It should be called Xiaoxiang, Xiangzi and Yuanxiang.

People's understanding of "Sanxiang" is not consistent. Generally speaking, there are the following types of "Sanxiang".

First of all, Li Xiang, Xiaoxiang and Steamed Hunan cuisine are called "Sanxiang". This is because Xiang Shui originated in Xing 'an, Guilin, Guangxi, and there are lingqu pumping water one after another, so it is called "Li Xiang". In addition, Xiang water flows from the northeast to the north of Yongzhou to collect Xiao water, also known as "Xiaoxiang". Moreover, the northeast of Hunan River flows through the north of Hengyang, collecting steamed water, which is called "steamed Hunan". Geographically, this theory of "Sanxiang" can only refer to the upper reaches of Xiangshui in Hengyang at most, especially "Xiaoxiang" only refers to the periphery of Beipingkou in Yongzhou, and cannot replace the whole of Hunan. Guilin, Guangxi, located in the southwest of Lishui, was once subordinate to Lingling County in ancient times, with the same human geography, customs and customs as Yongzhou, and was once classified as the "Sanxiang" territory. From this perspective, this theory of "Sanxiang" cannot replace Hunan.

2. Xiangxiang, Xiangtan and Xiangyin are collectively called "Sanxiang". This is because during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan (a native of Xiangxiang), (a native of Xiangtan), Zuo (a native of Xiangyin) and many other famous officials of the Xiang army were born in the three places. Obviously, this theory of "Sanxiang" does not represent the concept of the whole territory of Hunan. During the Tongzhi period, Zeng Zhang wrote "An Examination of Sanxiang" and said: "Yuhuan recorded the cloud, and Xiangtan, Xiangxiang and Xiangyin counties in Changsha were called Sanxiang, which was once misrepresented by the secular world." In other words, it is a myth to call Xiangtan, Xiangxiang and Xiangyin "Sanxiang". In fact, Daozhou, the music history of the Northern Song Dynasty, is called Xiangtan, Xiangxiang and Xiangyin, which are collectively called Sanxiang. "Unified Record of Ming History" "Xiangtan, Xiangxiang and Xiangyin are Changsha County, also known as Sanxiangyan". Peng Dayi, a writer of Amin Dynasty, wrote in Volume XV of Geography: Sanxiang: A Record of the World: "Huguang Changsha House: Xiangtan, Xiangxiang and Xiangyin counties, which are called Sanxiang." However, this theory of "Sanxiang" takes Xiangxiang as the upper Hunan, Xiangtan as the middle Hunan and Xiangyin as the lower Hunan, which are collectively called "Sanxiang". The so-called "Sanxiang" only includes some areas in the north-central part of Hengshan Mountain in Hunan, that is, the areas under the jurisdiction of Daozhou in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

Volume XIII of Guangxi Tongzhi written by Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty and Volume VII of Reading Notes written by Gong in Qing Dynasty all called Xiangyuan, Xiangtan and Xiangxiang "Sanxiang". In fact, "xiang yuan" here refers to Xiangyuan County, which was established in the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty. Located in the west of quanzhou county, Guangxi, the county was renamed Qing Xiang County during the Five Days of Tianfu, which is adjacent to today's Hunan. Sui and Tang Dynasties were under the jurisdiction of Yongzhou (Lingling). Therefore, it is also reasonable to call Xiangyuan, Xiangxiang and Xiangtan "Sanxiang" in history.

Third, Xiaoxiang, Zhengxiang and Yuanxiang are collectively called "Sanxiang". This theory is actually the three sections of Xiangjiang River Basin, which refers to Xiangjiang River and the whole Xiangjiang River Basin, and then it is called Huxiang area. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang said that there were "Five Ridges Guide, Three Xiangs Flowing northward" and "Nine Doubts at the Northern Foothills, Three Nanshan Mountains, the Emperor's Legacy". "Sanxiang" here refers to "Xiangjiang River". In the Ming Dynasty, Chen Shiyuan's "Jianghan Congtan" was published in two volumes: "However, Xiang Shui has the name of Sanxiang. Gai Xiang Shui originated in Xing 'an, Guangxi, and flows to Yongzhou and Xiaoshui, which is called Xiaoxiang. When it comes to Hengyang, it is steamed and hydrated, which is called steamed Hunan. To Yuanzhou, Yuanzhou hydration is called Yuanxiang. There is Sanxiangpu in the south of Yuezhou. " Qing Yongzheng's Huguang Tongzhi inherited this theory, and Volume XI's Mountain and River Records said: "Qian Bangju's Examination of Xiang Shui:" Xiang Shui flows down from Quanzhou and hydrates to the north of Yongzhou Prefecture, which is called Xiaoxiang; The water passes through Qiyang River and Guiyang River, passes through the peak, goes down to the north of Hengzhou River, joins Xuan (Yin Zheng) steaming in Hunan, and then enters Dongting Lake and Yuan Shuihua through Xiangyin, also known as Yuan Xiang. This is also Sanxiang. " "In addition, there are three rivers in Yuezhou:" Minjiang River in the west, Lijiang River in the middle and Xiangjiang River in the south will all meet here, and the turbidity will be divided into three rivers. " It is bounded by the "four waters" in the upper, middle and lower reaches of Xiangjiang River, including "Xiang, Du, Yuan and Li", so there are Liu Ba and Lingling people in the Ming Dynasty's Zhong Shuguang Ji 1 10 and the Qing Yongzheng's Hu Guang Tongzhi (8 1). Because this "Sanxiang" theory basically covers the whole of Hunan today, it is highly respected and recognized.

Fourthly, Xiaoxiang, Xiangzi and Hometown are also called "Sanxiang". This is because Lishui South flows into the Pearl River and does not belong to the Xiangjiang River system; The steamed water is short, not as good as thunder water, town water, flushing water, hot water and ripple water. Therefore, the idea of steaming Hunan was deleted, leaving Xiaoxiang. It is also called Xiangzi because Xiang Shui flows north to the joint venture water near Xiangyin North. Then the Xiangjiang River flows northward to Xizhongzhou in Yueyang County, where it meets the main spillway of Yuanjiang River, which is called Yuanjiang River. Hunan's "Four Waters" include Zishui and Shui Yuan, and Shui Yuan joins Lishui in Mupinghu, east of Hanshou. Therefore, the theory of Xiaoxiang, Xiangzi and the hometown "Sanxiang", which really includes the "four waters" of Hunan, can fully represent the whole territory of Hunan, and this theory of "Sanxiang" does include the "four waters".

In addition, there is a saying that "Sanxiang" is a general term for eastern Hunan, western Hunan and southern Hunan. Obviously, this statement of abandoning central Hunan and northern Hunan cannot represent the whole of Hunan at all.

From this point of view, only the fourth statement, that is, Xiaoxiang, Xiangzi and Yuanxiang's "three Xiang" without "four water", is the only correct statement that can really replace "Xiang".

So when did the word "Sanxiang" first appear? Some people think: "The word' Sanxiang' was first seen in Tang Song's Wen Zhi's" Sleeping in Xiangjiang River ":Wuling is sad and Sanxiang is haggard." (Yuan Jianguang: Textual Research on the Origin of Xiangjiang River, Journal of hunan city university, No.3, Volume 25, May 2004) In fact, as early as the Six Dynasties, the word "Sanxiang" appeared in a large number of literati's poems. For example, Tao Qian (365-427), a famous scholar in the Jin and Song Dynasties, said in Preface to the Founder of Gong Zu in Changsha: "I love Yu Yun, but I have forgotten it for a long time. Laughter doesn't last long, so it's gone. Far away in Sanxiang, surging in Jiujiang. The mountains and rivers are far away. During the Jin and Song Dynasties, Yan Yanzhi (384-456) wrote a poem entitled "The Capital of Shi 'an County and Zhang Xiangzhou Climbing the Baling Tower": "Jianghan is divided into Wang Chu, and the witch is balanced in the south. Three Xianglun Dongting and seven Ai Zemu Jing. ..... "The Northern Zhou Dynasty (513-581) wrote in" General Zhou's Tombstone ":"The three provinces of Hunan were invaded by Peng. Wuxi is low in humidity, or see kites flying. " "The Epitaph of General Xia Liu of Zhou Jiagong" says: "Five streams are far away, Masi Township; Sanxiang is humble and wet, and Jia Changsha is unwilling. " In the Southern Dynasty, Chen (507-583) wrote "A Letter to the King and the Monk in Zhen Yang", saying, "Three Hunan places great importance on them, and seven countries are in harmony". "Chen Wendi's funeral policy" says: "Sanxiang Nine Schools are at a loss." The word "Sanxiang" also appeared in imperial edicts. For example, Emperor Xiaowu (430-464) of the Southern Song Dynasty said, "Courtesy is universal and awesome. Fangyou Sanxiang drinks and watches Jiujiang. " Chen Wudi (503-559), the emperor of the Southern Dynasties, said in Shang Xia Shu Qiuzhou Defoe: "There are Sanxiang in the west and Wuling in the south. Constant light demarcation is both safe and defensive. " In addition, this word often appears in official history, such as Song Shu written by Shen Yue (441-513) in the Southern Dynasties.

2

"Xiaoxiang" is more elegant as a synonym for Hunan.

Now people not only use "Xiang" and "Sanxiang" to replace Hunan, but also use "Xiaoxiang", "Xiaoxiang Land" and "Xiaoxiang Land" to replace the whole of Hunan. It should be said that this statement is more humane and completely correct.

"Shan Hai Jing Zhongshan Jing" contains: "The mountain of Dongting ... the emperor's second daughter lives there and often swims in Jiangyuan. The wind of Li Yuan, crossing the Xiaoxiang abyss, between Jiujiang, there must be wind and rain in and out. " The "Xiaoxiang" here actually contains the meaning of the whole Xiangjiang River Basin. In ancient times, Cao Zhi, Du Fu, Liu Zongyuan, Wang Changling, Du Mu, Lu You and others all had poems chanting "Xiaoxiang". Such as "swim to the north shore, stay in Xiaoxiang overnight", "Dongting Zhang, Xiaoxiang emperor and son travel", "Xiaoxiang Dongting in the snow", "Xiaoxiang spring breeze is boundless", "Xiaoxiang has no poetry until Xiaoxiang" and so on.

It can best explain that "Xiaoxiang" refers to Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang written by Mi Fei in Hunan or Song Dynasty.

Mi Fei (1051-107), a native of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, moved to Xiangyang, Hubei Province and settled in Runzhou, Jiangsu Province (now Zhenjiang). Song Huizong is called Doctor of Calligraphy and Painting, and the official is Yuan Wailang. The Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang written by Mi Fei refer to the Eight Scenes of Xiangjiang River Basin. Its name began in the Song Dynasty. Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan Painting and Calligraphy": "Song Di Gong painted Pingyuan mountains and rivers especially well, and his favorite works include the setting of geese in Pingsha, the return of Pu Yuan to sail, the sunny mountain city, the snowy day in the river, the autumn moon in Dongting, the rainy night in Xiaoxiang, the late bell in the smoke temple and the setting of sunshine in the fishing village, which are called' eight scenes', and many good people spread it." Zhao Jishi's "Send to the Garden": "Since the Song Dynasty, the emperor outside the Yuan Dynasty has written eight scenes of Pingyuan with the scenery of Xiaoxiang, and the viewers have stayed with the title of' Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang'". There are still different opinions about where the "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" refers to. According to the general opinion, it is briefly described as follows:

Xiaoxiang Night Rain: In Pingdao, Lingling District, Yongzhou City. Pingdao, known as Xiaoxiang Bamboo in ancient times, also known as Fuzhou, is located at the intersection of Xiaoxiang Water. Its scenery is full of bitter bamboo and partridges are singing. Clouds are dark and rivers are invisible. Thread the river, if it falls, if it falls. The deep guest who dances and weeps beads is the soul of Hunan who mourns drum instruments. "As the poem says," your majesty roared proudly and went to sleep one by one. Imagine that the Yaotai ring is wet and makes people feel broken. "

Clear landscape: Zhaoshan, Yuetang District, Xiangtan City. Its scenery is "relying on the mountain for the country and the pillar for the home." The meeting of fish and shrimp, the capital of Lingqiu. What comes to you, what comes to you slowly. Duan Lin is ethereal, and mountains are lingering. There are mountains in the jade, and the red bud comes from Zhao Hui. If the emptiness is not full, then space. "The poem says," The peaks are empty and wet, and the mountain city is faint. It's just a little Leng Zui, and the wine flag doesn't need to be confessed from now on. "

Pu Yuan's return flight: On the east bank of Xiangjiang River in Wenxing Town, Xiangyin County today. Its scenery is "clear and blue, reflecting the waves and the sunset shining on the water." There is a kind of leaf boat, which is faster than flying feathers. Lucky Hong Tao will be safe. The family was waiting at the door, laughing and laughing. "There is a poem that says," A girl in the Hanjiang River swims under the pomegranate skirt, and the two sides hear the songs of Yiling. When a guest sails, he will bow his head, and the boudoir is thinking of you. "

Rock Temple Night Bell: At the site of Liang Qing Temple in Kaiyun Town, Hengshan County. Liang Qing Temple, built in the Tang Dynasty, has now been destroyed, leaving only a thousand-year-old camphor tree. Its scenery "suddenly enters Songmen, and the lotus peanuts are in the shade." Monk Sticking Tin will return to Zhu Lin. With a bang, the ape startled the crane. The valley is hidden in the clouds, and Dongshan spits the moon. " The poem says: "It is not easy to meet a monk, and the head of the Zen forest is sealed by white clouds. The clock is far away, and the tin is over the peak. "

Sunset in fishing village: in Wulingxi, Taoyuan County today. Its scenery is "wings, wings, home." Generally speaking, boat, lotus and pu. There are fish to eat and wine to drink. What's the fun of collecting nylon wound nets? The light of the Western Hills is in my Sang Yu ". As the poem says, "Chai Men basks in the sun and shines again, and the peach blossoms and flowing water recognize the former Tianjin. Buy fish and wine to go to Xiangjiang River and hang on to sand as a gift. "

Autumn Moon in Dongting: On Junshan Island in Yueyang City today. Its scenery is "Junshan comes from the south, majestic." Where there is no smoke, there are no waves. The night air is clear and quiet. Su E bathed in water, and the light swayed with the essence. Tilt your skirt and clear your shadow, and come to the sound of music. Thin clouds can't afford it, empty and bright. There is a poem that says: "Li Bai once moved the moon to the fairy, and the smoke was drunk in the autumn." "I'd rather take the yellow crane and go upstairs and get drunk."

Pingsha Goose: In today's Yan Hui Peak, Hengyang City. Legend has it that ancient geese no longer fly south. Its scenery is "first frost sunny, reed ash." A flock of birds became quiet and their actions were listed. Drink or peck, sing or fly. It's not beautiful for bandits to go to the forest, for fear that they will pay for it one day. Water lodge, chatting with Yang ". There is a poem that says, "Hengyang is broken, and it will return temporarily. There is raspberry moss on Shaming Beach. I am willing to pay for it, but I am urged by the lonely city. "

Evening on the river: In today's Orange Island in Changsha, it is also known as the land and water island, also known as Long Island. Its scenery is "at the end of the year, the river is empty, the wind is strict and the water is knotted, the phoenix instrument is frozen, and the snow is scattered." Who is a great singer? The canopy carries the moon. Fishing alone in the cold pool sent it away. "As the poem says:" The boat is lost without a shadow, and the clouds are light and the wind is mixed. ChristianRandPhillips is old and goes to Junshan alone. In the mirror, she has been trimming her eyebrows. "

We can say for sure that Mi Fei's Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang has covered the whole of Hunan, which can also be said to be "Eight Scenes of Hunan". Of course, some people think that "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" is really the scenery of Xiangjiang River Basin, but there is no clear reference except "Autumn Moon in Dongting". Some people also think that "these eight landscapes refer to the eight natural landscapes of Xiangjiang River and Dongting Lake in Xiaoshui, Hunan Province in different seasons and phenology, and at different times and weather in a day". However, in the records of Dongting Lake, it is said that there are "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang", mainly the beautiful scenery of Dongting Lake and its surroundings, and there is no detailed place. Some people think that the "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" are scattered all over Hunan, that is, the "Five Scenes" are along the Xiangjiang River, the Dongting Lake and the Taoyuan section of Yuanjiang River. And so on, although the "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" mainly includes natural ecological landscape, humanistic scenic spots and local customs landscape, they all agree that the "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" is a natural and humanistic ecological landscape that runs through the whole territory of Hunan. So it is natural to use "Xiaoxiang" instead of Hunan.

three

What are Wang Fuzhi's Ten Scenes of Xiaoxiang?

It should be pointed out that in ancient Hunan, there were "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" and "Ten Scenes of Xiaoxiang". In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi, a native of Hengyang, Hunan Province, not only wrote the poem "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang", but also wrote the poem "Ten Scenes of Xiaoxiang after Singing Eight Scenes". The "Ten Scenes of Xiangxiang" sung by ancient poets such as Wang Fuzhi also shows that "Xiaoxiang" refers to the whole of Hunan and can replace the title of Hunan.

The "Ten Scenes of Xiaoxiang" are: 1. Shun Ling Yun Feng. According to legend, Xiaoshui flows from the northwest of Jianghua to the north peak of Jiuyi Mountain in Ningyuan, and there are always clouds on its half ridge, and rain flies into Xiaoshui. The second one is Xiangtang. It's about the east of Dongan County, where there is an agarwood pool. A plant is inserted on the stone wall, and the cloud is agarwood. The pool is clear and the reflection is green. The third is Chaoyang Xu Ying. It is said that on the Xiaoshui side of Lingling County, not far from Cobalt Pool and Yuxi, and ten miles north of Xiangkou, it is the confluence of Xiaoxiang River and Xiaoxiang River. The fourth is the pale wall of Wuxi. According to legend, in the north of Qiyang County, Le Yan Lu Gong's "Yuan Zi Shan Zhongxing Fu" is on the cliff, covered with Shui Ying, which is quiet and enjoyable. The fifth is the dangerous cliff of Shigu. It is said that in the north of Hengyang County, steamed water flows eastward to the north of Hunan, and Bibo Ancient Cliff. The sixth is Yue Feng Bi Yuan. It is said that from Hengyang, 30 miles to the north, to Xiangtan, 60 miles to the south, Yuefeng is shallow and endless in You Lan. Seventh, Zhaoshan is solitary and green. It is said that the sun sets, the shore of Hunan is low, one peak stands on the river, and it reaches Sanli in Xiangtan County in the north, and the next is Muyun Beach. The road is guarded by Zhao Wangnan. Eight is that bronze officials keep fire. It's about the bronze officials in the north of Changsha, which used to be the drifting place of Ling Du. The deer pavilion is far from the shore, and the water is fragrant at the beginning. Fishing lights keep the fire, and in the twilight, it is like a cold star reflecting water. Nine is the winding Xiangwan River. It is said that in order to slow down the eastward flow of Hunan, there are 36 bays in the north of Xiangyin County, which are clear and lingering. When it came out, it gradually entered Caoqing Lake. Li Binzhi said in a poem that "36 Bay is opposite to Bay". Ten is the floating wear of Junshan. It is said that the lake and mountains are as far as the eye can see. When I arrived at Junshan in Dongting, I saw a piece of green hibiscus floating on the glass shadow at first sight. Since then, Dongting has been integrated with the river. As Xie Tiao said, "The river flows day and night, and the guest's heart is sad." Ding Yan began, and Hunan was clear, which was also so unexpected. Tears and bamboo thousand poles hang purple halo, Hong Bin does not send Cangwu letter, Dongting ChristianRandPhillips corresponds to Cangwu.

Besides Wang Fu, there are many other poets and poets who chant Ten Scenes of Xiaoxiang. However, no matter who it is, although the poetic rhyme of the epigraph is different, they all talk about the green snail in Dongting Junshan from Jianghua Shunfeng, which is enough to show that "Ten Scenes of Xiaoxiang" also runs through Hunan's panorama, so "Xiaoxiang" can also replace the title of Hunan Province.

four

"Huxiang" has long been called the whole territory of Hunan.

Today's Hunan Province belonged to the State of Chu in the pre-Qin period. The current administrative region was named after "Hunan" in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Hunan was set as an observer in the late Tang Dynasty and Hunan Road in the Song Dynasty.

As for "Huxiang", it is generally believed that the geographical name named after "Huxiang" began in the Five Dynasties. At that time, Wuling (now Changde area) "had the right to know Tanzhou military affairs", and Zhou Xingfeng (? -962) succeeded Ma Yin as the military attache of Tanzhou, and said, "I occupy the land of Hunan, and the soldiers are stronger than Ma Zhuang ...". In fact, before this, there were many written records about the word "Huxiang". For example, Wang Bo (650-676), a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty, said in the Monument to Shanji Temple in Deyang County, Yizhou: "Although Cangwu looks back, Huxiang is a song of peace." Li Qiao, who served in the imperial court from the Tang Zhongzong Dynasty to the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (684-7 13), said in the Dragon Boat Festival Dress Table: "... When I arrived in Hunan, Zhou Xing was old, and I fanned the emperor's style and lived comfortably ..." Du Mu (803-852), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his congratulatory speech. Di Huan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in his poem "Sending people to visit Shaozhou": "When you enter Huxiang Road, you can't fly around with flowers. "

The word "Huxiang" can be found not only in Tang poetry, but also in the writings of foreigners studying in China in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Cui Zhiyuan (857-? ), 12 years old, crossed the ocean at his own expense to study in the Tang Dynasty, and lived in China for 16 years. Cui Shi wrote in "Pei Zan Shang Shu (I)" (II): "... Bo Hu Xiang abides by customs, and Luo Luo is cheap, so he can gain power and take a grand strategy. ……"

As can be seen from the above, the word "Huxiang" appeared before Zhou Xingfeng, and in people's minds at that time, "Huxiang" had long been divorced from the early regional concept of "Jingchu". Therefore, the first famous school of Neo-Confucianism in Hunan during the Southern Song Dynasty was called "Huxiang School" and "Huxiang School" by the academic circles at that time. Not only that, the word "Huxiang" often appeared in the official documents of the government at that time. For example, in the imperial edict of Tang Xizong's "Changing Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty in the First Year of Ming Dynasty", it said: "... Hainan River is very scarred, Huxiang is in Jinghan, and agricultural weaving is often empty." Tang Shi also recorded in the large-scale series "Taiping Magnolia" in the early Song Dynasty that there are mosquitoes in Jiangdong, and summer birds spit mosquitoes on reeds, especially in Huxiang. In the History of the Old Five Dynasties written by Xue (9 12—98 1) in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Huxiang" was mentioned five times. The juxtaposition of "Huxiang" and "Jingchu" shows that the regional concept of Huxiang and "Jingchu" was completely separated at that time. All this shows that "Huxiang" as a geographical name has long been recognized by the world.

If the word "Xiaoxiang" we often use only refers to a small field in Yongzhou, then we might as well use the word "Huxiang" which has existed for a long time and can represent the whole territory of Hunan.