Dendrobium huoshanense, produced in Huoshan, Anhui Province, is rich in ointment and has the greatest function of nourishing yin. Ancient herbal medicine has been recorded for a long time and has always been regarded as a treasure in Dendrobium medicinal materials. However, China Pharmacopoeia 1995 does not contain Dendrobium huoshanense in the source of Dendrobium. At the same time, it has been clearly recorded in ancient materia medica that the medicinal part of Dendrobium is stem, while modern Chinese medicine literature, such as China Pharmacopoeia 1995, Yearbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Handbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the new edition of the textbook of Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine in national medical colleges and universities, all list Dendrobium as a herbal medicine with whole grass as its medicinal part, and name its Latin name according to the combination format of "whole grass+Dendrobium" Therefore, it is necessary for us to carry out herbal textual research and original plant identification on Dendrobium and Dendrobium huoshanense in order to get to the root of the matter.
1. Dendrobium huoshanense is a traditional medicinal genuine Dendrobium.
As for the earliest record of the origin of Dendrobium, "Bielu of Famous Doctors" said: "Dendrobium was born on a stone beside the water in Lu 'an Valley. Newly revised materia medica, illustrated materia medica and other later materia medica all follow the records of famous doctors. "Materia Medica Yi Yan" said: "Dendrobium is as thin as grass, three or four inches long and as tough as meat. "The existing Zheng Ben Cao, Compendium of Materia Medica and Compendium of Materia Medica all follow the above records. The origin of Dendrobium mentioned in the above materia medica is "Lu 'an", that is, Huoshan, Lu 'an and Jinzhai, which belong to the administrative office of Lu 'an in Anhui Province. Combined with the distribution and growth environment of Dendrobium and the morphological description of Dendrobium in Materia Medica Yi Yan, we can draw the conclusions of Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium candidum. ex Lindl。 Produced in Huoshan, Anhui Province, it is the earliest recorded traditional medicinal Dendrobium in herbal medicine and should be regarded as genuine Dendrobium.
Dendrobium huoshanense, also known as Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium huohu and Dendrobium Dabieshan. Compendium of Materia Medica says: "Dendrobium huoshanense, which comes out of Huoshan Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River, is smaller and yellow than Dendrobium huoshanense, but its shape is not straight. Those who succeed in it, the natives replace tea, travel clouds to relieve summer heat, awaken spleen to quench thirst, benefit people's vitality, or take boiled cream to reward customers. The novice traveler has prevailed in the north and south of the river in recent years and has not given it. " "Compendium of Materia Medica" also quoted "Herb Mirror" as saying: "Recently, there is a kind of Dendrobium, which is very short, only one inch long, as thin as wick, bluish yellow in color, sweet in mouth and slightly slippery in saliva. Produced in Huoshan County, Lu 'an and Yingzhou areas, it is named Huoshan Dendrobium. The best. If there is no saliva in the mouth, it is tied to the log and cannot be used. "According to the textual research mentioned in the above materia medica, it should be Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium chrysanthum and Dendrobium candidum. ex Lindl。 It is born on a stone and has a short stem.
The second is the textual research of Dendrobium species such as Muhu.
Dendrobium candidum, as its name implies, refers to Dendrobium candidum born on rocks. As for Dendrobium attached to trees, it is also recorded in ancient herbal medicine, which is called Dendrobium. "Notes on Materia Medica" said: "Those who live in oak trees are named Muhu, with long stems and light colors. ..... Today, Ann also made a wooden welcome, which is very long and not made into pills, but it can be used for dipping wine stains and cooking soup. The most popular prescription is to tonify the deficiency and treat the knees. " "Materia Medica" says: "Only those who eat stones win. Others were born in oak trees, and they are notoriously useless. " "Herbal Yi Yan" said: "Today, most people walk with wooden hooves, and medical workers can't distinguish clearly. Known as Dendrobium nobile, it is said that future generations take pictures. But if it doesn't pass, it will be folded, empty as grass, more than a foot long, but black and yellow. " Dendrobium mentioned in the above materia medica refers to Dendrobium plants with stems more than 30cm (more than one foot long) attached to trees, such as Dendrobium candidum fringed hooks. Dendrobium chrysanthum. Dendrobium nobile. And Dendrobium nobile. These Dendrobium species have different medicinal properties according to the attached trees. Previous people thought that Dendrobium nobile could not be used as a kind of Dendrobium nobile, and its stem length was 9 ~ 12 cm (three or four inches long). At present, there are still a large number of Dendrobium candidum mixed in commercial medicinal materials in China, so attention should be paid to identification and correction.
The chaotic varieties of Dendrobium have also been recorded in the materia medica of past dynasties. For example, the newly revised "Materia Medica" said: "There are two kinds of Jingxiang, Hanzhong and Jiangzuo today: one is like barley, which is connected and the first leaf is cold; A moustache as big as a sparrow is called a sparrow moustache. This is a suit stained with wine, but words speak louder than actions. Similarly, like wheat, leaves are at the end of the stem. The rest are like bamboo, with leaves between nodes. " Materia Medica said: "There are two kinds of people living in the south of the Yangtze River: one is barley, which is connected with each other, and the first is called Maihu; One is as big as a mustache, and it's called a mustache. " According to the textual research of "barley-like, close-connected, with first leaves" in Newly Revised Materia Medica and Illustration of Materia Medica, it may be the inconspicuous Bulbophyllum. Bulbophyllum kwangtungensis Orchidaceae and some species of the same genus. The "one as big as a sparrow beard, called a sparrow beard" mentioned in the above-mentioned materia medica may be a stone peach. Orchidaceae, yellow flower with long leaves. Dendrobium and some related species. As can be seen from the above, the variety sources of ancient Dendrobium in China are also complicated.
Third, the medicinal part of Dendrobium is stem, not whole grass.
The earliest record of the medicinal parts of Dendrobium candidum is "taking stems in July and August and drying them in the shade." Later, all herbs used the above records. At present, the commercial medicinal materials of Dendrobium are also stem medicine. However, modern Chinese medicine documents such as China Pharmacopoeia (1995), Yearbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Handbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and New Edition of Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine name Dendrobium according to the combination format of "whole grass+genus name of Dendrobium", which is inconsistent with the herbal records of past dynasties and the actual drug use situation at present. We believe that the Latin scientific name of Dendrobium should be changed to Dendrobium according to the combination format of "stem+Dendrobium name".
Four. Original Plant Identification of Dendrobium, Dendrobium huoshanense and Their Confused Varieties
1. Dendrobium candidum wall. ex Lindl。 Perennial herbs. The stems are clustered and cylindrical. Those born on stones are about 5-20 cm high, and those born on trees are 60 cm high and 4-8 mm in diameter. Leaves alternate, with 6 ~ 12 leaves, sessile; The leaves are slightly fleshy, oblong-lanceolate, 3 ~ 7 cm long and 0.8 ~ 2 cm wide, with a slightly hooked apex and a slightly narrow base; Leaf sheaths are grayish white, membranous, with purple spots, and the sheath mouth is open. The raceme is lateral to the upper part of the old stem, with 2 ~ 5 flowers; The total pedicel is about 1cm, and the bracts are dry, pale white and 5 ~ 7mm； long. The flowers are yellow-green, slightly fragrant, with a diameter of 3 ~ 4 cm; The middle sepals are similar to petals, showing a narrow oval shape, and the side sepals are sickle-shaped triangles; The lip is narrowly spoon-shaped and obovate, smooth and hairless, reflexed, slightly shorter than sepals, undivided or 3-lobed, the corpus callosum is long and round, with purple spots in the middle and near the upper part, and the lateral lobes are often stained with purple halo and wavy edges. The flowering period is from April to June. Distributed in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces.
2. The main differences between Dendrobium huoshanense and Dendrobium candidum are: the stem is 3 ~ 7 cm high, the diameter is 2.5 ~ 3 mm, the lip is rhombic, the length and width are almost equal, and there is no purple spot in the center; The hat is oblate with a fringed part at the front edge. Anhui Huoshan specialty.
3. The main distinguishing features of Dendrobium fasciculatum are as follows: stem height 10 ~ 15 cm, 3 ~ 4 leaves per stem. Lip oval, narrowly obovate, about 65438 07 mm long and 8 mm wide. The lid is spherical. Distributed in Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan Province and other provinces.
4. Dendrobium nobile. Its main distinguishing features are: the stem is slightly flat; White with lavender; Full lips. Distributed in Hubei, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Anhui, Taiwan Province, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet and other provinces.
5. Dendrobium chrysanthum. exlinkl。 Its main difference is that the umbel is nearly sessile, with 2-6 flowers, the lip is nearly fan-shaped, there are 2 purple patches on the lip, and the edge has tassels. Distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet and other provinces.
6. Dendrobium candidum tassel. It is mainly characterized in that the raceme has 2-8 flowers; The lip is nearly round, with round purple patches on the lip disc and compound tassels on the edge. Distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other provinces.
7. Dendrobium nobile. Its main characteristics are: lavender or pink flowers; Lips are round, yellow and fringed; Stems droop. Distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other provinces.
8. In Guangdong, Guangxi and other places, the dried stems of Orchidaceae plant Dendrobium firmanthus longchophylla (Hook.F.) P.F. Hunt et Summer H. were mixed as Dendrobium candidum, which was called Dendrobium candidum. Pay attention to identification. The plant is distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces.
9. The confused species of Dendrobium mainly include Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium nobile. Bulbophyllum kwangtungensis Heshi Xiantao ...
A key to the classification of Dendrobium original plants and their confused varieties;
1. Erect plants of pseudobulb without swelling.
2. The stem height is below 15cm.
3. The height of the stem is 3 ~ 7 cm; Lips are rhombic in width, nearly equal in length and width, and there is no purple stain in the center; The hat is oblate with tassels at the front edge.
3. Stem height10 ~15cm; The lip is oval, narrowly obovate, about 65438 07 mm long and 8 mm wide; The lid is spherical. ...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The height of the stem often exceeds 15cm, as high as 60 ~ 120 cm.
4. The stem is slightly oblate; White with lavender; The entire edge of the lip is.
4. The stem is cylindrical or rod-shaped.
5. Flowers are lavender or pink; Lips are round, yellow and fringed; Stem drooping ... Dendrobium nobile
5. Flowers are yellow-green or golden yellow.
6. The flowers are yellow-green, the lip is narrowly spoon-shaped, and there is a rectangular corpus callosum near the upper part, which is purplish red.
Spots, wavy edges, Dendrobium candidum.
6. These flowers are golden yellow.
7. Umbellies are nearly sessile, with 2-6 flowers, and the lip is nearly fan-shaped, with 2 purple spots on it.
A block of wood with a fringed edge.
7. The raceme has 2 ~ 8 flowers; The lips are nearly round, and there is a round purple spot on the lip disc.
Wood block with compound tassels on the edge.
1. Creeping plants with swelling in pseudobulb.
8. pseudobulb has 2 terminal leaves; Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, length10 ~18cm, width 3 ~ 6cm;
Scape is a raceme extracted from the top of pseudobulb. These flowers are white or yellow. ...........................................................................................................................................................................
8. The terminal leaf of pseudobulb is 1.
9. There are 1 to several flowers, which gather at the top of pseudobulb, with light yellow or purple spots; The pseudosphere is 3 ~
6.5cm leaves are oval or rectangular, 7-20 cm long and 2-5 cm wide.
9. Scape is pulled out from the base of pseudobulb.
10. pseudobulb is ovoid, shaped like a wheat grain, and 4 ~ 8 mm long; Leaf blade obovate-oblong or obovate,
The length is 1 ~ 3cm, and the top of the scape is 1 ~ 2 flowers. .......................................................................................................................................
10. pseudobulb is nearly ovoid, with a length of1~ 2.5cm and a diameter of 2 ~ 5mm; Leaf blade oblong, about 4 cm long,
A raceme with 4-7 flowers on the scape.
Discussion on verbs (abbreviation of verb)
According to the textual research of materia medica, Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium candidum. ex Lindl。 Born on a stone with a short stem, it is the earliest recorded traditional medicinal Dendrobium in Materia Medica. It has been regarded as a treasure of Dendrobium candidum since ancient times. Although demand exceeds supply in history, it has been successfully propagated in Huoshan County, Anhui Province in recent years, and its output has gradually expanded. It is suggested that genuine Dendrobium officinale be included in the new pharmacopoeia in the future.
According to herbal textual research, the medicinal part of Dendrobium is stem, not whole grass. Modern Chinese medicine documents such as China Pharmacopoeia (1995 edition), Yearbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Handbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the new edition of Chinese Medicine Identification Textbook for National Colleges and Universities all list Dendrobium as a whole herb, and the whole herb is used as a medicinal part, so it is named Dendrobium according to the combination format of "whole herb+Dendrobium", which is neither in line with the records of previous dynasties nor in line with the current ones. It is suggested that Dendrobium should be listed as a stem Chinese medicine in the new Pharmacopoeia, and the Latin scientific name of Dendrobium should be changed to Dendrobium according to the combined format of "stem+Dendrobium name".
According to the textual research of materia medica, Dendrobium is attached to a tree, but its stem is more than a foot long, and its quality and efficacy are far less than those of Dendrobium attached to a stone, which is only one inch short or three or four inches long. In order to avoid confusing fish with pearls and ensure accurate and effective clinical medication, it is suggested that the new Pharmacopoeia should separate the source of Dendrobium from that of Dendrobium, and limit the source of Dendrobium to the species that are short (less than 15cm) and live on stones. As for the isolated Dendrobium officinale, it can be used no longer, or it can be made into another medicine, named Dendrobium officinale after the names of herbs in previous dynasties.
As for "Maihu" and "Quehu" recorded in "Ancient Materia Medica", they can all be regarded as chaotic varieties of ancient Dendrobium medicinal materials and should not be mixed with genuine Dendrobium.
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