's works can not be separated from the word "sorrow", from the initial emotional sorrow, to the family sorrow of family ruin, and then to the national sorrow of a leopard cannot change its spots. This complex melancholy made her step by step into the palace of literature. It can be described as eternal hate!
Zhao Qing's words are wonderful, unique, unprecedented and unprecedented. He is honored as the natural and graceful founder and a monument in the history of spiritual civilization in China.
Not only in literature, but also in history, her Records of the Stone is of great literary value.
Li Qingzhao's ci can be divided into two periods, one before Du Nan and the other after. Early ci mainly described the theme of hurting spring resentment and boudoir life, which showed the sentimental personality of female ci writers. Such as "Like a Dream" describes the feelings of cherishing spring and loving flowers:
Nalan Xingde (1655- 1685): Formerly known as Chengde, Rong Ruo, a native of Lengjiashan, Zhenghuang Banner, Manchuria, was a famous poet in the early Qing Dynasty.
Nalan Xingde is the eldest son of Pearl, a college student in Wuyingdian. Young, smart, all-round in civil and military affairs. In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), he was twenty-two years old, ranked seventh in palace examination, and was given a Jinshi background. Give a third-class bodyguard, and then follow, the military attache is the doctrine.
He married Lu, the daughter of Lu Xingzu, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, gave gifts to Shu people, and later married a wife. After three years of marriage, his wife died. He married an official and gave a gift to Shu people. His concubine Yanshi, who was later a talented woman in the south of the Yangtze River, wrote "Choose Dreams". Nalan Xingde died at the age of 3/kloc-0 and was buried in Zaoshitun, west of Beijing. There are three sons and four daughters.
Most of Nalan Xingde's friends in his life are Han literati in cloth, such as Zhu Yizun, Gu Zhenguan, Jiang, Yan and so on. His residence in Lushuige was often an elegant gathering place for him and his friends, which virtually netted a group of Han intellectuals for the Qing government in the prosperous period of Kangxi.
Although Nalan Xingde's life is short, his works are quite abundant: 20 volumes of Tong Ji (including Fu 1 volume, 4 volumes of Poems, 3 volumes of Preface, 2 volumes of Wen, and 4 volumes of Miscellaneous Knowledge of Lushui Pavilion) and Brief; Set "Yi Ji Yan" 80 volumes, "Chen Liji" 38 volumes; Edited and selected books such as Early Collection of Modern Style Words, Notes of Famous Jueju Poems, Selected Works of All Tang Poems, etc. And these are mostly done after his pommel horse retinue, and the brushwork is amazing.
The main achievement of Nalan Xingde lies in Ci. There are 349 existing words, which are published as "drinking water collection in the side hat", later called Nalan words. The style is fresh and beautiful, sad and stubborn, and there is a legacy of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Wang Guowei commented: "Since the Northern Song Dynasty, there was only one person."
Wang Wei (70 1-76 1), a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was famous and successful, with a high official, originally from Qi (now Qixian, Shanxi), moved to Yongji, Shanxi, believed in Buddhism and lived in Lantian in his later years. He is good at drawing figures, bamboos and landscapes. There are two kinds of landscapes recorded by the Tang people: one is similar to Li's father and son, the other is painted by breaking ink, and the latter is his masterpiece. Unfortunately, no original works have been handed down from generation to generation. The Snow Stream Map and Jinan Mansion handed down to him are not original works. Su Shi commented that "there are paintings in poetry; Look at the picture, there are poems in the picture. " He is a representative of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan Jinshi He served as Da Lecheng and You Shiyi. When An Lushan rebelled, he was forced to assume a false post. He has made great achievements in poetry and painting. Su Dongpo praised him for "painting in poetry and poetry in painting", especially for his achievements in landscape poetry. Together with Meng Haoran, they are called "Wang Meng". In his later years, he was careless about his official career and devoted himself to being a Buddha. Later, he was called "Shi Fo".
Brief introduction to life
Wang Wei was very literary when he was a teenager. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was the first scholar, and he was very happy. I joined the army in Jeju for some reason. After returning to Chang 'an. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling was appointed as the secretariat. Wang Wei was demoted to the right. At that time, he wrote a poem "Dedicating the Beginning to Prosper the People", praising Zhang Jiuling's political views against planting party member for personal gain and abusing his title, which reflected his mood of demanding at that time. Twenty-four years (736), Zhang Jiuling went on strike. The following year, Jingzhou was relegated to a long history. Li's appointment as the secretariat was a turning point in Xuanzong period, and politics changed from relatively clear to increasingly dark. Wang Wei was depressed about Zhang Jiuling's demotion, but he didn't quit the officialdom. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, he was ordered to visit Cui, our envoy from Hexi. Later, he learned from the temple history that Wang Wei's official position was gradually promoted. Before the Anshi Rebellion, on the one hand, officials were tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, on the other hand, they were attached to the stack and could not leave decisively. So when in Rome, do as the Romans do, and live a semi-official and semi-secluded life for a long time.
He used to believe in Buddhism. At this time, with the increasing negative thoughts, his Buddhist beliefs are also developing day by day. When he was young, he used to live in a mountain forest. After middle age, he once lived in Zhong Nanshan. Later, he found jobs in Wangchuan, Lantian and Song. So he travels among them with his good friend Pei Di and likes to write poems. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), the Anshi rebels captured Chang 'an, Xuanzong entered Shu, and Wang Wei was captured by the rebels. Pretending to be ill after taking medicine, he was sent to Luoyang as a fake official. After the recovery of the two capitals, those who suffered from false jobs were convicted at different levels. He was praised by Su Zong for a poem "Ningbichi" that missed the Tang Dynasty, and his brother Wang Jin had a high official position, so he was only demoted to Prince Zhongyun, and later he moved something and finally became a senior official.
Completion of poetry collection
There are less than 400 poems by Wang Wei. Among them, the most representative of his creative characteristics is the description of natural scenery such as mountains and rivers, pastoral and secluded poems. Wang Wei's high achievements in describing natural scenery made him unique in the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and became the representative of the pastoral poetry school. He inherited and developed the tradition of writing landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, and absorbed the freshness and naturalness of Tao Yuanming's landscape pastoral poems, which made the achievements of landscape pastoral poems reach a peak, thus occupying an important position in the history of China's poetry. Together with Meng Haoran, he is a representative figure of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Wang Jin collected more than 400 poems of Wang Wei in Biography of Wang Wei in Old Tang Dynasty. In addition, Wang Jin's "Entering Wang Youcheng Collection Table" was compiled as 10 volume. Shu Gu Tang originally contained the Collected Works of Wang Youcheng by Masha in the Southern Song Dynasty 10, and then it was returned to Lu Xinyuan □ Song Lou. Beijing Library has 10 volume of Wang Mosong Shu Engraving Collection, which was photocopied and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House on 1982. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were six volumes of The Collection of Wang Youcheng, which were reviewed by Liu, and four copies were copied by You Qian, Lv Xiang and Cui Xingzong. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 10 volumes of Wang Youcheng's poems in the Tang Dynasty, among which 4 volumes of Selected Poems were the earliest extant annotations of Wang Wei's poems. Zhao Diancheng's Notes on Wang Youcheng in Qing Dynasty is a good one so far. In addition to explaining all the poems, there are also notes to explain the author's suspicious poems, and occasionally textual research; Wang Wei's life information and poetry and painting comments were also collected as appendices. 196 1 year, Zhao Zhu was revised by Shanghai Editorial Institute of Zhonghua Book Company and printed and published. In addition, Zheng Zhenduo collated the four series with Zhao Diancheng's notes and other four versions, and included them in the World Library. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Both Gu's annotation and Zhao Diancheng's annotation are accompanied by Wang Wei's chronicle written by the annotator. There is a paper on Wang Wei's life story in Chen Yi today, and a chronology of Wang Wei is attached (on Tang poetry).
The content of poems and masterpieces
Most of Wang Wei's pastoral poems depict the natural beauty, but at the same time, they reveal the leisure interest in the leisure life. Wang Wei's landscape poems, usually in the form of five laws and five sentences, are short in length, delicate in language and soothing in syllables, which are especially suitable for expressing the tranquility of landscapes and the poet's leisurely mood. After middle age, Wang Wei became increasingly depressed and sought sustenance in Buddhism and landscapes. He claimed that he was "happy when he realized silence, and he had more leisure in this life" ("A Pilgrimage in Busan"). This state of mind has been fully reflected in his poetry creation. In the past, many people admired Wang Wei's poems, on the one hand, because of his superb artistic skills, on the other hand, because the leisure and negative thoughts embodied in them resonated. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin called Wang Wei's five-line poem "Zen", and said that two poems, Bird-singing Creek and Wu Xinyi, "I forgot my life experience after reading them, and my thoughts were all silent" (poems), which is proof. Legend of Snow Scene is a work about Wang Wei's parting and travel, and there are often some beautiful sentences describing the scenery, such as "Far trees lead, the sunset is red in the distant city" ("Sending money home") and "Half a mountain and half a rain, thousands of valleys come to the Silk Waterfall" ("To Li Shi in Zizhou"). The tides rise and fall on the earth (Farewell to Guizhou) and Lonely Smoke in the Desert.
Join the Army, Travel in Longxi, Yan Fenke, Hunting Observation, Frontier Conquest and Frontier Conquest are all magnificent works. "The Song of the Dragon's Head" and "The Journey of the Old General" express the sadness that the generals are not rewarded for their meritorious service, and reflect one aspect of the internal contradictions of the feudal ruling class. Yimen sang the chivalrous spirit of historical figures. The four poems in A Boy's Journey show chivalry, boldness, vivid images and smooth brushwork. These works are generally believed to have been written by Wang Wei in his early years. There are also some poems, such as Fu to the Four Sages, Allegory, Fu to Unfortunate Encounters, and Five Poems by chance, which were written in later generations, expressing indignation at the unreasonable phenomenon that the rich nobles dominated the official career and the talented people were frustrated, and reflecting some dark sides of feudal politics in Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods. Luoyang Galand and Xi Shi Yong express their feelings and satire for the strong in a contrasting way. Women's sufferings are described in Mrs Xi and Ban Jieyu. They are sad and have certain social significance. Lyric poems such as Farewell to the Old Friend, I watched you go down the mountain, Send Li to Lingaotai to receive the legacy, Send Two Envoys to Anxi, Send Shen Zifu to Jiangdong, Miss My Shandong Brothers in the Mountain, Acacia, Miscellaneous Poems, and You from My Old Country have been told for thousands of years. "Send Yuan 20 An Xi" and "Acacia" were broadcast as music at that time and were widely sung. These poems are all five-character quatrains or seven-character quatrains, with sincere feelings, beautiful and natural language, simple and profound beauty, which can be compared with those of Li Bai and Wang Changling, and represent the highest achievement of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Meng Haoran (689 ~ 740), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, whose real name was Hao, was Haoran. Xiangyang Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei) Xiangyang is known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. Mainly writing pastoral landscape poems. Because I have never been an official, I am also called Monsanto. Nanyuan, a mountain stream outside the south gate of Xiangyang, has his former residence. Once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. Traveling to Chang 'an at the age of 40 should be promoted by Jinshi. He once wrote a poem named Gong Qing in imperial academy, and he wrote for it. He has a close friendship with Wang Wei. Legend has it that Wang Wei once invited himself into the office, just as Xuanzong arrived, Haoran fled to the bed. Wang Wei didn't dare to hide it. According to the facts, Xuanzong was ordered to see it. Haoran recited his poem to the sentence "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes", but Xuanzong was not happy. He said, "You don't want to be an official, and I haven't abandoned you. Why do you falsely accuse me!" Put it back in Xiangyang. After roaming in wuyue, I was extremely poor. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Han Chaozong invited Meng Haoran to Chang 'an to show his respect. But he didn't want to be famous, so he stood me up and got nowhere. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling became the long history of Jingzhou, which led to the shogunate. Before long, he returned to his former residence. In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, Wang Changling visited Xiangyang and Meng Haoran. They met and enjoyed each other. Shi Haoran has a poisonous sore on his back. He will recover. He died because he indulged in feasting and eating fresh food.
Meng Haoran was born in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He was useful to the world in his early years, but he was politically frustrated and lived in seclusion for life. He is an honest man and doesn't like to cater to others. His Geng Jie disobedient character and naive and noble sentiment are admired by contemporary and future generations. Li Bai praised him and said: "The beauty is unlucky, so don't focus on the car, but on the clouds; Now, "White-haired" said admiringly: "Gaoshan, how I long to reach you, just to pay tribute to Chun Xiang (A Word to Meng Haoran). Wang Shiyuan said in the preface to Meng Haoran that he was "handsome in appearance and handsome in spirit; Rescuing patients, resolving disputes, in order to establish righteousness; Irrigation of vegetables and bamboo is noble. " Wang Wei once painted his portrait in Yunzhou Pavilion with the title "Haoran Pavilion". Later generations respected him and refused to call him by his first name, so he changed his name to "Meng Ting" and became a local scenic spot. It can be seen that he is famous among ancient poets. Wang Wei, Li Bai and Wang Changling are all his good friends, and Du Fu, Pi Rixiu and others also have a good relationship with him.
Meng Haoran's life experience is relatively simple, and the theme of poetry creation is also very narrow. Meng's poems are mostly five-character short stories, mostly pastoral poems and secluded poems, and most of them are in the mood of serving immortals. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of a poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei also said that although Wang's poems are far less extensive and profound, they have unique artistic attainments.
Meng Shi's poetry is not carving, but thinking, full of wonderful self-satisfaction interest, not frugality and poverty. He is good at exploring the beauty of nature and life, immediately understanding the scene and writing his true feelings at the moment. For example, Qiu Deng Wan Shan sends Zhang Wu, Summer is in the South Pavilion, Guo Zhuang, Night Sleeping in Jiande, Night Song of Deer Gate, etc. , naturally become muddleheaded, but the artistic conception is clear and full of charm. Du Fu said that his poems and sentences in the Qing Dynasty were "perfect" ("Relieve boredom") and praised him for "why bother to write poems, they often give thanks" ("send happiness"). Pi Rixiu said: "Mr. Wang's works are full of praise when it comes to scenery, regardless of the strangeness, which makes those who are polluted and bound the population feel bored. If he loses, he will be lucky and unfortunate. " The beauty of the Northern Qi Dynasty' hibiscus is exposed, and willow is sparse in the middle of the month'; Mr. Wang has Wei Yun Lian Han, Shu Yu Wu Tong. Yuefu Rong' sunshine on the sand, wind and spring turbidity'; The king said, "The fog of clouds and dreams has trapped Yueyang." . Xie Tiao's poem is' dew wet cold pond grass, bright moon reflects clear Huai Liu'; Mr. Wang has "the wind sends lotus fragrance, and the bamboo leaves drip." "This is better than the ancients." His lyrical works, such as "Returning to the South Mountain at the End of the Year", "Feeling on the River at the Beginning of Cold", "Climbing the Wild Mountain with Friends", "Xunyang Looking at Lushan Mountain at Night" and "Talking about Wanshan", etc. Often touched by the ethereal spirit, the brushwork is like nothing, but the meaning is profound and inexhaustible. Yan Yu uses Zen as a metaphor for poetry, which means that Haoran's poem is "wonderful" (Cang Bian). In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Shi Lu introduced Yan's introduction, praised "the theory of verve" and Wang Meng. He used Ran He's poem "Xunyang Looking at Lushan Mountain at Night" as a model and said, "At this point, the poem is empty, and politics is like a gazelle, and there is no trace to be found. The painter called Yipin. " On the basis of inheriting Tao and Xie, the pastoral poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty has made new development and formed a school of poetry. Among his masterpieces, Meng Haoran is the longest. He is the pioneer and has great influence on that time and later generations. His poems are based on broadmindedness, but "there is a strong and free-spirited spirit in broadmindedness" (Tang Yingui cited Pu Yin for money). For example, "Clouds dream up and fog around Yueyang City" ("Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang") is linked with Du Fu's "There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the world drifting endlessly" ("Climbing Yueyang Tower"), which has become a famous sentence describing the wonders of Dongting. In Qing Dynasty, Pan Deyu once pointed out: "Pu Qin has been surprised by Xiangyang's poems, such as' Morning Light in Xu Dong'. Lying down in Pukou to smell the fish, the radial sound is dark, and the sunrise weather is divided, which shows that the rivers and lakes are wide and the boat knows the wind. Hanging seats for the morning hair, in the lake. See the middle stream, and press Jiujiang Bear. "In the morning, the incense burner rises and the waterfall sprays Chen Hong." You are full of energy and look down on everything. You can't just look at it and speak clearly. However, this is rare in Meng's poems and cannot represent the main aspects of his style. Generally speaking, the content of Meng's poems is thin, which makes him trapped by space. Su Shi said that he was "high in rhyme but short in talent, such as making wine by internal method without using materials" (quoted from Chen Shidao's Poems on Houshan), which was quite to the point.
Although Meng Xiangyang is the founder of Tangshan water poems, his achievements are not as good as Wang Wei's. Why? One is because of his talent, and the other is because his poems are often not as lofty as Wang Wei's. Meng Haoran has been an official all his life, and his heart is not sweet. This situation often appears in his poems, which makes his poems cold and frugal. Wang Moshu, however, was an official all his life. After many twists and turns, he had a profound understanding of the changes of the world. This emotion originated from poetry is often interesting and difficult to pursue.
Although, Meng's poems have their own merits. His poem Far Away not only inherits Tao Qian's thoughts, but also does not diminish Wang Wei. For example, sentences such as "Going south to the wild, because the leaves are falling, the north wind comes to Shui Han" and "There is a breeze on both sides of the strait, and the moonlight is alone" can really be described as "empty and comfortable, indifferent", which is worthy of being a masterpiece in landscape poetry.
In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), Wang Shiyuan of Yicheng received Meng Haoran's poems and got 2 18 poems. He lost his book. Meng Haoran's poetry collection, which is now widely circulated, contains 263 poems, 45 more than Wang Ben's, including other people's works. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Apart from going to Chang 'an for an examination at the age of forty, I have been living in seclusion in my hometown, Lumen, learning to write poetry. Poetry is mostly about landscape and pastoral, and it is the main landscape and pastoral poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. They are just as famous as Wang Wei and are collectively called "Wang Meng".
Pastoral landscape poems:
Wei's poems describe the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, express the joy of being integrated into nature, and are fresh and natural to read. Meng Haoran's poems describe rural scenery and express his love for farm life, which are simple and touching to read. Wang Meng is a representative figure of pastoral poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Among them, Wang Wei's achievement is the highest. Even if Wang Wei is a man and a painter, he can flexibly apply the principles and techniques of painting to poetry creation. Great poetry is full of the aesthetic feeling of painting, which Su Shi called "painting in poetry and poetry in painting".