The main introduction of space
Space refers to the space outside the earth's atmosphere, the whole space outside the atmosphere. Physicists divide the atmosphere into five layers: troposphere (sea level to 9 km), stratosphere (9-45 km), mesosphere (45-80 km), thermosphere (ionosphere, 80-400 km) and outer atmosphere (ionosphere, over 400 km). About 3/4 of the atmosphere above the earth is in the troposphere, and 97% is below the stratosphere. The outer edge of the stratosphere is the highest limit for an aircraft to fly with air support.
space division
There have been two opposing views on the division of airspace and outer space.
Spatial theory
The idea is to divide the boundary between air space and outer space with a certain space height, so as to determine the applicable scope of two different legal systems.
functionalpsychology
It is considered that the applicable law should be determined according to the function of the aircraft. If it is a spacecraft, its activities are space activities and the outer space law should be applied. If it is an aircraft, its activities belong to aviation activities and should be governed by aviation law; The whole space is a whole, and there is no need to divide air space and outer space.
Just? Space theory? Generally speaking, there are the following opinions on determining the lower limit of outer space:
(1) is limited to the highest altitude of the plane flying upwards, that is, 20 ~ 40 kilometers from the ground.
② Divide boundaries according to different air components. Because there is air from the surface of the earth to tens of thousands of kilometers, there are different opinions about tens, hundreds and thousands of kilometers. Some people even think that any place where air is found is air space and should belong to airspace.
(3) The lowest height of a satellite from the ground (105 ~ 1 10 km) is the lowest limit of outer space.
From 65438 to 0976, eight equatorial countries including Brazil, Colombia, Congo, Ecuador, Indonesia, Kenya, Uganda and Zaire issued the Bogota Declaration. It is claimed that the geostationary orbit section (35,267 kilometers above the ground) over equatorial countries belongs to the sovereignty of all countries. The above sovereignty requirements make the delimitation of outer space more complicated. In recent years, some people hold? Space theory? Scholars gradually tend to accept the above third opinion, that is, the lower limit of outer space is about 100 km from the ground. 1975 Italy proposed that 90 kilometers above sea level is the highest limit of COPUOS airspace (airspace). 1976, Argentina, Belgium and Italy supported the boundary with an altitude of150km. 1979, the Soviet union proposed that outer space should be located at an altitude of100 ~120km. At the same time, space objects of all countries have the right to fly over the airspace (airspace) of other countries in order to reach the orbit and return to the territory of the launching country. However, some other countries, such as the United States, Britain, Japan and so on. According to the current situation of space science and technology, it is impossible to define a certain height as the boundary between airspace and outer space. They stressed that the conditions and time for the delimitation of outer space are not yet ripe.
The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is still considering the definition and boundary of outer space and the legal status of the geostationary orbit. COPUOS is considering satellite direct television broadcasting, remote sensing by Earth satellites and the use of nuclear power sources in outer space, so as to draft relevant legal principles.
Principles and rules of space utilization
The above treaties put forward some important principles and rules, which played an important role in the formation of outer space law. They include: the use of outer space should benefit all mankind; All countries are free to explore and use outer space and celestial bodies on the basis of equality; No country may take outer space and celestial bodies as its own; The exploration and use of outer space should abide by international law and safeguard international peace and security; It is forbidden to place artificial satellites or spacecraft carrying nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in Earth satellite orbit and outer space; The launching state has jurisdiction and control over the objects launched into outer space and the people on them; All possible assistance should be given to the astronauts in crash landing, and they should be rescued and sent back to the launching country as far as possible, and the discovered outer space objects should be returned; The launching state is absolutely liable for the damage caused by its outer space objects to the aircraft on the ground or in flight; The launching state shall, to the extent practicable, notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the launched outer space objects and relevant information; Countries should cooperate and help each other in the exploration and use of outer space; When conducting activities in outer space, we should take care of the interests of other countries; To engage in outer space activities, we should avoid harmful pollution in outer space and adverse changes in the earth's environment; The moon and other celestial bodies should be limited to peaceful purposes and all kinds of military uses should be prohibited; The moon and other celestial bodies and their natural resources are the common property of mankind; Equitable distribution of the benefits of these resources, special care for developing countries and countries that have contributed to exploration, and so on.
In international law, although some scholars have put forward the viewpoint of infinite airspace, it is of no practical significance to think that national sovereignty extends into the universe indefinitely because of the rotation and revolution of the earth and the movement of the whole solar system. The exploration and utilization of outer space and the fact that thousands of artificial satellites are constantly orbiting the earth show that outer space is difficult to be controlled by national sovereignty in essence. 1963 The Declaration on Legal Principles for the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space adopted by the United Nations General Assembly established two principles: outer space is free for all countries to explore and use, and it is forbidden for any country to occupy it.
In addition to the above declaration adopted by the General Assembly in 1963, COPUOS has also drafted five international treaties on outer space, namely the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1966, The Outer Space Treaty for short), the Agreement on Rescuing Astronauts, Returning Astronauts and Returning Objects Launched into Outer Space (1967), and the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (1977) are all actively establishing space command.
The main environment of space
Since BIGBANG, with the expansion of the universe, the temperature has been decreasing. At present, space has become an extremely cold environment with an average temperature of -270.3℃.
In space, various celestial bodies also radiate electromagnetic waves, and many celestial bodies also radiate high-energy particles to form cosmic rays. For example, the sun has solar electromagnetic radiation, solar cosmic ray radiation and solar wind. Solar cosmic rays radiation is the high-energy particles emitted by the sun when a flare occurs, and the solar wind is the high-energy plasma stream blown out by the corona.
Many celestial bodies have magnetic fields, which capture the above high-energy charged particles and form radiation belts with strong radiation. For example, there are two radiation belts above the earth. It can be seen that space is still a strong radiation environment.
Space is still a high vacuum and microgravity environment. Gravity is only 1% to1100000 g (g- acceleration of gravity), while the gravity felt by people on the ground is1g.
Harm of space junk
Since the 1950s, mankind has launched more than 4,000 space launch vehicles. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 9,000 fragments with a diameter greater than 10 cm in space, hundreds of thousands of fragments with a diameter greater than 1.2 cm, and millions of tiny particles such as paint flakes and solid propellant dust particles.
Don't underestimate these space junk. Because of their extremely fast flight speed (6-7 km/s), they all contain great lethality. A piece of space junk weighing10g hits a satellite, which is equivalent to two cars crashing together at the speed of100km/h-the satellite will be punctured or destroyed in an instant! Imagine, if we hit a manned spacecraft, humans can't control the flight path of space junk, so we can only make a rough prediction. This garbage is just like those driverless cars on the highway, driving around at will. You never know when it will brake or change lanes. They are the biggest potential "perpetrators" of traffic accidents in the universe, and they are a great threat to astronauts and aircraft.
At present, the space around the earth is still quite open, and the probability of space debris colliding in space is very small, but once it hits, it will be devastating. What bothers aerospace experts even more is the "avalanche effect"-each collision does not annihilate fragments, but produces more fragments, and each new fragment is a new collision hazard. If one day, the earth is full of these space junk, where should humans explore the universe?
Space junk is all kinds of objects and debris abandoned by human beings in space activities. They fly around the earth in a certain orbit like satellites, forming a dangerous garbage belt. Space junk can be divided into three categories: first, the relatively large objects that modern radar can monitor and track, mainly including various satellites, satellite protective covers and various components. At present, it has reached more than 8,000; Second, small objects, such as engines, are produced when space explodes, and the number is estimated to be at least several million; Third, nuclear-powered satellites and the radioactive debris they produce. By the year 2000, these satellites will send 3 tons of debris into Earth orbit.
1957 10 year 10 4 October, the former Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite, which opened the prelude to the human space age and sent the first batch of garbage into space. At that time, the astronauts completed the task, leaving the satellite's loading cabin, spare cabin, instruments and equipment in the satellite orbit. Since then, with the feat of human space history, space junk has increased day by day. Humans have launched more than 4,000 satellites into space, of which only 400 are still in normal operation. The rest either crashed on the surface of the earth, or stayed in space and became space junk. According to statistics, there are currently about 3,000 tons of space junk flying around the earth, and the number is still increasing at the rate of 2%-5% every year. Scientists predict that the increase of space junk at this rate will lead to a catastrophic chain collision. If this situation continues, nothing will be able to enter space orbit by 2300.
Space junk has brought hidden dangers to the development of space industry, become a potential killer of satellites and orbiting space stations, and seriously threaten the safety of astronauts. You know, space junk runs at the speed of the universe. An oncoming metal particle with a diameter of 0.5 mm is enough to pierce the sealed flight suit; Dust that people can't distinguish with the naked eye (such as paint chips and paint powder) can also kill astronauts; A fragment the size of an aspirin pill can paralyze a satellite and send a spacecraft costing hundreds of millions of dollars into a dead end. In the history of human spaceflight, accidents and disasters caused by space junk are common. 1983, the American space shuttle Challenger collided with a paint tape with a diameter of 0.2 mm, which damaged the porthole and had to keep flying. 1986, the Ariane rocket exploded shortly after it entered orbit, becoming 564 fragments with the size of 10 cm and 2300 small fragments. The wreckage of this rocket made two Japanese communication satellites "die"! 199 1 05 September 15, the space shuttle discovery launched by the United States almost collided with the rocket wreckage of the former Soviet Union. At that time, Discovery was only 2.74 kilometers away from this "uninvited guest". Fortunately, the command system on the earth issued a warning signal in time to prevent it from dying. According to the calculation, the probability of catastrophic collision of each flying object in the current space orbit is 3.7%, and the probability of non-catastrophic collision is 20%. Based on this calculation, the collision between space junk and spacecraft may occur every 5- 10 years in the future, and it will reach once every two years by 2020.
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