Crossing the river is the surname of overseas Chinese, and Wang, Xie, Yuan and Xiao are the biggest. Yongjia Rebellion, dressed in clothes, was named "overseas Chinese surname", and the southeast was named "Wu surname", with Zhu, Zhang, Gu and Lu as the biggest; Shandong, the local gentry in the southeast, is the "county surname", and Wang, Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng are the biggest; In other words, Guan Zhong's five surnames and seven appearances are also "county surnames", namely Wei, Pei, Liu, Xue, Yang and Du Shouzhi; The local aristocrat in Guanzhong, who represents the north, is named Lu, with Yuan, Yu Wen, Yu, Lu, Yuan and Dou as the first names. The gentry politics in the history of China, the last aristocrat with five surnames and seven expectations in China during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, sprouted in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty and disappeared at the end of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, in a sense, from the Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with the disappearance of the two privileges of "occupying the guest's shade" economically and "nine-product system" politically, gentry politics gradually weakened and disappeared. In fact, this is a big misunderstanding. Because, as far as historical facts are concerned, the most brilliant political era of China gentry has two stages, one is the Northern Jin Dynasty and the other is the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang dynasty, especially in the middle and late Tang dynasty, the politics of the gentry was not bleak; On the contrary, it is surprisingly brilliant again-this is not a "dead end" in a simple sense. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Han scholars emphasized family status, which influenced Hu regime, so that Xianbei established the Northern Wei Dynasty. In order to cooperate with * * * halls politically, they also attach great importance to family background. In the era of Emperor Xiaowen, they once solemnly listed the gentry in the hinterland of * *-"Shandong" as: "Wei Zhu (Emperor Xiaowen) valued his family background. In the eyes of contemporary people, the highest gate of "cremation in Shandong" is the highest gate in the world. When Li in Longxi sorted out his surnames, he was worried that he would not get honor, so he rode on a camel starry night and went to Luoyang. But at that time, the "four surnames of Gaomen" had been decided: Cui Shi in Qinghe, Lu in Fanyang, Zheng in Xingyang and Wang in Taiyuan-there was no Li in Longxi. In fact, the Li family in Longxi was also very noble at that time, and Emperor Xiaowen decided to be a scholar-bureaucrat. Although the Li family in Longxi (although its housing branch had moved to all parts of "Shandong" at that time) was not listed as the "four famous families", its family was also designated as the A family and eventually became one of the "four famous families". Moreover, it is worth mentioning that Cui, Lu, Zheng and Wang were among the "four famous families" and were closely related to the ruling in Longxi at that time: "Longxi was brilliant, and his marriage was unclear when he was in power, and the emperor also took his daughter as his wife. "Especially the king in taiyuan, is recommended. But the influence of the Wangs declined in the Northern Wei Dynasty, especially in the Tang Dynasty. " The Wangs in Taiyuan have four beautiful surnames, called' Wangs', which means silver ornaments and gold ornaments. Therefore, the new "four surnames" in Tang Dynasty are Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng.
There are Cui and Li, so whether Cui and Li in the "four surnames" in the Tang Dynasty refer to Cui Shi in Boling, Cui Shi in Qinghe, Li in Longxi or Li in Zhaojun has always been controversial. As far as Cui Shi is concerned, before Cao Wei, the influence of Qinghe Cui Shi was lower than that of Boling Cui Shi, but after Cao Wei, Qinghe Cui Shi began to catch up. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Cui Hong, Ho Choi and Cui Hong appeared, which made the family fame reach its peak and surpassed Boling Cui Shi in one fell swoop. At that time, Cui Cong of Qinghe said to john young and Lu Yuanming, "I am the only one in the world. What is the matter between Bo (Ling) Cui (Stone) and Zhao (County) Li (Stone)? " ! "But in the Tang Dynasty, Boling Cui Shi's influence was growing, surpassing Qinghe Cui Shi again. In the early Tang Dynasty, Cui Ming 'an, assistant minister of Huangmen, who was born in Boling, was the first portal in the world, and throughout the Tang Dynasty, the prime minister from Boling also surpassed the prime minister from Qinghe, so Cui Shi of Boling was the "crown of the gentry in the world". As for Longxi Li and Zhaojun Li, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the status of the former was higher than that of the latter, and in the Tang Dynasty, the latter also surpassed the former. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Zhaojun and Cui Shi of Boling walked side by side: "(The emperor) took Longxi as his wife, and the four surnames of Na Cui, Lu, Zheng and Wang filled the harem. There are many Li people in Zhao County, each with its own family style. Shi Yan Gaohua is headed by five surnames. "In the Tang Dynasty, Zhaojun Li was even more prominent, and 17 was the prime minister, which was the most in the aristocratic family. Cui Bo and Zhao Lizhi's Rong Sheng is viewed from the whole Tang Dynasty. According to the traditional understanding, "Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng" in the early Tang Dynasty still refers to Qinghe Cui Shi, john young Lushi, Longxi Lishi and Xingyang Zhengshi. However, the following new expressions have become more popular in the Tang Dynasty since it officially became a super giant in the Tang Dynasty-"five surnames and seven families": Cui Shi in Boling, Zhao, Cui Shi in Qinghe, Lu in Fanyang, Zheng in Xingyang and Wang in Taiyuan. The concept of "five surnames and seven clans" was widely spread in the Tang Dynasty, which made the gentry in the Tang Dynasty established since the Wei and Jin Dynasties actually show an upward trend. Especially since the middle Tang Dynasty, the concept of aristocratic families has been further consolidated, and there is still a deep gap between scholars and ordinary people. " Five surnames and seven families ","relying on their clan expectations, ashamed to marry surnames ",arrogantly engaged in internal marriage to maintain aristocratic lineage. For example, according to the tradition since the Northern Wei Dynasty, Qinghe Cui Shi was married to Longxi Lee and Fanyang Lushi from generation to generation; Zhao has been married to Boling Cui Shi for generations; Fan Yang Lushi and Xingyang Zheng generation married, Longxi Lee and Fan Yang Lushi generation married. They disdain to marry other surnames. So there was a sigh from Xue, the prime minister of the prosperous Tang Dynasty: "Those who regret in this life have not married five women! "The Xue family and Wei, Pei, Liu and Xue belong to one of the four surnames in Guanzhong, but they still admire the five surnames and seven families, which shows their great influence. In Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong couldn't stand the arrogance of aristocratic families and said: "Compared with the four surnames of Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng in Shandong, although it was late, he still relied on his old place and was very proud, so he was called a scholar-bureaucrat. Every time I marry a woman of another race, I need money, and it's the most expensive. Like Jia in the city, they are very harmful to customs and orderly. It is neither appropriate nor reasonable and must be reformed. " At that time, Taizong repeatedly asked questions containing confusion and anger: "I really don't understand why the four most important surnames in Baishan are so proud, but why are they so important in the world?" " !" So, I ordered the ministers to edit the genealogy, but in the first draft, the editors ignored the royal family and listed Boling Cui Shi as the best in the world. Later, with the intervention of Emperor Taizong, the genealogy raised the royal family and suppressed the "Shandong gentry", but it did not achieve practical results. In fact, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty was extremely insecure when he suppressed the "Shandong gentry", because at the same time, the royal family claimed that their ancestors were Li people in Longxi and were proud of it. In the era, aristocratic families were still suppressed, and the imperial edict prohibiting marriage was issued in the form of law: "Li Bao descendants in Longxi, Wang Qiong in Taiyuan, Zheng Wen in Xingyang, Lv Ziqian in Fanyang, Lu Hun, Lu Fu, Cui Zongbo in Qinghe, Cui Yi in Qianyanboling, Kai Lee in Zhaojun, etc. Do not marry yourself. " The result is still not satisfactory. Not only can they not be forbidden to marry, but they have invisibly increased the capital of these big families: "Those who are looked down upon by Zhao Mu in the future are all called' marriage-forbidden families', which is expensive." Not only do they look down on surnames, but even the royal family can't get into their eyes (although the royal family claims to be from Longxi Li, it is suspected and fashionable, and it is not valued by Cui Lu). In Tang Wenzong, the emperor proposed to the prime minister, hoping to marry his granddaughter to the Crown Prince, while Zheng could marry his granddaughter to Cui Mou, an official of Jiupin Zhengzhong at that time. To this end, literate Sect was speechless: "Civil marriage, regardless of official products, has gone to the valve." My 200-year-old son of heaven is not as good as Cui and Lu Ye? " Even in the late Tang dynasty, people's concept of gate valve did not weaken, but it became more serious. Looking back at history, we can see that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the "five surnames" did not have absolute advantages in the imperial court. The first reason is that the "Guanlong Military Group", the meritorious service of the Tang Dynasty, still had great power. Second, the emperor intended to suppress; Third, the vigorous implementation of the imperial examination system led to the appearance of many courtiers in cloth. At that time, most of the "five surnames" entered the official position with the shadow of the gate valve, and they did not adapt to and accept the new official way of the imperial examination; Fourth, the envy of court ministers who were born in poverty (such as Wu Zhou Prime Minister Xu and Li Yifu). However, after the "An Shi Rebellion", the political center of the Tang Dynasty was rebuilt, and the "five surnames" rose again with the help of the imperial examination system. For example, Zheng of Xingyang was hard to find a person when he was prime minister in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Since the middle Tang dynasty, there have been more than a dozen prime ministers and ministers, so there is a saying of "Zheng"; Another example is Cui Shi and Qinghe, where there was the Tang Dynasty, and its branches were Nanzufang, Qinghe Dafang, Qinghe Xiaofang and Qingzhou Fang, with a total of 10 people as prime ministers. Only two of them were former prime ministers of the "An Shi Rebellion", who entered the middle Tang Dynasty after the incident, and eight of them became prime ministers successively. The re-emergence of aristocratic families is closely related to mastering the imperial examination power, and after adapting to the imperial examination system, aristocratic families have a special advantage in the examination because of their deep family style and knowledge tradition. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, especially since the middle Tang Dynasty, there were more than 100 scholars, which is remarkable. You know, in the Tang dynasty, the Jinshi exam was the most difficult, and not many people were admitted. Lu's achievements are inseparable from his family style and knowledge. However, there are some aristocratic families in the hall, who always despise the scientific research system and stick to the concept of medieval aristocrats. For example, Prime Ministers Zhao Deyu and Xingyang, Li Deyu "was born in the countryside in shame, disliked exams" and "especially hated Jinshi", and Xingyang even suggested abolishing the Jinshi system. Who were the laymen with five surnames and seven surnames in the Tang Dynasty? Longxi Li, Zhaojun Li, Boling Cui Shi, Qinghe Cui Shi, Fanyang Lushi, Xingyang Zheng, Taiyuan Wang. Among them, Lee and Cui Shi each have two counties. So it's called five surnames and seven looks, or five surnames and seven families.
Li Guang was born in Longxi, Li, (? -Former 1 19), Han nationality, Ji Chengren of Longxi (now Qin 'an County, Tianshui, Gansu Province), a famous strategist in China during the Western Han Dynasty. In the 14th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 166), he joined the army to attack the Huns because of his meritorious service. Jingdi was appointed as the magistrate of seven counties in the northern border region. Emperor Wu ascended the throne and was called Weiyang Palace Guard. In the sixth year of Yuanguang (before 129), he served as general Xiaoqi, led more than 10,000 people to ride out Yanmen (now Youyunan, Shanxi) to attack the Xiongnu, and was wounded and captured because of the disparity in numbers. Xiongnu soldiers put them between two horses, and Li Guang played dead. On the way, he jumped and galloped home. Later, he served as the magistrate of Youbeiping County (Zhipinggang County, now southwest of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia). Huns are afraid of clothes and call them flying generals. They dared not attack for years. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19), Li Guang was a general before the Battle of Mobei. He lost his way and failed to take part in the war, so he committed suicide in anger. What are five surnames and seven looks? Five surnames include: Cui Zhengwang.
Among them, Cui Shi and Li are the most prominent surnames. They add up to a total of seven, namely Boling Cui Shi (now Anping County, Shenxian County, Raoyang, Anguo and other places in Hebei Province), Qinghe Cui Shi (now Qinghe County in Hebei Province), Fanyang Lushi (now Baoding City and Beijing City), Longxi Li (now southeast of Gansu Province), Zhao Jun Li (now Zhao County in Hebei Province) and Zhao. Boling Cui Shi: a famous northern family in China from Han Dynasty to Sui and Tang Dynasties. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Cui Yiru, a descendant of Ji Zi, was appointed as a doctor of Qin State (now Xianyang, Shaanxi Province), and was later named in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Cui Ye attacked Jue in Han Dynasty and lived in Qinghe River. Cui Zhongmou, the younger brother of Cui Ye, lives in Anping, Boling, and is later divided into three tribes: Boling bungalow, Boling mansion, Boling second house and Boling third house. This is the beginning of Boling Cui Shi. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cui Shi in Boling and Cui Shi in Qinghe were both prominent families in Shandong. In the Western Jin Dynasty, they paid attention to aristocratic families, and Cui Shi was listed as the first-class surname "King Cui". During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Cui Shi in Boling was the first family. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, Cui Shi accounted for two of the top five surnames in China, namely Cui Shi in Boling and Cui Shi in Qinghe. Boling Cui Shi was a high-ranking official from Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty. One of the most famous is Cui Xuanyong of the Tang Dynasty, who participated in the "Dragon Coup", forced Wu Zetian of the Zhou Dynasty to abdicate, ushered in Emperor Li Xian of Zhongzong, and restored the reputation of the Tang Dynasty. Cui Xuanyong was later named king of Boling County, and was called the "Five Kings" with Zhang Jianzhi, Huan, Yuan and Jing Hui. Cui Shi, a native of Qinghe, was a famous northern family from Han Dynasty to Sui and Tang Dynasties. Qinghe Cui Shi: One of the ministers of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, he lived in Qinghe County in the Western Han Dynasty and became a Shandong aristocrat after the Eastern Han Dynasty. Among them, Cui Yan voted for Cao Cao. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Cui Shi was listed as the first-class surname "King Cui". Cui Shi in Qinghe is a long history of the Northern Dynasties. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was once called "four great families" together with Lu's family in Fan Yang, Zheng's family in Xingyang and Wang's family in Taiyuan. Cui Shi was prominent in the Tang Dynasty, with 23 people as prime ministers. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, officials revised the Genealogy and ranked Cui Shi as the first. When Emperor Taizong learned of this, he was furious and said, "Cui Shi has long been in decline, with neither prominent officials nor talents. Why should we rank first? Is it better for me to be the son of heaven than Cui Shi? " Li, who was ordered to come, was the first, followed by the queen, followed by Cui. Nevertheless, Cui Shi is still an aristocratic hall. Qinghe Cui Shi was once a branch of Boling Cui Shi, and was also one of the famous gentry in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Lu: In 385 BC, Tian He replaced Qi, Lu and Gao Er, and they were driven away. After leaving Lu Yi, Changqing County, Shandong Province, they scattered between Yan and Qin, mainly living in john young. When Lu Shi of john young was in Qin Shihuang, there were Lu Ao, a famous doctor of Five Classics, and Lu Sheng, a famous doctor of astronomy. Lu Wan, the prince of Yan in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and China's Confucian master (Lu Zhi's former residence was in Lujiachang, Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province), who was praised as "a model for scholars and a successful country" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, all came from john young. From Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui Dynasty, there are descendants, such as,,, Lu Miao, etc. , are butler and scholarly family. From Xuan Lu to his great-grandson, there are 18 people in 100 families. They live together in wealth and are famous as officials. The prince wants to marry Lu, who is called Lu, and a princess royal family also wants to accept Fan Yang's daughter as the imperial concubine. Historians have four surnames: Cui, Lu, Wang and Xie Zhi, saying, "Looking out from the window, it is the royal family". It was particularly prominent in the Tang Dynasty, not only as a scholar, scholar, imperial historian, but also as a large number of talents, including "eight outstanding men in the Tang Dynasty", "four outstanding men in the early Tang Dynasty" and "ten talented men in the Dali period". From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there were more than 840 historical celebrities in Shandong recorded in the official history. Lu is a generation of sages, with brilliant achievements and famous writers. Emperor Qianlong also wrote a poem: "Youyan is unparalleled since ancient times, and Fanyang is the first state in the world". Fanyang aristocratic family became the glory of Lushi family for hundreds of years, so Lushi family was named "Fanyangtang". Li in Longxi is the most prominent of Li's surnames. Longxi, called Longyou in ancient times, generally refers to the eastern part of Gansu Province in the west of Longxi Mountain. Longxi County was established in the Qin and Han Dynasties and is one of Li's counties. Longxi Li: The earliest county magistrate in Longxi County in Qin Dynasty was that later generations respected him as the ancestor of Longxi Li. Li became a famous family in Longxi, which was jointly created by three generations: the second son Yao was the head of Nanjun County and was named Di Daohou; His Sun Xin was a general and was named Hou of Longxi. During the Han Dynasty, Li in Longxi produced two important figures: Li Guang, a flying general, and his younger brother. Li Liling's defeat was captured by Xiongnu, which made Li's reputation in Longxi County decline. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Li in Longxi rose in troubled times, and Li Gui, the king of Xiliang, was the first emperor of Li. By the Sui Dynasty, Lee in Longxi was already an aristocratic family in power in the ruling and opposition. Li Yuan in Longxi destroyed the Sui Dynasty and established the Tang Dynasty, taking Li as the country's surname. In the Tang Dynasty, Li in Longxi surpassed Li in Zhao County. Tang Taizong compiled Genealogy, which placed Li at the top of all the gentry's surnames, and even gave the hero the surname Li. Since then, the Li family in Longxi has developed from a family linked by blood to a huge family with multiple integration. In the Tang Dynasty, the surname spectrum contained "Li thirteen looks, headed by Longxi". When compiling Li Yuanliu in the Southern Song Dynasty, "whoever talks about Li is called Longxi". Later Li claimed to be Longxi, and he was attached. Li Shimin deliberately suppressed and then rejected the royal marriage. Why are the five surnames and seven looks so arrogant? Five surnames and seven hopes have always thought that they have a high status and are the first of many families, and they are also very popular. Five surnames and seven hopes have always considered themselves powerful and arrogant, and even the royal family can't take them seriously.
During the Tang Dynasty, children with five surnames and seven expectations chose fame, got a part-time job in the imperial court, and even occupied an important position. Five surnames and seven looks, these powerful people, their position in the court is becoming more and more important. No matter which emperor came to power, he dared not easily clash with a noble family with five surnames and seven hopes.
The reputation of "five surnames and seven expectations" has a great influence on the people and officials, so emperors of all dynasties will choose to suppress the children of these ethnic groups appropriately. Because of the difficult official career, the children with five surnames and seven expectations chose more literary development. Many great writers in the Tang Dynasty came from this family with five surnames and seven hopes. For example, Wang Bo, Lu, and Li Qiao accounted for half of the poets in the Tang Dynasty.
The imperial examination system has been used to select talents in the Tang Dynasty. It happened that children with five surnames and seven family names are all famous gifted scholars, so they won't miss such a good opportunity. By selecting talents through the imperial examination system, people with five surnames and seven expectations who have been suppressed have the opportunity to enter the DPRK as officials and return to their heyday. Later, the son of five surnames and seven hopes re-entered the historical stage and occupied an important position in the court. There are about 20 prime ministers with five surnames and seven expectations, not to mention other officials. There are hundreds of Jinshi in a family alone.
Five surnames and seven expectations not only have a high status in culture, but also occupy a decisive position in politics. In addition, aristocratic families are proud of themselves and care more about the right family. They prefer marriage between families, which leads to closer relations between families.
Clothes (1) are like a mountain (1)