Characteristics of African national independence movement;
1. The African national independence movement is an anti-imperialist and anti-colonial national revolutionary movement with a broad mass base.
The main contradiction in African society is the contradiction between the oppressed nations and imperialism in Africa, and the national revolution against imperialism and colonialism is the most important task. Workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie in Africa, as well as some kings in North Africa and tribal chiefs in sub-Saharan Africa, all took part in the anti-imperialist struggle and formed a revolutionary storm. Under the guidance of nationalism, various political organizations and parties came into being. According to 196 1 statistics, there are 147 nationalist political parties in all parts of Africa, of which 8 were established before the Second World War, 40 were established after the war to 1955, and the rest were newly built or reorganized around the Asian-African Conference. Most of them are anti-imperialist and anti-colonial and strive for national independence as their main purpose.
2. The leadership of African national independence movement is mainly in the hands of bourgeois nationalists.
Due to the long-term rule of colonialism, the level of social and economic development in Africa is low, the strength of the proletariat is weak, tribal consciousness, regional concept and feudal remnants exist seriously, and it is difficult for the proletariat to form a strong and independent force. The national bourgeoisie in Africa is also a young class. But its political energy, economic strength and social status are better than those of the proletariat, peasants and petty bourgeoisie in Africa. Although it has certain connections with imperialism and domestic feudal forces, it also has profound contradictions, so it is more revolutionary. Quite a few African intellectuals also advocate the development of capitalism. Therefore, on the whole, bourgeois nationalists played a leading role in the African national independence movement.
3. There are generally two ways for African national independence movements to gain independence: a few are through armed struggle, and most are in the form of peaceful struggle.
North African countries, Algeria, Morocco, Angola, etc. All these countries gained their independence through long-term and large-scale armed struggle. However, most independent countries generally adopt non-violent methods, forcing colonial authorities to make some adjustments and changes to their colonial policies and achieve independence by stages. The diversity of African national independence movements is closely related to the development of national liberation movements after the Second World War and the international situation in which the world's progressive forces are growing. Although the ways and degrees of independence are different, they are all the fruits of the long-term struggle of the people of these countries.
The process and significance of African national independence movement;
Emerging African countries occupy 1/3 seats in the United Nations and about 1/2 seats in the member countries of the Non-Aligned Movement, becoming an important anti-imperialist and anti-colonial force in the third world, becoming the main force of the third world and playing an increasingly important role in the international arena.
The historical significance of the wave of African independence;
The victory of the African independence movement not only changed the face of Africa, but also marked the final disintegration of the colonial system formed at the beginning of the 20th century, and became an important anti-imperialist and anti-colonial force in the third world.
Zimbabwe independence:
Zimbabwe's independence in the early 1980s took the form of armed struggle and political struggle. Zimbabwe was originally named southern rhodesia, and 1964 was renamed Rhodesia. It was originally named after the old colonialist Rhodes. The white regime in Rhodesia pursued a racial policy and strictly isolated all public facilities, even prisons and cemeteries. In order to achieve national independence, the Zimbabwean people started an armed struggle from 1966. With the support of the Organization of African Unity and "frontline countries" such as Tanzania and Zambia, the people's armed forces grew stronger and stronger in the Vietnam War. With the Soviet Union stepping up its infiltration and expansion in southern Africa in the 1970s, the United States and Britain are eager to break the deadlock on the issue of Rhodesia in order to protect their vested interests in this region. 1979, Britain, as the former sovereign state, held a constitutional convention in Rhodesia. 1980, rhodesia held its first real general election. As a result, the African Zimbabwe National Union headed by Mugabe won. In April of the same year, Rhodesia became independent and established the Republic of Zimbabwe. This is the victory of the Zimbabwean people after a long struggle.
The Victory of Cuban Revolution and Its Significance;
Independence: 1959, Castro defeated the United States and established a revolutionary government in Havana.
Reform: nationalization and land reform, 196 1 declared Cuba a socialist country.
Significance: It dealt a heavy blow to American hegemony in Latin America and inspired the struggle for national liberation in the world.
Panama s Struggle to Recover the Sovereignty of Canal Zone;
Since 1950s, Panamanian people have been fighting for the sovereignty of the Canal Zone. After more than 20 years of tenacious struggle, 1977, Pakistan and the United States signed a new covenant on the Panama Canal. According to the New Testament, by 1999, Panama will recover the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Canal Zone.
South African people's struggle against racism;
1, racial discrimination:
Local Africans call South Africa "azania". Located at the southernmost tip of the African continent, it has an important strategic position and is extremely rich in mineral resources.
/kloc-In the middle of 0/7th century, Dutch colonists invaded this area and established colonies. Their descendants call them "Boers".
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, British and Dutch colonists competed for control of South Africa, and the Ying Bu War started. As a result, Britain won and annexed the area.
19 10, Britain formally formed the South African colony into the "South African Federation" as the dominion of Britain. Britain has taken control of South Africa.
1948, the South African Nationalist Party, representing the interests of descendants of Dutch colonists, came to power. 196 1 year, the South African nationalist government announced its withdrawal from the Commonwealth and changed its name to "Republic of South Africa".
2. The struggle against racism:
South Africa, ruled by the white racist regime in South Africa, has become the last bastion of colonialism and racism on the African continent. In the nearly half century of his rule, he successively promulgated more than 100 racial discrimination laws, persecuting blacks and other colored people from all aspects of politics, economy, culture and education and even social life. For example, according to a decree of 1953, the South African authorities designated 86% of the country's land, including all cities, as "white areas", and drove African blacks, who accounted for the vast majority of the country's population, to "reserved areas" with a total area of only about 14%. Black people are not only deprived of all political rights and human dignity, but also subjected to heavy economic exploitation. Black South Africans have waged a long and arduous struggle, and their struggle has been supported by the international community.
In the 1990s, faced with the trend of historical progress, De Klerk's government unconditionally released Nelson Mandela, the chairman of the African National Congress Party, who had been imprisoned for a long time in 1990.
In the following year, the South African Parliament abolished more than 80 racist laws, and adopted an interim constitution at the end of 1993, replacing the racist constitution, which marked the legal end of the apartheid system.
On this basis, South Africa held the first national election in which all races participated, and more than 20 million blacks participated in the election for the first time. The ANC won more than 60% of the votes, and Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.
1996, due to the withdrawal of members of the South African Nationalist Party from the cabinet, the South African regime became a regime completely led by the ANC.
Mandela's life resume:
Nelson mandela, leader of the African National Congress of South Africa, the first black president of South Africa and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.
19 18 July18 was born in a tribal chief's family in Umtata, Transkei, South Africa. In his childhood, Mandela lived a traditional tribal life and took part in some work such as herding sheep, herding cattle and plowing land.
1938, Mandela graduated from a missionary school and was admitted to Helburg University. In the third grade, he was fired for leading the student movement. At the age of 22, she fled to Johannesburg because she was dissatisfied with the arranged marriage.
194 1 year, Mandela received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Johannesburg. Later, he studied law and became a lawyer.
1944 Joined the Youth League of the African National Congress and participated in drafting the Youth League Declaration.
From 65438 to 0948, he served as the national secretary of the Communist Youth League.
After the 1950s, Mandela served as an executive member of the African National Congress and took the lead in leading mass movements. Since then, he has led a series of mass movements against the "apartheid" system, with increasing influence.
1952 became the vice chairman of the ANC. Since then, he has reformed the organization of the ANC and established a strict organization. Mandela's behavior was banned by the government and he was forced to go underground.
1958, married Winnie.
196 1 became the first commander-in-chief of the "national spear", an armed organization of the ANC.
1On August 5, 962, Mandela was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment.
1On June 2, 964, Mandela began his 28-year prison life in Robben Island Prison, located about seven miles northwest of Cape Town. In prison, Mandela still did not give up his study and work, and guided the black movement in South Africa through dialogue.
1990 February 1 1, Mandela was released from prison.
1May 1994 10, Mandela was sworn in as President of the Republic of South Africa. After the expiration of his term of office, he will not be re-elected and will be replaced by Mbeki.
Overview of Westernization Movement:
1, background:
(1) After the defeat of the two Opium Wars, the Qing Dynasty was in a situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion;
(2) The heavy blow of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement;
(3) the new trend of thought of learning from the west.
2. Time: 65438+60s-90s.
3. Purpose: To learn advanced western science and technology in order to maintain the feudal rule of Qing Dynasty.
4. Representative enterprises:
① Modern military industry: Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan), Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau (Li Hongzhang), Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (left) and Tianjin Machine Manufacturing Bureau (Chonghou).
(2) Modern civil industries: China Merchants Bureau, Kaiping Coal Mine (Li Hongzhang), Hanyang Iron Works and Hubei Textile Layout (Zhang Zhidong).
5. Function:
The Westernization School introduced some modern western science and technology, trained a group of skilled workers, and objectively stimulated the development of capitalism in China.
(2) The first batch of modern enterprises in China appeared under the advocacy of the Westernization School, which played a certain role in resisting foreign economic aggression and promoting the disintegration of China's feudal economy.
③ The Westernization Movement became the beginning of China's modernization.
6. Signs of bankruptcy of Westernization Movement:
The fiasco of the Qing army in the Sino-Japanese War.
7. Reasons for the failure of Westernization Movement:
Westernization school is doomed to failure if it wants to maintain the decadent feudal system with advanced production methods.
(2) The modern industry established by the Westernization School was bound by the feudal system and oppressed by the aggressive forces, which made the Westernization Movement difficult and eventually went bankrupt.
(3) Modern productive forces in enterprises are incompatible with decadent feudal management methods and cannot be maintained for a long time.
8. Evaluation of Westernization Movement:
(1) Positive aspects:
The Westernization Movement introduced some modern western science and technology and advanced tools under the feudal system in China, which objectively and inevitably accelerated the disintegration of feudal relations of production and stimulated the development of capitalism in China, which was independent of the subjective will of the Westernization School.
The argument between the Westernization School and the die-hards has opened up an atmosphere of learning from the West. At the same time, the introduction and translation of foreign scientific and technological books, the establishment of new schools and the dispatch of overseas students have, to a certain extent, impacted feudal education and opened the gap in reforming the feudal cultural and educational system. It provided certain conditions for the development of modern science and technology and the spread of western learning in China.
(3) The establishment of civil industry has also played a certain role in resisting western economic aggression, objectively inducing and stimulating the emergence and development of capitalism in China.
④ Three navies were established, which enhanced the coastal defense capability to some extent. In a word, the Westernization Movement has played a certain role in promoting the modernization of China.
(2) Negative aspects:
(1) organized by the Qing government to maintain reactionary rule.
(2) Military industry mainly suppresses the people's revolution, not saves the country.
(3) civilian industry is to solve the difficulties of military industry, not to seek wealth for society, and is largely controlled and used by foreigners.
④ Managing corruption.
The influence of Westernization Movement and its reference significance for learning from the West today;
The bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement (1) shows that the Westernization Movement could not make China rich and strong, and the Westernization School could not maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
(2) We should learn from the advanced production technology and management system in the West, attach importance to the optimal allocation of the market, and establish and improve the socialist market economic system; Overcome the serious bureaucratic style of westernization enterprises and improve the management efficiency of enterprises.
(3) The Westernization Movement introduced the modern mode of production in western countries, and the first batch of modern enterprises appeared in China; A number of modern scientific and technological talents have been trained; To some extent, it promoted the disintegration of feudal economy in China and stimulated the development of capitalism in China. The establishment of civil industry has also played a certain role in resisting the expansion of foreign economic forces.
The Role of Westernization Movement in the Modernization of China;
1, which promoted the modernization of China's army building;
In the Westernization Movement, Xiang Army and Huai Army gradually replaced the eight banners green camp and other old-style troops, and formed the Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian art-supported navies, which promoted the modernization of China's army building. A number of military enterprises such as Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau and Hubei Gun Factory have been established.
2. The Westernization Movement promoted the capitalist mode of production and the modernization process of China;
The Westernization Movement organized civilian factories and mines, including mining, smelting, transportation, textile and other industries, and more importantly, Fuzhou General Administration, Kaiping Mining Bureau, General Administration of Telegraph and Shanghai Machine Weaving Layout, Hanyang Iron Works, Hubei Weaving Layout, etc. These enterprises adopted large-scale machine production and introduced a large number of machines, equipment and technologies, which enabled China to own its own modern industry and produce its own industrial products. They also resisted western economic aggression to a certain extent and stimulated the emergence of Chinese national capitalism. A large number of industrial workers have been produced in the military industries and civil enterprises founded by the Westernization School.
3. The Westernization Movement promoted the modernization of culture and education in China;
In order to cultivate new westernization talents, the Westernization School has established new schools, such as Shi Jing Wentong Museum and a number of "western languages" and "western arts" schools; Established a number of schools to train military, scientific and technological, manufacturing, mining and other talents, such as Fuzhou Ship Administration School, and graduated from Deng Shichang and Liu. Sending overseas students has trained a large number of "modern talents" for our country. For example, Zhan Tianyou, a famous engineer, studied in the United States. These measures have played a positive role in promoting the modernization of education in China.
4. The Westernization Movement promoted the modernization of China's thought;
"Learning from foreigners to control foreigners" has taken the first step to learn from the West. In the 1980s and 1990s of 19, early reformists, such as Feng Guifen, Wang Tao, Zheng, etc. , and westernization, advocated the establishment of parliament, from a deeper level of political system reform.
Prime minister yamen, the guiding organ of Westernization Movement;
186165438+1October 20th, Emperor Xianfeng approved the establishment of the Prime Minister's Office for International Affairs (hereinafter referred to as the Prime Minister's Office, the General Affairs Department or the Translation Department) as the central organ to handle westernization. The organizational system of the Prime Minister's yamen is "all modeled after the military". Officials are divided into two levels: Prime Minister and Zhang Jing. Ministers are always held by a prince, that is, the chief minister, while other ministers are appointed by military ministers, university students, ministers, assistant ministers and Beijing Office, collectively referred to as "General Political Ministers". At the beginning of Xianfeng Emperor's establishment, Prince Gong, Gui Liang, a university student, and Wen Xiang, a left assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, were appointed as prime ministers. Later, the number of ministers increased slightly, often seven or eight, and there were more than a dozen. Zhang Jing was divided into four levels, selected from the Cabinet, the Ministry of Industry and the Military Department. At first, there were eight Manchu people, and then the number gradually increased.
Under the Prime Minister's yamen, there are South and North Sea trade ministers. At first, he was a full-time minister of South Beiyang, and comprador bureaucrats Xue Huan and Chonghou served. Later, the governors of Liangjiang and Zhili served concurrently. The Minister of Foreign Trade of Nanyang managed the trading ports of the Yangtze River and the coastal provinces south of Jiangsu, stationed in Shanghai, and then moved to Nanjing. Beiyang Minister of International Trade and Industry manages the northern trading ports and is based in Tianjin.
At first, the Prime Minister's yamen presided over foreign affairs and trade affairs. Later, it expanded its business, set up factories, built railways, opened mines, set up schools and sent overseas students. It became an important decision-making body of the Qing government. In essence, the Westernization Movement is the highest administrative organization that organizes Westernization by more than six departments.
Westernization movement:
"Westernization" refers to all foreign affairs. The "Westernization Movement" is a "self-help" movement of the Westernization School to suppress the people and maintain feudal rule, flaunting "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" and adopting western advanced production technology to establish modern industry. It was also called "Tongguang New Deal" or "Self-improvement New Deal" because it came into being from the early 1960s to the mid-1990s in 19 and was in Tongzhi and Guangxu periods.
Zeng Guofan, founder of Westernization Movement;
Zeng Guofan was born in181year and died in 1872 in Xiangxiang, Hunan. Formerly known as Zicheng, the word Bohan,No. Sheng Di. Daoguang Jinshi, once served as the examiner of Sichuan provincial examination, bachelor of Hanlin, bachelor of cabinet and so on. , and was promoted to the right assistant minister of does, assistant minister of military and political affairs. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom broke out, he was ordered to help Yong Tuan and was expanded into the Xiang Army. In the first month of the second year, he issued "Begging for Guangdong Bandits" and led the Xiang Army to destroy the Taiping Army. In April of the same year, he was defeated in Jinggang, drowned himself and was rescued. In November (Gregorian calendar 1855), Jiujiang and Hukou in Jiangxi were attacked. Soon, the navy was defeated, Wuhan was recovered by the Taiping Army, and he was trapped in Nanchang. In the autumn of the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom split and Zeng Guofan took the opportunity to capture Wuhan. In April of the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), Jiujiang was occupied. In June of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), he was awarded the governor of the two rivers and appointed as an imperial minister to supervise the military affairs in the south of the Yangtze River, and all the land, water and army in the north and south of the Yangtze River were in his charge. In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), in June, the governor Xiang army attacked Tianjing (now Nanjing), and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed. Zeng Guofan was given the title of Prince Taibao and the title of First-class Marquis. In May of the following year, he was ordered to supervise the military affairs of Zhili, Shandong and Henan provinces and suppress the Nian army. In November of the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), he was re-appointed as the governor of Liangjiang. The following year, he was awarded a bachelor's degree. Together with Li Hongzhang, he founded Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and other military enterprises in Shanghai. Tongzhi seven years (1868), transferred to Zhili governor. In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), he was ordered to deal with the Tianjin religious plan, succumbed to the French invaders, and killed innocent people, which was condemned by public opinion. Transferred to the governor of Liangjiang. After his death, the Qing court posthumously awarded Fu He Shi and wrote The Complete Works of Zeng.
Li Hongzhang:
Li Hongzhang, born in Hefei, Anhui Province, was born in 1823 and died in 190 1. Daoguang Jinshi Minister in the late Qing Dynasty, a representative of the local Westernization School. 1853, organized Yong ying in his hometown, helped suppress the Taiping Army, and took refuge in Zeng Guofan as his staff. 186 1 year, Huai Army was organized as Xiang Army. 1in April, 862, the Huai army took a British ship from Anqing to Shanghai, organized "Chang" with foreign invaders and stayed in Shanghai, trapped in Suzhou and Changzhou, and was promoted to the governor of Jiangsu. 1865, the governor of liangjiang was ordered to suppress the nian army. 1870, Zeng Guofan recommended him as the governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, who held political, military and diplomatic power. In order to save the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the arms industry and civilian industries (such as Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Shanghai Shipping Merchants Bureau). ) were established in the name of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth", and Beiyang Navy was established. Participated in opposing the Reform Movement of 1898, and planned "Southeast Mutual Protection" with Britain in the Boxer Movement. He died shortly after the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty. He was corrupt in the Westernization Movement and died with a legacy of 42 million.
Comments on Li Hongzhang, the representative of Westernization School;
The evaluation of Li Hongzhang is quite controversial. For a long time after liberation, his evaluation was very low, and he thought that his life was a history of suppressing people's uprisings at home and selling out national interests abroad. He was one of the most reactionary figures in China in the last century. After the Cultural Revolution, the evaluation of Li Hongzhang tended to be fair, and he thought that Li Hongzhang was enlightened and progressive compared with the die-hards at that time. It has made outstanding contributions to China's military modernization, the development of China's civil industry and the training of modern westernization talents, objectively improved China's national defense capability, and played a role in delaying the semi-colonial and semi-feudal process in China, which is worthy of recognition. However, some people hold different views that Li Hongzhang's suppression of revolution, compromise diplomacy and westernization are an organic whole and inseparable, and its core lies in maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. Although the military industry he organized was under the banner of "resisting foreign aggression" and "constantly striving for self-improvement", the Huai army under his command never fired a shot at the invaders, and all the people of China were slaughtered. The civil industry it founded implemented a feudal monopoly policy, which seriously hindered the development of national capitalism. Li Hongzhang's foreign policy of "harmony but difference" led to the Qing government becoming the court of foreigners.
Established Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration;
Today, the predecessor of Shanghai Jiangnan Shipbuilding Group Company is the largest military enterprise in early modern China. 1On September 20th, 865, Zeng Guofan, Governor of Liangjiang, and Li Hongzhang, Governor of Jiangsu, established Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau in Shanghai. This is the largest modern military enterprise run by the Westernization School of the Qing government. Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Shanghai Machinery Bureau and Shanghai Manufacturing Bureau. 1865, Li Hongzhang bought the American company Hongkou Seventh Machine Iron Works for 42,000 silver, merged some machines and marine artillery works purchased by Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau and Zeng Guofan from the United States into the iron works, and established Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration. The establishment fund was more than 542,000 yuan, and it has been expanded repeatedly since then. The Qing government allocated 20% of Shanghai Customs tax revenue as perennial funds. Employ more than 2000 workers. After the establishment of Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, the Gaochang Hall in the south of the city was moved from Hongkou on May 1867 due to the high rent of Hongkou factory and the fact that the narrow space could not be expanded, and foreigners in the region opposed the manufacture of arms. After Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration moved to Gaochang Temple, the construction scale gradually expanded. Initially, more than 70 mu of land was purchased, and a boiler factory, a machine factory, a timber factory, a gun tower (attached to the machine factory), a steel casting factory, a shipbuilding factory and a wrought iron factory were built, and a rocket factory was built in Chenjiaxiang. In the future, we will continue to buy land to build houses and machines. By 1894, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau occupied an area of 1 100 mu, with about 3,000 employees, and its production scale and number of employees ranked first in the national military factories at that time. The bureau mainly produces guns and bullets, supplemented by ship repair and ship repair. In addition, in order to cultivate technical strength and spread scientific and technological knowledge, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration has also attached a Cantonese pavilion, a translation pavilion and a craft school to train technicians, translate books related to military affairs and engineering, and also has a small number of books on historical records and politics and law.
Shi Jing Wentong Museum:
Shi Jing Wentong Pavilion, also known as Wentong Pavilion, was the earliest Westernization School established in the late Qing Dynasty, which was the window for the Qing government to understand the western world. As the Tianjin Treaty signed in 1858 and the Beijing Treaty signed in 1860 both stipulated that diplomatic documents sent by Britain and France to China should be written in their own languages (namely, English and French), the Qing government urgently needed to train talents who were proficient in foreign languages such as English and French. In addition, the Qing government believed that "when dealing with foreign countries, we must first understand their feelings ... If we want to understand the situation of each country, we must first be familiar with their language and writing so as not to be bullied". Therefore, Prince Gong's game is equal to 186 1 year, and a museum is set up in Beijing. The yamen attached to the Prime Minister's Office of State Affairs.
Wentong Library is completely managed by regular schools, and English Library, Russian Library, German Library and Oriental (Japanese) Library are opened one after another. Originally, only children of the Eight Banners under 13 and 14 were recruited, and later Manchu students aged 15-25 and Manchu students of any age were recruited. The study period is tentatively set at 3 years, and there will be two kinds of students in 1876: one is students majoring in foreign languages, astronomy, chemistry and geodesy. , the academic system is 8 years; First, older students who study astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines only by Chinese translation have a five-year academic system. 1867 added courses such as mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics, foreign history and geography. The maximum number of students is 120. Most of the graduates are translators, diplomats and officials of other westernization agencies of the Qing government. There is a printing factory that translated and printed the Law of Nations and books on mathematics, physics, literature and history. 1902 wentong museum merged into Shi Jing university hall.
The emergence of state capitalism:
(1) Reason:
First, the gradual disintegration of the natural economy is the premise of capitalism.
B, the stimulation of rich profits of foreign enterprises.
C, westernization of the introduction of advanced western production technology.
Some bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen invested in setting up factories.
(2) production:
During the 65438+ 1960s and 1970s, Chinese national capitalism first rose in the southeast coastal areas.
(3) Investors:
Bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen
(4) Representative enterprises:
Changfa Machine Factory in Shanghai, Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory in Nanhai, Guangdong, and Yilaimou Machine Factory in Tianjin.
(5) Impact:
China's economic structure has changed.
Changfa Machinery Factory:
Tongzhi five years (1866), Shanghai Changfa Machine Factory was established. It is the earliest private machine factory in China. At first, it was a forging workshop. Later, it expanded its scale and updated its equipment. In the twelfth year of Tongzhi, it has become a modern industrial enterprise with a certain scale, named "Changfa Copper and Iron Machine Factory". In the second year of Guangxu (1876), small steam wheels and lathes were manufactured. In 1980s, it was called "Changfa Machine Factory", commonly known as "Changfa Machine Factory", which was mainly engaged in manufacturing small ships and was the largest manufacturer in the national capital machine industry in Shanghai at that time. Later, due to the exclusion of foreign businessmen, Guangxu declined day by day. In the 26th year (1900), Guangxu was annexed by British businessman Yesong Shipyard.
Chen Qiyuan and Ji Changlong Silk Reeling Factory:
Chen Qiyuan is a famous overseas Chinese national capitalist in modern China. Born in 1825 and died in 1905. Chen Qiyuan did business in Nanyang in his early years. With the emergence of Chinese national capitalism, Chen Qiyuan returned to Guangdong from Annan (now Vietnam) on 1872. His hometown is rich in raw cocoon, and local farmers have a tradition of reeling silk, so they can recruit a large number of people. So he imitated Annan's French silk reeling machine and designed and drew two sets of machine drawings himself. All the equipment, including steam boilers, silk reeling cars and silk pots, are made locally. The silk reeling car is made of wood, and the silk pot is made of pottery, copying the "French" silk reeling machine. 1874, the first state-owned steam reeling factory in China, "Jichanglong", was established in Jiancunbao, Xiqiao, Nanhai County. We use our own machine to reel silk, commonly known as "reeling". The factory employs 600 to 700 workers and produces exquisite silk, which is sold to Europe and America with rich profits. Soon after, because it was regarded as a heresy, it was ordered to close by the Nanhai magistrate in 188 1 year (the seventh year of Guangxu). He moved the factory to Macau and renamed it Fu He Si Long Factory. After three years, I must get the permission of the government. He moved back to Jiancun to continue his business.