In the Qing Dynasty, China had no national flag or military flag in the modern sense. It was not until 188 1 that two cruisers "Yangwei" and "Chaoyong" ordered in Britain returned to China in September, that Li Hongzhang made the texture and color of military flags and flags with the consent of the Qing court. Huanglongqi is made of feather yarn and is yellow. It is inlaid with cyan four-claw dragons, and the faucet is upward. It is divided into four sizes, the number one is 1 foot 5 inches, and the width is 1 foot 6 inches 5 minutes. No.2 horizontal length 1.3 feet 9 inches, width 9 feet 5 inches; No.3 has a horizontal length of 1. 1.5 inches and a width of 7.6 inches; Number four is 9 feet 6 inches long and 6 feet 3 inches wide. The prefect of the military flag uses a five-color rectangular flag, and the general uses a three-color rectangular flag with an anchor shape at the upper corner. The official uniforms of Beiyang Navy are divided into pipe belt, assistant chief officer, torpedo chief officer, pilot officer, gun officer, boat equipment, sampan, boatswain, deputy gunner, patrol officer, purser, second and third tugboat, boatswain and deputy gunner. The whole army has a navy prefect who commands the whole army and is stationed in Ahava. There are two company commanders, divided into left and right wings, and each iron ship is the captain. Officers below lieutenant general should be ranked according to the size of their ships and the weight of their duties. Officers below the company commander live on ships and do not build official positions. 5 deputy commanders, 4 generals, 9 guerrillas, 27 commanders, 60 garrison officers, 65 commanders, 99 commanders and 43 contractors. Ranks from big to small are: Zhengdutong, Deputy Dutong, Jiedutong, Zhengshenling, Deputy Conscription, Jieshenling, Zhengjunxue, Deputy Military Academy and Jiejunxue. Ship formation: Zhenyuan armored ships captured by the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War: Dingyuan and Zhenyuan (Dingyuan armored ships) clippers: armored cruisers: Jingyuan and Laiyuan; Protection cruisers: Jiyuan, Zhiyuan and Jingyuan; Collision cruisers: Yang Wei, Chaoyong; Mosquito gunboats: gunboats: town side, town middle, town east, town west, town south and town north; Torpedo boat: left one, left two, left three, right one, right two, right three, Long Fu, Ding one, Ding one, Yi Zhen, Yi Zhen; Practice boats: practice boats: Ji Kang, Weiyuan, Agile; Auxiliary ship: (omitted). Personnel Almost all the captains and senior officers of beiyang fleet's major warships graduated from Fuzhou Ship Administration School, and many of them studied and practiced in the British Naval Academy. Most middle-level officials are young people who have studied in the United States. After being recalled to the country, they went to Fujian Naval Academy to study the navy and then served. Foreigners have been serving as officers, technical experts and guidance in the fleet. Many officers in beiyang fleet can speak English, and internal command orders are also given in English. The main generals: Ding, Ding, Deng Shichang-the prefect of the navy (suicide); Liu-right-wing company commander, Dingyuan duct tape (suicide); Lin Taizeng-left-wing company commander, Zhenyuan pipeline belt (suicide); Deng Shichang-Lieutenant of the Chinese Army, Zhiyuan Pipeline (killed in battle); Ye Zugui-Right Lieutenant Zhong Jun of Jingyuan Pipeline (dismissed); Fang Boqian-Lieutenant General Zuo Zhong Jun of Jiyuan Pipeline Belt (implemented); Lin Yongsheng-the left-wing left battalion lieutenant, through the distant pipeline (killed); Qiu Baoren, assistant to the right-wing commander Zuo Ying, came to Yuanhao to take charge (dismissed); Huang Jianxun, deputy battalion commander of the left-wing and right-wing battalion, was brave enough to control the belt (died in battle); Lin Luzhong-right-wing right battalion lieutenant, Yang Wei duct tape (killed); Yang Yonglin, a left-wing guerrilla, was originally a Zhenyuan band. After Lin Tai committed suicide, he took over the band (suicide). Chasing system
After the Beiyang Navy became an army, it drafted the Constitution of Beiyang Navy, which was approved by Yi Xuan and Li Hongzhang. The contents include ship system, official system, promotion, accident, examination, salary, reward, miscellaneous expenses, clerical system, stirrup system, exam-taking, simple reading, military equipment and other related matters.
Major battles you have participated in.
Toyoshima naval battle
Yellow sea naval battle
Ahava naval battle
10. Naval Fund and Summer Palace
For a long time, there has been a saying that the Summer Palace was built with 30 million yuan of naval funds (there are several other sayings, the figures are slightly up and down). The original basis of this statement comes from Liang Qichao's Fen Wei Yan, Wang Shihe's Jian Lu, Chi's Navy Memorabilia and other folk records.
The Summer Palace, formerly known as Qingyi Garden, was burned in the Second Opium War. On February 14th, Guangxu, the imperial edict was renamed, and the garden renovation project was made public, but before that, a considerable part of it had been completed or construction had been stepped up. Li Hongzhang wrote to Yi Kuang in June 13th year of Guangxu: "Wanshou Mountain has been selected and operated one after another, and we have tried to learn from each other. Hong Zhang can't help but have an arm. " It is concluded that "cutting short to make up for one's shortcomings" means misappropriating naval funds, and it is considered that in the spring of 12 years, the marine department decided to distribute the coastal defense funds of the north and south oceans according to "two levels", that is, deducting the balance for gardening; He also said that the coastal defense donations from 12 to 14 were also moved to gardening. These inferences seem to lack stronger proof.
In a memorial in the 14th year of Guangxu, the government of the navy mentioned that the annual income was less than 3 million taels, and it was necessary to borrow 3.3 million taels. This was based on asking the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to add 2 million taels of foreign medicines and taxes every year. "Minister Yi Xuan made a decision to make up the loan with more than 300,000 yuan, return the money for repairing the Three Seas within 200,000 years, and the remaining 402,000 yuan will be used to build the Summer Palace and other places, and the other half will be reserved for continuation. If Gong Zheng hadn't finished, the Ministry of Housing wouldn't have been able to increase the funds. Now it's asking for 654.38+2 million yuan. Even if the Ministry agrees to do so, it can only make up for the shortage of regular funds, and the navy can't manage the money and work for the time being. ..... The Summer Palace and other places have been repaired, and I have to use all the existing 457,500 spare money. " 1June, 935 1 1 day, Yi Kuang played again: "Generally speaking, if the navy's funds can be paid off in full every year, it can barely be paid. From now on, 302,000 can be transferred to the Engineering Department for application every year. " These two materials are evidence of the transfer of funds during the public construction of the Summer Palace. 14 years 12 months, the Marine Department typed: "Two items, Yuping and Donation, are planned to be stored separately due to work needs". What's the total? It's a bad debt at present. According to statistics, during the 13th to 20th years of Guangxu, the Marine Department deducted about 802,000 yuan from the soldiers' salaries in the north and south and the soldiers' salaries in the three eastern provinces, all of which were used for gardening.
Since April 28th, the 17th year of Guangxu, Cixi has been stationed in the Summer Palace, indicating that the scale has begun to take shape. However, the project is still in progress, and preparations have begun for the celebration of Cixi's 60th birthday, and the funds of the naval yamen continue to be diverted to gardeners. On February 16 of that year, he said: "Since the construction of Cha Summer Palace, 302,000 yuan has been temporarily allocated from the navy to the engineering department for application every year, and 2.6 million yuan subscribed by provincial governors has been paid off one after another, and all the interest earned is used for work. ..... But the amount allocated to work each year is not much, and it is impossible for provinces to raise money at one time. I need hard work and money badly. On second thought, it's just a temporary new donation as a stopgap measure. The project funds are temporarily transferred from the donation of coastal defense. Once Tianjin deposit and interest-bearing collection take effect, they will be paid to Chen Jie Yamen one after another. " On August 25th, Yi Kuang and Fu Kun gave a performance: "In April this year, the quasi-Prime Minister's yamen held a meeting and allowed to temporarily borrow 654,338+22,000 pieces of silver for the Summer Palace project, which was returned by Tianjin at interest."
At present, although it is impossible to find all the detailed accounts of the transfer of funds in the Summer Palace, the above materials have their inherent continuity. From this calculation, the marine department transferred more than 4 million yuan. In addition, according to research, from the 12th to 14th year of Guangxu, the Marine Department collected a total of 6,543.8+0.577 million yuan in coastal defense donations, and from the 15th year of Guangxu to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, a total of 2 million yuan in new coastal defense donations were collected, which also flowed into garden workers.
It should be pointed out that the funds allocated to the Summer Palace project are the funds of the naval yamen, not the Beiyang Coastal Defence Association. During the five to twenty years, the income of Beiyang Coastal Defence Association was basically stable, with an average of about 654.38+0.37 million, which was higher than the average of the previous fourteen years. Yi Xuan and Yi Kuang presided over gardening and raised funds, giving people the impression that the marine department is the engineering office of the Summer Palace. However, funding for the restoration of parks is not only the responsibility of the Marine Department. Liang Qichao said that since Ma Jiang's defeat, "ministers have been competing to train the navy, with a reserve of 30 million yuan ... The Summer Palace project was launched, and all the money raised was used for civilian purposes". Eunuch Wang Shihe said that the naval divisions "planned to build the Qingyi Garden and spent more than 30 million yuan" just to satisfy corruption. These statements are far from the general law of naval fund-raising Apart from maintaining the navy and allocating 654.38 million yuan for training in Northeast China, it is impossible for the navy to raise 22 million yuan or 32 million yuan (that is, an average of 3 million to 4 million yuan per year) during Guangxu fourteen to twenty years. Liang Qichao's article aims to encourage opposition to the autocratic rule of Cixi, which is exaggerated and cannot be used as history. Of course, the obstruction of naval development is related to gardeners, but it should be further analyzed from the overall financial situation of the Qing government. Outside the park, the emperor's wedding in the 14th year of Guangxu spent 5 million taels, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development allocated 60 days to Zhengzhou River Worker, 2 million taels to Shandong River Worker, and newly minted money ... "It is conceivable that funds are tight. Fourteen years after the Constitution of Beiyang Navy was formulated, it was generally believed that beiyang fleet had become an army, and Li Hongzhang boasted that "as far as the gateway to Bohai Sea is concerned, it is unbreakable". Under the influence of many factors, in the seventeenth year of Guangxu, the inpatient department stipulated to stop buying foreign naval guns within two years. Putting aside the overall situation and blaming the stagnation of naval expansion entirely on the personal indulgence of Empress Dowager Cixi is untenable in Taiwan's history.
2.6 million taels of "navy money" incident. /kloc-in September of 0/4, Yi Xuan, the prince of alcohol, wrote to Li Hongzhang, revealing that "Wanshou Mountain is short of funds" and told him and the local governor to "try to collect 2 million taels of silver to store it for the annual repair". Li Hongzhang realized that this was the will of Cixi, and immediately informed Guangdong Governor Zhang Zhidong, Jiang Governor, Hu Governor, Hubei Governor Kun Bin, Sichuan Governor Liu, Jiangxi Governor Dexin and others to arrange posts in various places. He said to Zhang Zhidong: "There are many names of middle finger money stolen from Guangdong. If we can save the use and extract it evenly several times, it will be in line with the idea of teaching the imperial palace not to move the money of the emperor. ..... 200,000 a year, accumulated to 100000 in five years, and the privilege is left. In addition, there are one or two good countries in Nanyang, which will be beneficial and considerable. " He told Ceng Guoquan more clearly: "The first thing I care about is that it is fragrant and handsome, and the second thing is the platform. ..... But after looking for it for so many years, where is the spare money? At present, the demand is very urgent, and no matter what the problem is, it can be postponed for several years. " The local governors got the message and rushed to the top. As a result, a total of 2.6 million yuan was collected. In order to hide people's eyes and ears, this money is called "naval funds", "deposited in Beiyang for interest, and settled in Beijing every year to make up for the shortage of miscellaneous funds. This bank specializes in buying ships and strengthening all important tasks. " Soon after, Yu Shilin's youth demanded to stop serving, but was severely reprimanded by the imperial edict, while Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and all the governors, governors, squadrons and transportation departments involved in raising and solving the "huge sum of naval money" were rewarded. This incident fully exposed the corruption of the Qing court and the darkness of official management. To be exact, this huge sum of 2.6 million can't be counted in the navy account.
1 1. Reasons for the decline of Beiyang Navy
Strategically:
People in important civil and military positions in the Qing dynasty did not know how to use the fleet built with countless silver. After the Beiyang navy became an army, it thought it was "self-sufficient" and stopped buying naval funds for warships.
During the whole war, the Beiyang Navy did not formulate a clear strategy and strategic plan to seize the sea power with the joint fleet, but the Japanese Navy formulated a clear operational plan, which was a naval victory plan centered on seizing the sea power. As a result, the joint fleet took the initiative in the war and the Beiyang Navy was strategically passive.
Technical aspects:
In the Dadonggou naval battle in the Yellow Sea, the lack of rapid-fire guns with recoil devices in Beiyang Navy is a fatal technical defect. According to statistics, a rapid-fire gun with a caliber of 150 mm can fire 5 to 6 rounds per minute, while a rear-mounted gun with the same caliber rigid gun rack can only fire 1 round per minute. However, the Japanese joint fleet has a large number of rapid-fire guns, reaching more than 150, and the Japanese fleet has given full play to the power of rapid-fire guns. According to statistics, the Japanese fleet rapid-fire guns "fired 3-6 times as many shells as the Qing fleet guns with the same caliber". Ma Jifen, an American foreigner, thinks that "the improved rapid-fire gun and grenades that can hold a lot of gunpowder are effective".
Another technical defect of Beiyang Navy is the lack of fast cruisers to compete with the Japanese joint fleet. At the beginning of the engagement, the influence of slow speed on Beiyang Navy was unfavorable formation turning, which made it difficult for both sides to cooperate.
Beiyang navy does not prepare for war. The lack of armor-piercing blasting bombs (so-called flowering bombs) has been stored in the ammunition depots of Lushun and Weihai bases. There are also cases where ammunition is insufficient, shells hit enemy ships and do not explode, and the shells used are "inappropriate".
Shen Shoukun, the chief gunner of Dingyuan Ship, said: In the Battle of Dadonggou, "it is the difference between bravery and timidity of generals who are not soldiers." The brave are too brave to be the first without waiting for orders, and the timid are too timid to retreat if they don't obey orders. The reason why this array is uneven is because the team is in a slump. "The deputy chief of the escort team of the ship pointed out:" After the naval battle, regardless of victory or defeat, there were some brave men and some quitters on each ship, so that they were rewarded and punished separately, which was inspiring enough. After the war, our army never inspected it. Those who are afraid of hiding are glad that they didn't take risks, and those who charge to put out the fire and shoot bravely are still regretting that they didn't learn from it. Although the injured were hospitalized, they sent their own sailors to support the battle; Those who died in the battle got their salaries and rations in their clothes and coffins. When you get a compassionate reward, you are also lucky and unfortunate. At the thought of this, the local soldiers can be content with their sworn enemies? Who can support their families without parents and wives, and what is the idea of survival? "
12. Related film and television works
Twelve episodes of TV series "Beiyang Navy"
Screenwriter and director: Feng.
Historical consultants: Yang Zhiben, Xu Hua
The main actors: Chen, Chen, Teng Rujun,.
Synopsis of story:
This day is full of tears and has a strong naval force. How did the Beiyang Navy, which once had a great influence on the world, become the first in Asia, and how did it die in the sea, thus going to extinction. Truly reproduce the bloody battle between China and Japan, Lushun Massacre, North Korea's Pyongyang War, Liaodong Battle, Toyoda Akio Naval Battle, Yellow Sea Naval Battle, Shandong Weihai War.
From 65438 to 0855, Chen Baozhen, Minister of Ship Administration, founded Fuzhou Ship Administration School, which trained the first batch of young naval officers and became the commander of Fujian Navy and Beiyang Navy successively.
1877 March 3 1 Some of these outstanding naval officers went to the British Naval Academy to study abroad, bearing the high hopes and trust given to them by the state. After Meiji Restoration, Japan stepped up the purchase and manufacture of warships and accelerated its development. Officers sent by the navy also studied in Britain and became their later opponents. 1874 the Japanese army shelled Taiwan Province province and sent troops to land on the pretext that the sulfur ball fishermen were killed.
1On August 23rd, 884, the Majiang naval battle broke out at 13: 50. 1888, the Beiyang navy under the sublime world was formally established, with 2 large armored ships, 8 cruisers, 6 gunboats, 16 torpedo boats, 5 training ships ... a total of 56 ships with more than 4,000 officers and men.
1894 The Sino-Japanese Korean War broke out. At 7: 45 on July 25, the Japanese navy suddenly attacked the Beiyang navy fleet in Fengdao, the mouth of the Yalu River. The Japanese army forcibly landed in North Korea under the escort of the fleet and stormed the Qing army stationed in Pyongyang. 17 September, 12: 50, the first naval battle of the steam engine armored fleet broke out in the Dadonggou sea area of the Yellow Sea between beiyang fleet and Japan. 165438+1On October 6th, the Japanese army captured Jinzhou. 165438+1On October 7th, the Empress Dowager Cixi sent a message that she would go to the theatre for three days. On the same day, the Japanese army captured Dalian and began to attack Lushun. From 22nd to 25th, the First Division of the Japanese Army, under the command of Hiroshi Yamahara, the head of the division, launched a four-day massacre that shocked the world. Only 36 people survived and 20,000 people in China were massacred. Subsequently, Haicheng fell, and the Japanese army captured Liaodong Peninsula and advanced to Shanhaiguan. 1895 65438+1On October 20th, Japanese troops attacked Shandong Peninsula. Beiyang Navy retreated to Liu Gongdao, stuck to its aid and ran out of ammunition. "Beiyang Navy" won the excellent TV series "Flying Award".
Five-episode documentary "Beiyang Navy"
Historical consultants: Ming Jiang, Xu Hua.
The documentary "Beiyang Navy" of CCTV's Exploration and Discovery-The Secret History of the Late Qing Dynasty consists of five episodes: the maritime crisis, the armored Beiyang, the first battle against Toyoda, the second battle against the Yellow Sea and the sunset in Weihai. With the most detailed historical materials, the most authoritative experts and a year-long production process, Exploration and Discovery truly shows the audience the historical process of Beiyang Navy in Qing Dynasty from its establishment to its demise. From the imperial edict of Emperor Guangxu to the establishment of the first fleet in Asia; From several fishing boats in Ryukyu to Beiyang Navy in Ahava, the whole army was wiped out; From a few words of secret information to the financial archives of the Qing Dynasty that have never been uncovered. "Beiyang Navy" will be the most detailed documentary describing this history.
The first episode, maritime crisis
1In June, 874, several fishing boats belonging to Ryukyu, a vassal country of the Qing government, drifted to Taiwan Province Province unexpectedly, and fishermen clashed with local Gaoshan people. This little housework of the Qing government attracted Japanese warships armed to the teeth, but the Japanese warships were scared off by the warships of the Qing government that arrived later. Since then, the maritime arms race between the two sides has gradually begun.
The second episode, armored Beiyang
The Qing government spent more than 3 million taels of silver in Germany's Wall Shipyard for five years, and finally got two world-class armored ships-Dingyuan and Zhenyuan. From then on, these two huge armored ships not only became the symbol of Beiyang Navy and the hope of the Qing government, but also brought the fear of Japan for many years. 1888 12 17, the Qing court flew its flag in Liu Gongdao, officially announcing the establishment of Beiyang Navy. At this time, the total number of ships of Beiyang Navy reached more than 50, with a displacement of more than 40,000 tons. Coupled with warships from other places, China's naval strength has become the seventh in the world and the first in Asia.
The third episode, Battle of Toyoda
In the face of Japan's three most advanced warships and the "undeclared war" that is not allowed by public international law but may happen at any time, more than 700 Qing soldiers silently waited for the Japanese decision on the troop carrier without artillery. A few minutes later, the Japanese warship Yoshino fired its first shell at the sea between China and Japan, and more than 700 Qing soldiers were almost all buried at the bottom of the sea within a few hours.
The fourth episode, fight the Yellow Sea again
1 894 August1day, China and Japan formally declared war. On the morning of September/KOOC-0/7/KOOC-0/0: 30, the warships of the two sides/KOOC-0/0 met in the Yellow Sea. This fleet, which has been built for nearly ten years and spent a lot of money, is facing a comprehensive practical test for the first time. Perhaps Dingyuan and Zhenyuan will let the Japanese fleet taste the power of armored ships; Perhaps, the beiyang fleet built by the Qing government at a cost of 65438+ 1 100 million taels of silver will become a sunken ship forever in a few hours. The two sides discharged different formations that have never appeared in the history of naval warfare. From day to night, the two sides constantly changed formations, and the Beiyang Navy and the Japanese Joint Fleet took turns to take advantage.
The fifth episode is the battle of bombing Weihai in Dingyuan, and Weihai at sunset.
The remaining main warships of Beiyang Navy are caught between Scylla and Charybdis in Hong Kong, and Ding is in a dilemma. Dingyuan Ship was afraid of being captured by the Japanese army and attacked itself in turn. With tears in her eyes, Liu gave the order to bomb Dingyuan. With a loud noise, the last spiritual pillar of Beiyang Navy, the fleet symbol made of silver by the Qing government, sank into the sea with the desire of 5,000 officers and men to escape.
Nanyang Navy flagship Nanyang Navy is mainly responsible for coastal defense affairs in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. 1875, Shen Baozhen, the newly promoted Governor of Liangjiang and Minister of Nanyang, was ordered to start organizing coastal defense in Nanyang. The warships of Nanyang Navy mainly come from warships produced by Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and warships seconded by Fujian Shipping Administration. Later, several warships were outsourced. 1884, Ceng Guoquan, then governor of the two rivers, asked the Qing court to appoint Li Chengmou, the prefect of the Yangtze River Navy, to take charge of Nanyang warships, and the Nanyang Navy began to take shape. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out, its strength was second only to Beiyang Navy.
build
Nanyang Navy, or Nanyang Fleet and Nanyang Navy, is one of the modern naval fleets established in the Westernization Movement in the Qing Dynasty. 1875, Shen Baozhen, then Governor of Liangjiang River and Minister of Nanyang Trade and Industry, was appointed to be established and formally established. 1884 before the sino-French war, it was quite large, with 17 cruisers, gunboats and other ships of about 20,000 tons. 1884 during the sino-French war, the Nanyang fleet lost two ships and accidentally sank another. Most of the warships of Nanyang Navy were manufactured by Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, and only a few were purchased from Britain and Germany. Because the policy of the Qing court was to concentrate on developing the Beiyang Navy, the tonnage, equipment, personnel and strength of the Nanyang Navy were far from it. The sea area that Nanyang Navy is responsible for is Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the berths are mainly Shanghai and Nanjing.
1874 Japanese troops attempted to invade Taiwan Province province, which aroused the vigilance of the Qing government. At the end of the year, Prince Gong Yi? Began to discuss coastal defense. By the middle of 1875, Li Hongzhang and Zuo decided to supervise the coastal defense of Beiyang and Nanyang respectively. And the first navy was established in Beiyang, and one or two armored ships were purchased for distribution in the future. The annual customs budget is 4 million yuan, which decomposes the northern and southern oceans. After Shen Baozhen built two armies with four million yuan, the dispersion was too small, and he proposed to solve Beiyang in full. 1885 during the sino-French war, the Nanyang navy sent five ships to Taiwan Province for support, and nine ships encountered France at sea. Three of the Nanyang fleet retreated into the harbor, and the other two sank after entering Shipu Bay. After that, the Nanyang Navy once stopped building and purchasing new ships for a long time. After Beiyang Navy was destroyed after the Sino-Japanese War, some ships of Nanyang Navy were deployed to defend Beiyang. To 1909, the north and south merged to form the cruiser fleet and the Yangtze River fleet. Nanyang fleet officially disappeared.
Ship formation
cruiser
"Kaiji" and "Huantai"
"Clear Mirror" and "Nanrui"
Chen Nan and Bao Min.
gunboat
Tian Ji and Ce Dian
Flying over the eaves and walking over the wall and Long Xiang
From Tiger to Tiger and Zhen 'an
Yu Garden and Hai 'an
"Chengqing" and "Henghai"
Wei Jing and Measuring the Sea
"Golden Ou" and "Ascending to Yingzhou"
"He Jun" and "Jingyuan"
Ship transportation
"Riverbank" and "Chengbo"
Jiangnan navy school
When you enter the city from Jiangmen in the west of Nanjing, the first thing you see is a unique Western-style archway, which is the former site of Jiangnan Naval Academy, which is known as the cradle of China Navy.
Jiangnan Naval Academy Jiangnan Naval Academy, also known as Nanyang Naval Academy and Jiangning Naval Academy, was established in the 16th year of Guangxu (1890). The school is located in Yifengmen, Shimonoseki, Nanjing, and mainly transports talents for Nanyang Naval Academy.
According to Tianjin Naval Academy, the academic system is divided into two subjects: driving and steering. Each subject is divided into two classes, two classes and three classes, and each class sends a teacher to attend classes specially. Courses are divided into classes and boat classes. After entering the school, students enter Class 3 and specialize in learning basic knowledge such as English. Only after they are promoted to Class 1 can they teach professional knowledge, including astronomy, sea lanes, wind prevention, disposal, construction and repair, steam turbines, thunder and so on. Every few years, the navy leads students to practice abroad by training boat, and evaluates them on the way. The whole learning process lasts for 6-7 years, and the graduates are sent to study in Britain. The original number of students in the school was 120, but after the school was established, the number of students decreased year by year because of the lack of ship training and the inability to meet the needs of students' internship. Until the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), Liu Kunyi, the governor of the two rivers, resumed the quota according to the regulations and added the "Huantai" training ship for students to practice abroad.
Jiangnan Naval Academy is later than Fuzhou Ship Administration and Tianjin Naval Academy, but it is quite active. Graduates are either sent to Japan to study or internship on British warships, which has created a large number of talents. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Jiangnan Naval Academy had graduated from the 7th session 107 pilots, from the 6th session/KLOC-0 pilots and from the 5th session 13 torpedoes (merged from Jiangnan Torpedo Academy). Famous graduates include Lin, Du Xigui, Chen, Chen Shaokuan and Zhao Sheng. In addition, the brothers of Zhou Shuren (Lu Xun) and Zhou Zuoren also studied in Jiangnan Naval Academy, and Lu Xun joined the management class on 1898, but the Jiangnan Naval Academy at that time was already corrupt and dilapidated.
After the founding of the Republic of China, 19 12 Jiangnan naval academy was changed to a naval academy for training senior naval officers, with Meng Muchao, a student studying in Britain, as the chief instructor, and 19 15 was changed to a naval lightning school, where naval fleet officers and students from the navigation class of Yantai Navigation School were selected to study new torpedo technology, and high school graduates were selected to study radio technology. 19 17 The firearms training institute of Yantai Maritime School was merged and renamed as Naval Torpedo Firearms School, with Major General Zheng Lun as its principal.
From1915-1917, the radio class has graduated from three classes, with a total of 86 students, and then closed. More than 400 people graduated between torpedo class and artillery class 19 15- 1927, and 1927 was also closed.
1April, 898, Lu Xun, 18 years old, was admitted to the marine engineering class of our school. In the same year 10, he left school angrily because he was dissatisfied with the dirty school spirit. After the Revolution of 1911, Jiangnan Naval Academy was closed and changed to the office of the Admiralty, and later became the headquarters of the Naval Academy, the Admiralty of the National Government, the Naval Command and other units. Today, there are buildings such as the prefect building of the General Affairs Office, the office building of the British Division, and the gate of the Admiralty of the National Government.
After the establishment of Fujian Ship Administration in the late Qing Dynasty, with the continuous development of Fujian Ship Administration Factory and Ship Administration School, the facilities of the military port near Ma Jiang became more and more perfect, and the warships made by the ship administration and the naval talents trained by the ship administration gradually became huge. In the fifth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1866), the Qing government appointed Prime Minister Shen Baozhen to be in charge of shipping affairs, shipyard, schools before and after it and navy camp. After the continuous construction of three warships, with the approval of Shen Baozhen, Minister of Ship Administration, the warships of Fujian Ship Administration were organized into a fleet and put under unified management. The first ship administration was Li Chengmou, the former prefect of Fujian Navy (Fujian Navy and Fujian Naval Administration Navy are not the same concept, the former refers to the old navy in Fujian Province, just like Anhui Navy and Jiangnan Navy. ) and formulated the Charter of Ship Training. In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), the ships owned by Fuzhou Shipping Bureau have begun to take shape, including evergreen, Ma Yun, Fuxing, Fu Bo, An Lan, Zhenhai, Wu Yang Cruiser, Feiyun, Chaowu Ship, Jingyuan Ship, Weizhen Ship, Ji 'an, Yongbao, Chen Hang and Daya 15. After several years of development, when the third ship commanded Peng Chuhan, the Qing court issued an imperial edict to strengthen the defense of the Taiwan Province Strait on July 4, 879. The Qing government ordered the ships of Fujian Bureau to be trained into an army first, and the Fujian Navy was announced. Before the Sino-French War, Fujian Ship Administration Navy had become the largest fleet in China. 1In the Majiang naval battle that broke out on August 22nd, 884, the ship administration and navy were almost completely annihilated and never recovered.