Director and Party Secretary Hou Zengqian (second from the right), Deputy Director Geng (second from the left), Deputy Director Gao Jinxi (first from the left), Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee and Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission (first from the right)
New eclogite outcrops in Songduo eclogite belt
In 2009, the Institute of Geology undertook more than 100 projects, including national science and technology support project 1 1, national 863 project 1, national 973 project 2, national natural science foundation project 39, geological survey project 43, and deep exploration technology and experimental research project 2. Won the first prize 1 and the second prize 1 of the Land and Resources Science and Technology Award. Published 2 papers10 by the first author, including 20 papers10 included in SCI (40 international SCI papers), 2 domestic core journals 100 and 2 monographs.
Field photo of "Lulang-Layue ductile strike-slip shear zone" on the west side of Yarlung Zangbo River suture zone.
Microscopic photos of garnet pyroxenite and its metamorphic rocks in South Jabbawa
Important scientific research achievements in 2009
The Rise of the Orogenic Belt around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Its Resource Effects: a project funded by China Geological Survey and National Natural Science Foundation, led by Academician Xu Zhiqin. The high-pressure ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt of Songduo eclogite was found in the central part of Lhasa terrane, which divided Lhasa terrane into northern part and southern part, providing new evidence for the evolution of Paleo-Tethys ocean basin and the existence of multiple terranes. The tectonic framework, geological chronological sequence and important tectonic magmatic events of Nanga Bawa were determined. It is pointed out that the Nanjabawa rock group has experienced multi-stage orogeny and revival. Chronological evidence of Precambrian tectonic thermal events in Lhasa terrane is obtained. It is proved that there are synsubduction/collision adakite in Lhasa terrane. The east-west detachment structure of the high Himalayan orogenic belt was discovered. The detachment structure began at 27Ma, which is equivalent to the time when the metamorphic terrane of Nange Bawa was squeezed northward. A new model of tunnel flow and lateral movement of matter was proposed. Two phases of sodium-rich peraluminous granite magma in the northern Himalayan dome zone are determined, and it is suggested that partial melting of high-grade metamorphic rocks may be an important mechanism for the formation of adakitic magma and related porphyry copper-gold deposits. By studying the geometry, kinematics, chronology, strike-slip rate and seismic displacement of Altun-Kangxiwa fault and Karakorum fault, the dynamics and material movement mode of large strike-slip fault in the western margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are expounded, and the recurrence period of strong earthquakes is explored. A large detachment fault between the pre-Sinian basement and the caprock in the western margin of Longmenshan-Jinping Mountain was determined. The compression mechanism of Longmenshan-Jinpingshan is put forward, and it is considered that the strong uplift of the northern and eastern margins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau occurred in the Cretaceous period before the collision between India and Asia, which may be related to the closure of the Bangong Lake-Nujiang Tethys ocean basin. It is pointed out that the Sichuan foreland basin is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic foreland basin superimposed by the late Triassic-Jurassic Songpan-Ganzi foreland basin and the Cretaceous-Quaternary Longmenshan-Jinping regenerative foreland basin. Mineralization of antimony-gold polymetallic deposits in the Tethys Himalayan foreland fold belt and thrust nappe tectonic events induced partial melting of the crust, leading to magmatic emplacement and mineralization. Based on the basin-mountain coupling study of West Kunlun and Tarim basin in the northwest margin of the plateau, it is proposed that the northern boundary of the foreland basin in the south margin of Tarim is a labyrinth thrust fault. Redefining the boundary and dynamic mechanism between Tianshan tectonic system and Qinghai-Tibet plateau tectonic system.
Deformation characteristics of Karakorum ductile shear zone in Aral Rijushan area
Satellite images, active structures and distribution characteristics of volcanic rocks in the western segment of Altun fault zone
Evolution of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Resource Environment Effects: Basic Geological Survey and Research Project of China Geological Survey presided by Academician Xiao Xuchang. The eclogite and blueschist found in the high-pressure metamorphic belt in the middle of Qiangtang are studied in detail, and the corresponding PTt trajectory is established. Typical glaucophane was found in Ma Rong. The discovery of new eclogite dew point in Gangmacuo area is of great significance for understanding the early formation and evolution of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, plate closure and collision orogeny. The discovery and determination of early Paleozoic ophiolitic melange in central Qiangtang is of great significance for discussing the tectonic evolution of Tethys Ocean. It is speculated that the basement of Qiannan-Baoshan plate is different from Qianbei-Changdu plate and Songpan-Ganzi plate, but it has a good genetic relationship with India plate and Himalayan orogenic belt. Through the measurement of the late Paleozoic-Triassic profile, it is confirmed that there is a set of carbonate lithofacies strata containing Tethys warm water fauna in the middle and lower Permian in the southern margin of North Qiangtang Basin. Shallow marine fossils were found in the Upper Triassic Wanghuling Formation. It is considered that the upper Permian Jipria Formation is more likely to be an early-middle Triassic stratum. The climate and environmental changes in this area since Quaternary were discussed, and the Neolithic remains were found. It is pointed out that compared with the geological background of oil and gas accumulation in the west Tethys area, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the prospect of finding oil and gas reservoirs, and the theory of catalytic oil generation by mantle source (flow) synthesis is put forward.
Location map of eclogite in Qiangtang, northern Tibet
Field outcrop of Permian ophiolite in Jiaomuri, central Qiangtang
Microscopic photograph of eclogite
Field outcrop of Helan Mountain Group
Establishment and comparative study of stratigraphic framework in several important evolution stages in northwest China: supported by China Geological Survey and National Natural Science Foundation, led by Geng, Yao Jianxin and Zhu. The project is divided into three topics, and important progress has been made respectively.
Metamorphic PT trajectory of Helanshan group
Comparative study of Precambrian strata in northwest China: the distribution, composition characteristics, formation environment and age of Zhaochikou Group, Helanshan Group and Qianlishan Group were identified and determined, which changed the previous understanding that Helanshan Group and Qianlishan Group were classified as Archaean; The stage and characteristics of early Precambrian magmatic events in Helan Mountain area were found out. It is revealed that the magma in the northwestern margin of the Late Proterozoic North China Craton started and ended earlier than that in the northern margin. Some important metamorphic and deformed magmatic rocks of Neoproterozoic, Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic have been found in Alashan Group. The establishment of PT evolution trajectory of Helanshan Group shows that the late metamorphism in this area is a slow uplift and thinning process. Through comparative study, the tectonic attributes of Alashan block in different stages are put forward.
Establishment and comparative study of Paleozoic and Mesozoic stratigraphic framework of important sections in Tarim Basin: The microfossils such as sporopollen, suspected species and chitosan were collected in some important strata, which provided new evidence for the determination and correlation of these stratigraphic ages. The calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate fossils found further define the Mesozoic-Cenozoic stratigraphic sequence in this area, and confirm the existence of late Cretaceous marine and continental deposits in Kuqa Depression and northeastern Tarim, as well as the coastal-shallow sea sedimentary environment in southwestern Tarim. It is determined that the igneous rocks in Mazha area have the nature of island arc and were formed in the early Carboniferous. The third-order sequence of early Paleozoic in Keping area was established and the second-order sequence was merged. It is proposed that the middle and upper Ordovician is superimposed from east to west.
Field outcrop of Cambrian limestone in Tonggu Temple, Keping.
Isotopic records and coordinated development of organisms and environment during the major turning point from Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic: Through the Sr isotope study of carbonate rocks in the cover rock of Doushantuo Formation, the intense chemical weathering after the "Snowball Earth" event in Neoproterozoic and the massive input of terrigenous materials were revealed. Isotopic analysis of transition group elements (iron, copper and zinc) shows that there is no obvious difference between black shale and carbonate rock in iron heavy isotope enrichment, zinc heavy isotope loss and copper isotope composition. The iron, copper and zinc isotopes of different sedimentary facies are different, which indicates that there is chemical stratification in seawater. In the early Doushantuo period, from platform facies, slope facies to deep-sea basin facies, seawater gradually changed from surface oxidation to deep-sea reduction.
Rare Earth Elements and Strontium Isotopic Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks in Jiulongwan Section, Xia Dong
The coesite inclusion of garnet was first discovered in the eclogite in the southern belt of Dulan unit.
Field outcrop of ultrahigh pressure eclogite in northern Qaidam basin
Tectonic evolution of Qilian-Altun orogenic belt and its constraints on mineralization: a project funded by China Geological Survey and National Natural Science Foundation, hosted by Zhang Jianxin and Li Haibing. The project divides and determines the structural units and attributes of Qilian-Altun orogenic belt, and makes it clear that the ancient structural units of Altun Mountain and Qilian Mountain cut by Altun fault are comparable. Coesite was first discovered in eclogite in the northern margin of Qaidam, and a new high-pressure granulite unit was discovered in Dulan. The geochronological framework of the high pressure/ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt in the northern margin of South Altun-Qaidam is established. It is clear that the North Qilian-North Altun had the nature of cold oceanic subduction in the early Paleozoic, and the subduction of the early Paleozoic oceanic crust was diachronic. The complete assemblage of Hongliugou ophiolite in North Altun is determined, and the time limit of SSZ ophiolite in North Qilian is obtained. Two subduction (collision) complex belts in the north and south control the basic paleostructural pattern and the temporal and spatial distribution of mineral resources in this area.
The Altun fault zone experienced many periods of intense activity in Cenozoic, with at least three rapid uplifts. The maximum strike-slip displacement consists of ductile and brittle strike-slip displacement; The characteristics of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the west of Qilian Mountain and Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the east provide new evidence for the time limit and evolution of Altun fault. The formation of regional mountains may be related to the thrust fault activity accompanied by the strike-slip of Altun fault. Qilian Mountain began to rise in Cretaceous, forming the embryonic northern boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the rapid rise of Neogene created the present northern boundary of the Plateau. There was a great rotation in Changma basin in Cretaceous, but the Qaidam block did not rotate clockwise as a whole. The main oil and gas structures in Qaidam basin and Jiuxi basin are the products of strike-slip process accompanied by Altun fault, and the thrust structure development area is the favorable oil storage structure in the above basins.
Genesis of mantle rocks and chromite in southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: supported by China Geological Survey and National Natural Science Foundation, researcher Yang Jingsui. In this project, coesite with chronotropic illusion is found in Luobusa chromite, which is supposed to be formed by chronotropic decompression phase transformation of high pressure phase, providing important evidence that chromite may come from the deep mantle > 300km. In-situ diamond was found in chromite osmium iridium ore, indicating that diamond was formed at high temperature and high pressure (T > 2000℃, P > 5GPA). Diamonds have been found in chromite and its surrounding rocks in Luobusha, Kangjinla and Shankalshan mining areas, which provides new important evidence for discussing the genesis of chromite and ophiolite.
Abnormal mantle minerals such as diamond were discovered for the first time in Ural chromite in Russia, and nano-scale coesite inclusions were found in diamond, which proved that diamond was produced in situ and provided key evidence for the genesis of chromite. The new minerals found in Luobusa chromite mine, such as Luobusa mine, Qusong mine, Zangbo mine and Yarlung Zangbo mine, have been approved by the International Committee for New Minerals. Experiments at high temperature and high pressure show that the silicon rutile in chromite is formed in ultra-high pressure environment. It is found that the in-situ δ 13C deficit in moissanite may come from the lower mantle. It is pointed out that mantle peridotite experienced ocean floor expansion and high magnesium melt metasomatism at the edge of plate convergence. Zircon age (130Ma) in peridotite represents the emplacement stage of the rock mass, and it is suggested that the ore-forming material of Kangjinla chromite comes from the deep rather than the host country rock. It is considered that the crustal zircon, zircon, andalusite and kyanite found in mantle peridotite may have the recycling function of early subducted crustal materials, which supports the theory of "mantle inhomogeneity", and Luobusa mantle peridotite and chromite may have formed in the mantle plume background.
Coesite with chronological illusion and its associated minerals
Conodonts in limestone blocks of Baishuijiang Group
a——Ligonodina sp .； b——Icriodus culicellus； c，d—Icriodus sp .
Research on the main tectonic rock belts and their formation environment in South Qinling: supported by China Geological Survey and National Natural Science Foundation, and supported by researcher Wang Zong, etc. The rock composition characteristics of Baishuijiang Group, Bikou Group, Hengdan Group, Xixiang Group, Sanhuashi Group, Yaolinghe Group, Yunxi Group and Donghe Group are rearranged. Based on the structural deformation style and paleontological fossils, it is considered that Baishuijiang Group in South Qinling, Donghe Group in North Bashan area and some Silurian systems have typical characteristics of accretion complex and back-arc complex, respectively, while Bikou Group, Xixiang Group and Heyao Group have typical characteristics of back-arc complex. The discovery of Devonian microfossils such as spores, crustaceans and insect jaws proves that the Bikou Group and Xixiang Group in a broad sense were dominated by the Late Paleozoic, which made an important revision to the previous understanding that there was no Late Paleozoic stratum in the hinterland of Beidaba Mountain. The discovery of microfossils in the Early Carboniferous and zircon ages of basalts and tuffs indicate that the Yaolinghe Group in Ankang area was mainly formed in the Late Paleozoic. Middle Devonian fossils have been found in the biological limestone blocks originally belonging to the Ordovician Dabao Formation. The ages of detrital zircon and granite intrusive rocks in Baishuijiang Group indicate that the accretionary complex belt in South Qinling was formed at the end of Permian or the beginning of Triassic.
National regional comprehensive geological research pilot: basic geological survey and research project of China Geological Survey, led by Academician Li Tingdong and Researcher Ding. The Study on Technical Requirements of Regional Geological Records Compilation in China has been completed, which basically meets the requirements of the professional framework of geological records compilation. The guiding ideology and principles of overall mapping and the basic framework of geological maps and databases are put forward in the aspects of regional stratigraphic comprehensive research, tectonic comprehensive research, magmatic comprehensive research, geophysical and deep geological comprehensive research, mapping, Quaternary geological comprehensive research and geological database construction. The pilot work in Jiangxi Province includes three parts: regional geology, minerals and environment. Through data collection and preliminary field investigation, important new discoveries and new understandings have been made in the study of major geological problems in Jiangxi Province, such as the study of Shuangqiao Mountain Group, which provides useful experiences and examples for guiding and standardizing the compilation of geological records in China.
Stratigraphic histogram and zircon U-Pb harmonic diagram of Shuangqiaoshan Group and Shang He Town Group
Study on Late Cenozoic Lakes and Paleoclimate Evolution in Central Inner Mongolia: Basic Geological Survey Research Project of China Geological Survey, Wang Yong. Based on the interpretation of satellite remote sensing images and field geological survey, the project comprehensively analyzes the sedimentary strata, sporopollen assemblage and environmental magnetic characteristics of lakes, and divides the evolution of lakes and climate environment in central Inner Mongolia since the late Quaternary into three stages: 150ka, 2 1ka and 10ka, during which the lakes developed in large scale and became a warm semi-humid climate environment. Compared with Yangyuan Holocene profile, it is confirmed that the late Quaternary climate change in northern China is fluctuating and staged, and there are also regional differences. Hunshandake sandy land existed in the late Pleistocene and experienced three obvious climatic dry and cold events.
Remote sensing image map of the ancient lake of Haolai Lake
Study on the characteristics of typical rare fossils: the basic geological survey and research project of China Geological Survey, led by researcher Ji Shuan. The project basically found out the location and time distribution of dinosaur eggs, mammalian fossils and other types of fossils collected; China dinosaur egg map, Henan dinosaur egg map and late Cenozoic mammal fossil map in Hezheng area were completed. The dinosaur eggshells found in Tantou Basin, Henan Province were studied in detail, and 2 genera and 3 species of dinosaur eggs were identified, which greatly enriched the previous understanding of dinosaur eggs in this basin. Dinosaur eggshells were found in Zhongpu area of Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, which is the first record of dinosaur eggs found in Gansu Province. Several different types of false phenomena in dinosaur eggs and fossil skull specimens of political mammals were identified, which is of reference significance for future related work.
Characteristics of sporopollen assemblage in central Inner Mongolia since Holocene
Distribution map of Cretaceous dinosaur eggs in China
Dinosaur eggs in Tantou Basin, Henan Province
Chinese mainland Scientific Deep Drilling Main Hole Drilling
Comprehensive research on China's continental scientific drilling project (East China Sea): supported by China Geological Survey and National Natural Science Foundation, led by Academician Xu Zhiqin and researcher Liu Fulai. Through drilling, a rutile ore body with a thickness of 400 meters was found under the original rutile ore body, which is the result of the transformation of gabbro rich in titanomagnetite into rutile-rich eclogite under ultra-high pressure. Coesite is commonly found in zircon from nearby cores and outcrops, indicating that the huge continental crust material composed of eclogite and its surrounding rocks in Sulu terrane has undergone deep subduction as a whole. The intrusive ultramafic rocks (CCSD main hole, PP3 satellite hole) and residual mantle wedge (PP 1 and PP6 satellite hole) which were metamorphic by ultrahigh pressure were discovered. Dozens of minerals, such as diamond, galena, natural iron, natural chromium, natural gold, natural aluminum, porphyry and iron particles, were identified from peridotite and eclogite cuttings in the core of the main hole, and it was preliminarily judged that they came from the deep mantle. The study of mineral oxygen isotope composition proves that the protolith of ultrahigh pressure terrane was formed in the tectonic environment of passive continental margin, and the continental crust rocks have extensive exchange with cold ice water. The age pedigree of the whole process of "subduction-ultrahigh pressure metamorphism-exhumation-uplift-decapitation" in Sulu terrane and the rates of subduction and uplift in each stage are established, which shows that the Sulu ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt has experienced the evolution process of rapid subduction-rapid exhumation, slow uplift and extremely slow decapitation. Microstructure analysis shows that peridotite and eclogite have undergone intense high-temperature plastic deformation during deep subduction. The fluid-rock interaction of Sulu ultrahigh-pressure rocks is divided into seven evolution stages, and it is pointed out that the deep subduction of continental plates can bring considerable fluids and dissolved substances from the surface to the depths of the mantle. Primary fluid inclusions and supercritical silicate-rich water melts coexisting with coesite were found in zircon, indicating that eclogite and its surrounding rocks in Sulu terrane had fluid participation in the ultra-high pressure peak metamorphism stage. The diachronic model of subduction-reentry of Sulu terrane and the reentry model of multiple/segmented "extrusion" of deep subduction materials along the multi-layer tunnel at the plate convergence boundary are put forward. The geophysical results of crystalline rock area were verified by scientific drilling for the first time, and the structural profile of the main hole area with a depth of 6000m was established, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the three-dimensional structure of the deep roots of continental collision zone and the Sulu UHP metamorphic terrane.
5100m borehole lithology profile
Wenchuan Earthquake Drilling Project: This is a project of the Ministry of Science and Technology, with Academician Xu Zhiqin as the main person in charge and consisting of eight sub-topics. In the special period of Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks, it is an important way to understand the earthquake mechanism and improve the ability of earthquake monitoring and early warning, and it is the best opportunity to study the process of earthquake rupture and stress release. WFSD- 1 completed the drilling target of 1200m, and found the main fault of Beichuan-Yingxiu earthquake at the depth of 589~700m. The main fault zone is composed of black fault gouge, cataclastic rock and fault breccia, with a thickness of 200 meters, and a rare fault gouge with a thickness of 20 meters has been found. Nearly 20 paleoseismic fault zones have been found in the Guan Peng complex above the main fault. Through 30000 aftershocks monitoring and real-time fluid monitoring while drilling, it is found that fluid anomalies are related to aftershocks and faults.
Breakthrough in vertebrate fossil research: phased achievements supported by China Geological Survey, National Natural Science Foundation and 973 Project of Ministry of Science and Technology. A breakthrough has been made in the study of Jehol biota in western Liaoning: the discovery of a new mammal fossil, the Asian hairy beast, provides an important clue for the evolution of the middle ear of early mammals. The discovery of a new genus and species of dinosaur fossils from Confucius Tianyu not only expanded the distribution of heteroodonts to Asia, but also filled a gap in the early evolution of feathers. The discovery of Darwinian pterosaur fossils filled the gap of the transition type from primitive pterosaur to progressive pterosaur. The discovery of deinonychus footprint in China (Tuchengzi Formation, Chicheng County, Hebei Province) has become the oldest and smallest deinonychus footprint in the world.
Significant progress has been made in the remote sharing public service system for large scientific instruments: the key projects of "Remote sharing public service system for micro-beam analysis of large scientific instruments" and "ion probe demonstration system" led by Beijing Ion Probe Center have realized the remote sharing public service system for micro-beam analysis of large scientific instruments and the remote sharing control system for ion probes. Micro-beam instruments from Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China Institute of Metrology, Jilin University, Nanjing University, Northwest University, Peking University, Tianjin Geology and Minerals, Yichang Geology and Minerals, Curtin University and ASI Company have been networked, providing remote scientific experiments for earth science, material science, life science, medicine, nanotechnology and other disciplines, and improving the use efficiency and application level of such instruments.
The first shrimp remote workstation was built in Taiwan Province Province, China. SHRIMPII China Taiwan Province Remote Workstation (SROS Workstation) successfully passed the debugging on the afternoon of March/KOOC-0/6, 2009, and the actual samples were remotely dated for about 80 hours from March/KOOC-0/6 to March/KOOC-0/9. The system runs stably and the test work is a complete success. SROS has been widely recognized and highly praised by the international geoscience community, and SHRIMPII remote testing has been successfully carried out worldwide. The establishment of the remote workstation in Taiwan Province Province, China will further strengthen the interaction and communication between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait in geoscience research, and open up a new situation of all-round cooperation between the Institute of Geology and colleagues in the field of geosciences in Taiwan Province Province.
Wenchuan earthquake scientific drilling
Professor Jiang Boming, director of the Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, and researcher Liu Dun, director of the Center, observed SHRIMP's remote experiment at the Taipei SROS workstation established in March 2009.