In terms of language division, the Atlas of Chinese Language published by 1987 classifies the distribution area of Xinmin dialect as Hakka dialect, but does not classify Xinmin dialect as specific films (such as Cantonese-Taiwanese films and Cantonese-Chinese films). ), that is, Xinmin dialect belongs to an inseparable category of Hakka dialect; In the Atlas of Chinese Language (Second Edition) published on 20 12, there is no clear division of Hakka dialects in Guangxi, including Xinmin dialect.
Note: Regarding Ya dialect and Xinmin dialect, some areas are only called Xinmin dialect, some areas are only called Ya dialect, and some areas have both names.
Xinmin dialect is the "national language" in Tang and Song Dynasties, which originated from Shang and Zhou Mandarin. It was separated from the Central Plains Chinese in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty, and still retains a large number of pre-Qin characters and rhymes, which can be seen from Hakka reading pre-Qin classics and Tang and Song poems in Xinmin dialect. Mandarin can't rhyme, but Hakka can rhyme. Some scholars even pointed out that Xinmin dialect originated from the standard "Mandarin" in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Luo Xianglin thinks in The Origin of Hakka: "As far as ethnic inheritance is concerned, Hakka is a kind of enhanced lineage that has been selectively eliminated and preserved", and "Meixian Local Records Reader" contains: "Hakka is the most powerful faction of the Chinese nation". Bai Yang's Outline of China's Ethnic History said: "In the era of great division in the 4th century, the Chinese nation moved southward from the Central Plains and settled in the Wuling Mountains. Because they are expatriates, they are called' Hakkas', and their descendants also speak the ancient Chinese of the Central Plains in the third century, which may be the purest lineage of the Chinese nation. " Ma Ying Jiu also stressed in an exclusive interview with a Hakka TV station in Taiwan Province Province: "Without Hakka, there would be no Hakka culture!" (Note: Hakka is a formal address, while Hakka is a folk address. )
It can be seen that Cai, Huang Zunxian, Hong Xiuquan, Zhu De, Ye Ting, * * *, Huang Zunxian, Chen Yinque, Luo Xianglin and Qiu Dao, as well as Taiwan Province "President" Ma Ying, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck and Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, all have Hakka ancestry. It is not difficult to see why Hakka people still adhere to the principle of "selling ancestors without forgetting them" after thousands of years.
According to the textual research of relevant data, it is believed that the Hakka ancestors began to move south from the Eastern Jin Dynasty because of the war caused by the invasion of the Central Plains by northern minorities (that is, the five chaotic flowers) and the rapid population expansion in the Central Plains. At present, it is recognized by academic circles as the "five major migrations" on a large scale. The first time was the Yongjia Rebellion in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, when he moved from Henan to Jiangxi. The second time, at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Huang Chao forced the Han people from Henan, Anhui and Jiangxi to move south to western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, and entered the Song Dynasty to form a Hakka clan. The third time was when the Song Dynasty was dying, and the Han people who went south arrived in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. The fourth time, during the period from Kangxi to Ganjia in Qing Dynasty, the Qing court implemented the population policy of "Huguang filling Sichuan". Due to the influence of Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing and Nanming regime, some Hakkas entered Sichuan, Taiwan, Hunan and Guangxi. The fifth time, after Ganjia, due to the subversive activities of the Manchu dynasty to suppress the Han people in the south, the Hakkas distributed in northeast Guangdong and south Jiangxi migrated to west Guangdong and Hainan. In modern times, some Hakkas migrated overseas, mainly in Southeast Asia and South America.
Xinmin dialect, which moved to Guangxi, was mainly formed in the later period of Hakka immigration. Compared with local dialects (such as local dialect), Xinmin dialect means "first impressions are most lasting, then guests". According to a large number of local records, the ancestors of Xinmin dialect people in the three places mainly came from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. However, the earliest time to enter Guangxi was not the early Qing Dynasty estimated by Mr. Luo Xianglin in the study of Hakka origin, but in the Ming Dynasty or earlier. For example:
Hepu's "Zhang Liuji's General Records" contains: "... Hua Gongzong takes Zhang as his ancestor and his descendants are all over the world. My133rd ancestor is Ren Lianggong, his name is Tianzhu, his name is Fashou, his ancestor is Huang, and he has three sons (the eldest son is Zhang Jin) ... I lived in Wazi Lane, Zhu Shi Street, Shanghang County, Tingzhou Prefecture, Fuzhou, and moved from Fujian to Guangdong in the third year of the Ming Dynasty (Gregorian calendar 1467). ...
Bobai Zuzhu moved to Anyuan County, Jiangxi Province in the second year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (AD 1489). Another vein of Zhu moved from Huangshi in Fujian to Bobai in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties via Gaozhou and Huazhou in Guangdong. According to the origin of Peng's surname and the inscription on the ancestral temple, Peng entered Guangdong from Luling, Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province to Chaozhou, and moved to Luchuan, Guangxi at the end of the Ming Dynasty. In A.D. 14 (1749), Gan Long moved from Luchuan to Bobai, Mei Jiali Village, Fengshan. According to the genealogy of the Huang family, the surname Huang said: "I went back to the ancestor of Shang County, who was born in Putian County, Xinghua Prefecture, Fujian Province. I was a Yin in Shicheng County in the fifth year of Yuanyou (A.D. 13 18) and moved to Xinhe Post House in the first year of the calendar (A.D. 1328). Yuzu and Li Jiang gave birth to three sons, Kaishan, Meishan and Baishan, each with three branches, which are deeply rooted. Chang Kai stayed in his hometown, Mei moved to Wuchuan, and Bai moved to Bobai Pavilion (namely Jinwendi Town). From this point of view, Bertrand moved to Bobai at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
According to the Republic of China edition of Binyang County Records, "most people who speak Xinmin dialect first moved in from Guangdong and Fujian provinces during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At that time, because it was a newcomer, it was called Xinmin, speaking Xinmin dialect, and the accent was softer than Liuzhou Majie dialect ... "
The reason for this is that Luo Xianglin probably didn't take into account the war between Guangdong and Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty to quell Yao's rebellion. This is inseparable from two generals in the Ming Dynasty: Wang Shouren and Chen Lin.
Since Wang Shouren (1472-1529) directed the war to quell the rebellion in Guangdong and Guangxi, it has had a great impact on the population in the rebel areas. In this regard, it is necessary to transfer a certain number of people from other areas to these areas. Because he held official positions in Tingzhou (now Longyan and Sanming in Fujian) and Ganzhou (now Jiangxi), the population who moved into the counter-insurgency area included immigrants from these two places (Tingzhou and Ganzhou are important origins of Hakka dialect).
Later, Chen Lin (1543-1607) led troops to quell the Miao and Yao rebellions in Luoding, Xinyi, Gaozhou and other places, and settled in Yunfu today, "recruiting soldiers to listen to people's migration" to contain ethnic minorities in western Guangdong and Guangxi who might be in trouble. Because Chen Lin is from Wengyuan, and his ancestral home is in Shanghang, Fujian (Hakka was used, but there was no such word at that time), most people who followed him to move to western Guangdong and southern Guangxi were in Shanghang, Fujian, or took this place as their ancestral home. It can be said that Chen Lin's measures laid the distribution pattern of Ya dialect and Xinmin dialect in western Guangdong and southern Guangxi.
At present, people who use Xinmin dialect (that is, Hakkas) enter Guangxi later than other Han nationalities. Only Xinmin dialect people in Bobai and southern Luchuan towns account for the majority of the county's population, while other counties only account for 10%~20%, and some counties are even less.
Most people in Xinmin dialect live in a county, a town and a village with other ethnic groups or Han ethnic minorities. They live in harmony with the local people, marry each other and have a harmonious relationship, so they assimilate each other. This natural assimilation is restricted by population, economic strength and cultural quality. Some Hakkas assimilate others, while others assimilate others. Xinmin dialect is influenced by other local languages and has more or less the characteristics of other dialects (such as vernacular, local dialect and Pinghua). Since 1980s, due to the increase of social communication, Hakka dialect in Guangxi, including Xinmin dialect, has gradually shrunk, and the speed of population assimilation has accelerated.
Xinmin dialect once lacked a platform for modern media to display, protect and inherit. About 20 13 years later, Bobai Radio and Television Station launched a cultural program "He Yun in Baizhou", in which both Bobai Hakka dialect (namely Bobai Xinmin dialect) and Mandarin were used. This is of positive significance to the inheritance and protection of Xinmin dialect, but it also causes the shrinking trend of local Cantonese (local dialect).
In fact, as early as the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some scholars paid attention to Hakka dialect and studied it, such as Zhang Taiyan, a great master. Gu once said that Hakka dialect "is not 300 orthography, but also the ancient pronunciation of Qin and Han dynasties." Lin Haiyan put forward that "Hakka dialect is the rhyme of ancestors" in his Hakka Dialect, and Huang Zunxian said in his Preface to Meizhou Poetry: "Wen Chen's Hakka dialect is consistent with Zhou Deqing's Zhongyuan Rhyme ... This guest came from Luoyang, Henan Province, and has been in Guangdong for 30 years, and his language has changed a lot." Zhang Taiyan explained in the Preface to Hakka Dialect: "Guangdong calls itself a Hakka, with Jiaying County as its ancestor ... Henan is the origin of the family, and it has the same sound as Lingbei." Therefore, Zhang Taiyan became interested in Hakka language system and did some research work. After writing Lingzhou Waisanzhou Dialect with New Dialect, he selected 63 Hakka words and used ancient books such as Shuowen, Erya, Dialect, Book of Rites, Shi Mao, Warring States Policy and Laozi for textual research. For example, Shuowen: "Xun, Chongye" is ancient and extensive. "Music": "The horn is used to stand horizontally, and it is used to stand horizontally." Note: "Horizontal, full also. They all say that they are full of gas. " Interpretation of the text: "Horizontal, ancient and broad." The words "Xun" and "Heng" are the same. The three States are said to be large and full, and they are transferred to the Ministry of Geng. Press "Xun" and "Hengtongzi", but today's pronunciation is different; From the retrospective point of view, the ancient sound should be pronounced as wide, IPA [kua? Note: guong, IPA[ku] is commonly pronounced in Hakka dialect today, but the "horizontal" in Xinmin dialect today is vang(IPA[va? ]), lost the medieval dental sound (tongue root sound). In some areas, Hakkas say that the bags are full of things, which is called "bulging" (IPA [kua? Praise? Ku ku]). Through the comparative experiment of Zhang Taiyan, it is proved that Xinmin dialect (that is, Hakka dialect) retains a large number of ancient medieval sounds.
Phonetic Features Although there are some differences in accents in Xinmin dialect, Xinmin dialect has commonalities, and these common phonetic features are also possessed by ordinary Hakka dialect. These are also the basis for judging that Xinmin dialect belongs to Hakka dialect in linguistics.
In phonology, many aspirated sounds, ancient voiced initials, regardless of flat tone, are often pronounced as aspirated voiceless sounds, such as "farewell, step, hug" [p? -] "earth, big, big brother" is pronounced [t? -] "zai, zi, Zuo" is pronounced [ts? -] "old, uncle" is pronounced [k? -]。 In ancient times, some words with the initials "non-blessing" and "abundant" are pronounced as [f-] today, while some words in Xinmin dialect are pronounced with a heavy lip sound, such as "axe" and "fen" [p-] (fen is pronounced as "give" here, and everyone generally writes "run"), "hatch" and "hatch". -] "Help, fat" is also pronounced [p? -]。 In Gu Xiao, the initials [f-] or [v-] in Xinmin dialect are often pronounced, such as [f-] in the flower and [v-] in the word. In ancient times, the initials of Xiao group (such as "base, bully, hope") were not palatalized before soft tone, but they still retained the root of tongue and throat [k-][k? -][h-] pronunciation; In most areas, there is no pinch vowel [y] (that is, the vowel of Siniperca chuatsi ü), and the pinch vowel is mixed with the neat tooth sound [i]; The rhyme endings of ancient nasal sounds and stops are preserved to varying degrees everywhere.
Tone, Hakka people who call themselves Xinmin dialect in Guangxi are basically six tones, and there are no examples of other tones.
Grammatically, the most obvious thing is that many ancient Chinese words are preserved. Such as "grain (rice), food (eating), rope (rope), noodles (noodles)". There are also some words with the characteristics of this dialect, such as "eye nucleus (eyes), eye juice, eye water (tears)" and so on. Grammatically, some prefixes and suffixes are commonly used, such as "Lao, Gong, Zi, Tou". Use some specific auxiliary words or words (such as "tight, positive, excessive, sigh, inverted", etc.). ) to express the action tense; Distinguish between near finger and far finger by changing demonstrative pronouns and tone changes.
There is little difference between the phonological system and the general Hakka dialect, which is briefly introduced as follows:
Xinmin dialect has four incomplete names, and there is no pinch of names. All the words related to pinching the mouth are pronounced smack or smack. The ancient rhyme [-m], the rhyme [-p], [-t] and [-k] are also preserved. At the same time, [m] and [η] can form their own syllables without spelling any initials.
Xinmin dialect has six tones. The tone of Xinmin dialect is more yin and yang than that of Putonghua, and the tone value is lower and shorter than that of Putonghua.
The vocabulary and grammar of Xinmin dialect are rich and stable. For example, bragging reads "car cannon", "rain" reads "falling into the water", "sister" reads "old sister", "sun" reads "hot head", "we" reads "Jie Jie" and "monkey" reads "Ma Ao". Some words have sounds and no words, but they can be said in Cantonese. In word formation, adjective reduplication is mostly "AABB", such as "colorful" is called "colorful". At the same time, the word "Lao" or "A" is often used as a prefix, such as "wife", "sister", "uncle" and "grandfather" to show kindness. The word "dou" is often added at the end of a word, such as "How many dou do you know". In word order, like Lianzhou dialect and Bo vernacular, modifiers are often placed after the modified words, such as "I'll go first", "I'll go first", "I'll put on more clothes" and "I'll put on more shirts".
Bobai County is mainly distributed in Fengshan, Xintian, Santan, Tan Ning, Wendi, Sanjiang, Yingqiao, Dadong, Nabu, Shapi, Hejiang, Dongping, Shahe, Jiao Ling, Wang Song, Wang Shuang, Longtan, Daba and Huangling, Sanyu and Jiangning in the northwest.
User population: about 165438+ million, accounting for about three-fifths of the total population of the county.
Bobai Xinmin dialect takes Wendi Town as the standard pronunciation.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect)
Luchuan County is located in all 16 townships, mainly in Da Qiao, Wushi, Tian Liang, clear lake, Gucheng, Hengshan, Tanmian and some villages in the south, Yuedong and Hu Sha.
Population: 6 1.4 million, accounting for about 70% of the county's total population.
Xinmin dialect in Luchuan takes Tian Liang Town as the standard pronunciation.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect)
Pubei County is mainly distributed in the towns of Quanshui, Shiyong, Huang Zhang, Dacheng, Baishishui, Sanhe, Longmen, Zhangjia and Wang Fu.
User population: 207,000, accounting for 26. 14% of the county's total population.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect)
Hepu County is mainly distributed in: Crossroads, Xichang, Changle, Wu Jia, Zhakou, Shankou, Shiwan, Baisha, Xingdao Lake, Lianzhou, Zhang Qu, Gongguan and Shikang.
User population: about174,000, accounting for 18.5% of the county's total population.
(Note: Xinmin dialect in this county is also called Ya dialect)
Binyang County is mainly distributed in some areas of LULU, Binxi, Xinbin, Litang, Liming, Shuangqiao, Xinqiao, Tangsan, Da Qiao, Wuling, Taishou and yangqiao 12 towns and a few villages in 8 towns and villages such as Hotan, Wangling, Gan Tang, Gula, Zhonghua, Si Long, Hutchison and Chenping.
User population: about 654.38+0.8 million (654.38+0.998), accounting for about 265.438+0% of the county's population.
Wuxuan county is mainly distributed in some villages of Wuxuan, Mabu, Dongxiang, Hippo, Ertang, Lisan, Tongling, Huangju, Jinji, Lu Xin and Siling 1 1 township.
Population: about 84,000 people (1.998), accounting for 24% of the county's total population.
Xingye County is mainly distributed in parts of Shinan, Long 'an, Dapingshan, Jiumai, Huangcheng, Shanxin, Aibo, Kuiyang, Tielian, Shatang, Putang and Gao Feng 12 townships.
User population: more than 70,000 people (excluding Daping Mountain and Liquor Selling Town) (1.998), accounting for 1.6% of the county's total population.
In other areas, people in many places in Guangxi speak Xinmin dialect. In addition to the above places, the following places account for less than 10% of the county population. For example:
Hengxian County is located in Hengzhou, Fucheng, Luancheng, Xinfu, Longfei, Lily, Zhu Ling, Yang Na, Yun Biao, Li Antang, Jiaoyou and some towns in Lang Ping 13, with a population of about 80,000, accounting for 8.24%.
Wuming County is located in Chengxiang, Chengdong, Maling, Luwo, Shangjiang, Huxian, Fucheng, Liangjiang, Luo Xu, Yuquan 10 and some areas of Lily Farm (more than 2,000 people). 1998 has a population of about 22,000, accounting for 3.57%.
Pingguo County is located in some areas of six towns, namely Bangwei, Sitang, Laocheng, Feng Wu, Duiwei and Liming, with a population of about 6,000, accounting for 1.43%.
Shanglin County is located in some areas of Chengtai Township and a few villages in Dafeng, Baiwei, Qinpai, Liang Ming, Lisan, Xiyan and Qiaoxian. 1998 has a population of about 5,000, accounting for 1.5438+09%.
Heshan City, distributed in Heli Township, etc. , the number of users is unknown.