The Qin Dynasty spread from the first emperor Ying Zheng to the second emperor Hu Hai, and then to the king of Qin Zi Ying. Wang Mang is not only the founding king of the new dynasty, but also a martyr of this dynasty.
But the two dynasties have one thing in common, that is, they both died at the hands of peasant rebels. Liu Xuan was an emperor established by the peasant army against the recklessness.
one
Liu Xuan was still a fugitive when the peasant army of Lvlinshan fought against the loyalist.
Liu Xuan's ancestors can be traced back to Emperor Han Jing. Liu Fa, the son of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, was named King of Changsha, and Liu Xuan was a descendant of Liu Fa.
About Liu Xuan's life experience, there is only one sentence in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "Brother Guangwu." Because Liu Xiu, the founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is also a descendant of Liu Fa, Liu Xuan should be older than Liu Xiu, so he is the younger brother of Liu Xiu, the Guangwu Emperor.
Besides, Liu Xuan, like Liu Xiu, lives in Fuling. Although it is of royal blood, Liu Xuan is already a distant branch of the royal family.
Liu Xuan's experience from youth to youth is briefly recorded in the history books. It is said that Liu Xuan's younger brother was killed (why and by whom is unknown today), so Liu Xuan made friends and planned to avenge his younger brother.
On one occasion, Liu Xuan invited guests to his home to have a drink, and invited the villagers who were in charge of public security to have a drink together. As a result, these guests were drunk and joked about swimming, which caused swimming rage. These guests were drunk and courageous. When they saw you angry, they beat him up.
Liu Xuan was scared this time, and the guests were invited by Liu Xuan, so Liu Xuan naturally joined in. Now I can't avenge my brother, so I ran away first, so Liu Xuan ran away from home and took shelter in Lin Ping (Lin Ping is in the northeast of Suizhou, Hubei), which may be related to his mother being Lin Ping.
As the saying goes, the local government arrested his father Liu and forced him to surrender. Did Liu Xuan turn himself in?
Of course not. Liu Xuan thought of an unexpected way to solve this problem-cheat death.
Liu Xuan had his coffin declared dead and carried back to his hometown. When the government saw that the man was dead, it didn't say that Liu Xuan would be arrested again, and Liu Xuan's father had to let him go.
In this way, Liu Xuan rescued his father, but he could not stay in his hometown, so he had to continue to flee.
The above is the only record before Liu Xuan joined the rebel army, and it is also quite legendary. Perhaps, there are other extraordinary experiences in the escape, but they are unknown.
two
It was windy for four years (17), and three things happened.
First, Renyi (real name) in Linhuai County pulled up a team to rebel and fought against Wang Mang's army in Changzhou, Huiji County (now East of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province).
Second, a woman named Lu (recorded as Lu's mother in history books) in Haiqu County (now southwest of Rizhao, Shandong Province) bears a grudge because her son who works in the county committed a small crime and was killed by a butcher in the county. Lu's mother's family is very rich, and she is also a landlord. She used her economic strength to give various benefits, and attracted hundreds of poor and unemployed young people to the east to recruit fugitives, which soon grew to thousands. Then he came back from the sea to attack Haiqu County, slay the county magistrate and avenge his son. Then he called himself a general and set out to sea again.
As a woman, Lu's mother rose up for personal revenge. Regarding whether the Lumu Rebellion can be called an uprising, I quote a passage from Mr. Huang's Liu Xiuchuan: "The great events called revolutions in history are very specific, some even trivial, and not as sacred and spectacular as some people think." ), and gathered thousands of people, successfully killed the county slaughter, a female hero.
Third, there is famine in the south. Hungry people go to the wild to dig wild water chestnuts to eat, but there are often disputes, such as the "site" between them. At this time, Wang Kuang and Wang Feng, two new cities in Jiangxia County, Jingzhou (now northeast of Jingshan, Hubei Province), came forward to solve some disputes for everyone.
What are the origins of these two people? History does not contain it. Probably an ordinary farmer, too. According to farmers' habits, everyone likes to have a leader, so Wang Kuang and Wang Feng naturally became the leading brothers of all, with hundreds of people under them.
At this time, Ma Wu, Wang Chang and Cheng Dan, desperate in the Jianghu, came to defect. Ma Wu, a native of Nanyang County, once lived in Jiangxia County to avoid the enemy, and later joined an anti-mang rebel army in the county. Wang Chang is from Yingchuan County, and his younger brother was killed. After avenging his brother, Wang Chang fled to Jiangxia County (it seems that he is luckier than Liu Xuan and can avenge his brother).
Cheng Dan is also a fugitive. These three people took refuge in Wang Kuang and Wang Feng, which should have played an important role in their decision-making. After all, these three people are not ordinary farmers, and the two kings should respect them all the more.
It should be said that Wang Kuang and Wang Feng were promoted as leaders, which was not an uprising, but a psychological reflection of farmers wanting to be "the boss". However, after Ma Wu and others joined in, these hundreds of peasants began to take the road of anti-recklessness under the leadership of the two kings. After the attack, he left his hometown and went to a mountain to hide, and later became famous. This mountain is a part of Dahongshan in Jingshan City, Hubei Province today, from which the "Chivalrous Man" was born.
In the fifth year of Tianfeng (18), Donghai County (located in the north of Tancheng, Shandong Province) (or Daodu and Diaozi) revolted because of hunger and moved to Xu and Yan areas, developing tens of thousands of people.
In the same year, Fan Chong of Langxie County (now southeast of Zhucheng, Shandong Province) rallied hundreds of people to revolt in Juxian County (now Juxian County, Shandong Province). Juxian failed to win, but also ran to a mountain-Mount Tai (then called Mount Tai).
Fan Chong's life experience is also unknown. All we know is that this man is brave. There was a famine in Qingzhou and Xuzhou at that time, and many people joined him. Within a year, he won more than ten thousand people.
Pei 'an, Xu Xuan, Xie Lu of Langxie County and Yang Yin of Donghai County also rose up and responded in succession. They teamed up with Fan Chong to attack Juxian County, where Fan Chong rose. Without capturing, they plundered the surrounding counties, even seized Qingzhou, and then returned to Cheng Nan (now Zaozhuang North, Shandong Province) in Donghai County.
At this time, there were tens of thousands of insurgents, but there was no military organization and no military discipline. Fan Chong's leading group imitated the three chapters (murder, wounding and theft) made by Liu Bang when he first entered Xianyang, and also made an imperial edict: the murderer dies and the injured person pays compensation.
As the "leading brother", Fan Chong calls himself "Sanlao" (Sanlao is a disciplined official in the village, belonging to the grassroots cadres in the village, and generally enjoys high prestige among the people). The rebels used this name to show their simplicity. The reason why the peasants rebelled is actually very simple-to survive. The history books say that the insurgents "always thought they were old and familiar and had to return home", which is a good proof.
As mentioned earlier, Wang Kuang, Wang Feng, Ma Wu, Wang Chang and others, with hundreds of people, left their hometown to gather (the scale of the gathering was slightly smaller than that in the countryside) and ran to Qinglin Mountain. People kept coming here to vote, and the number suddenly increased to nearly 10 thousand, which caused the anxiety of Jingzhou herders at that time.
Jingzhou Mu personally led 20,000 loyalists to "suppress bandits", and the result was a crushing defeat. When Jingzhou Pastor escaped, he was caught up by Ma Wu. After Ma Wu killed his entourage, he didn't dare to move Jingzhou, indicating that the rebels didn't have a clear goal at first, and they still had an instinctive fear of the people for the court.
This time, the outlaw killed thousands of people and gained a lot of trench. He took Jingling (now northwest of Qianjiang, Hubei Province) to attack Du Yun (now Jingshan, Hubei Province), Anlu (now northwest of Anlu, Hubei Province) and other places, and returned to Greenwood Mountain with the stolen female treasure.
At this time, the number of greenwood heroes has reached more than 50,000. According to historical records, after this war, "counties cannot be controlled."
Although the external threat has been eliminated, there are problems within the rebels. More than 50,000 people live in the mountains, and the sudden "major diseases" directly reduced the number by nearly half. After consulting with the leaders, the mountain must not stay any longer, so we have to go down the mountain to find a way out, and finally decided to split the insurgents in two:
One route, led by Wang Chang, Cheng Dan and the branch, entered Nanjun in the west and was called Xiajiang Soldiers (the section of the Yangtze River in western Hubei is called Xiajiang);
A branch in Wang Kuang, Wang Feng, Ma Wu and Zhu Bi led another army to Nanyang County in the north, which is called the New Army (Wang Kuang and Wang Feng are both new armies).
When the new army attacked Suixian in the north, Mu Chen and Liao Zhan from Linping (in the northeast of Suixian) also gathered thousands of soldiers to respond, claiming to be Ping Bing Lin to meet the new army.
At this time, Liu Xuan joined Ping and became a hero in Greenwood, where he served as an Anji jade, responsible for assembling the army.
Although Ping had nothing to do with Greenwood Mountain, because he fought side by side with the heroes of Greenwood, when it comes to the heroes of Greenwood, they are three schools: Xiajiang soldiers, new soldiers and peace.
When the outlaws successfully fought in Jingzhou, the insurgents in Xuzhou also developed rapidly, and their activities expanded from Taishan to Qing and Xu areas, and achieved sustained results. First, he killed Xi Zhongjingshang, the great master of Wang Mang who came to "suppress bandits", causing Wang Mang's great anger.
Wang Mang is determined to make peace with the "rebel army" in Qingxu area. This time, he sent a new surname Wang Kuang (with the same name as outlaw Wang Kuang) and a new general, Lian Dan, to lead hundreds of troops from eastern Chang 'an to Qi (that is, Qinghe Xu area).
In order to avoid confusion between the rebels and Wang Mang's cronies, Fan Chong painted everyone's eyebrows red, so the title of red eyebrows was born.
Kanto suffered from famine for years, and the people were miserable. However, Wang Kuang, a surname, and Lian Dan, a general who turned evil and reformed, burned and looted the army, which was full of evil deeds and lax military discipline. What they did to the people along the way can be reflected in the songs sung by the people: "It is better to change your surname when you meet a red eyebrow!" A surname is ok, and starting over will kill me! "
This ballad is often quoted when writing about Wang Mang's army to suppress the uprising, which is in sharp contrast with the principle of "the murderer dies and the injured pays" pursued by the Red Eyebrow Army led by Fan Chong.
Wang Kuang and Lian first wiped out the rebel army led by Shouwuhui in (now Dongping East, Shandong Province), and then fought fiercely with the Red Eyebrow Army in (now Dongping West, Shandong Province) and suffered a disastrous defeat. Wang Kuang escaped, Lian Dan was killed, and Wang Mang lost tens of thousands of people.
After this war, the Red Eyebrow Army expanded to hundreds of thousands of people, active in the vast east, attacking the city and plundering the land. Wang Mang had to turn to the defense and send more troops to defend Aocang and Luoyang.
Fan Chong then thought of his hometown Juxian, which he didn't win when he formed his own army. Later, he joined Pei' an and others to attack again, but they still did not conquer. This time, thousands of teachers of Wang Mang were defeated by themselves. How can a small county win?
So Fan Chong led more than 100,000 troops to surround Juxian County. After months of siege, Juxian did not surrender. At this time, someone advised Fan Chong to say, "How can we attack the country where parents live?" Fan Chong walked out.
Since then, the Red Eyebrow Army has advanced eastward, lost the battle with Yiping Yin Da (commander of the East China Sea), and developed westward and southward. "Plunder Chu, Pei, Runan and Yingchuan, return to Chenliu, attack Lucheng and turn to Puyang."
In the north, besides the Red Eyebrow Army, there are dozens of rebel armies, such as Ma, Du Qing, Datong, Youlai, Daqian, Sandalwood, Fuping and Chengtouzi Road. , are named after mountains and rivers, land or leaders or military capacity. Among them, Tongma is the strongest one in Touzi Road, Hebei and Hecheng (the leader is Zeng, Lu,
In addition, this year, Lu's mother died of illness, and his subordinates were divided into Chi Mei, Tong Ma and other uprising troops.
In the northern uprising army, there is also an armed force led by a woman named Chi Zhaoping. As for the Chi Zhaoping Uprising, there is only one sentence recorded in the history books: "Chi Zhaoping, a plain-looking woman, can be said to have voted for the scriptures with eight votes, and also gathered thousands of people in the river block." (Under the Biography of Wang Han Mang)
What do you mean by "eight votes can tell a classic"? Fu Qian (Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty) Note: "The game is shot with eight arrows."
It can be seen that Chi Zhaoping is not a mediocre person. She can explain the game, throw (win) eight arrows, and gather thousands of people to rebel, comparable to Lu Mu.
Women's participation in the uprising and becoming leaders also showed the depth and breadth of the uprising.
To the east and north of Luoyang are active insurgents.
three
In the south, after the outlaws split into two, the new army and Pinghe became one, active in Nanyang County.
In the third year of Emperor Huang (22 years), a new anti-mang armed force was born in Nanyang County, that is, Fuling soldiers led by Ada and Liu Xiu in their hometown (now Zaoyang South, Hubei Province), and Ada called himself "the commander of all the heavens". There are about seven or eight thousand people in this army. Most of the members are Liu's relatives and rich children. The purpose of rebellion is also fundamentally different from that of peasant rebels. The Liu brothers set out to overthrow Wang Mang and rebuild the Han Dynasty. The peasant uprising is obviously for survival.
The Liu brothers originally planned to join hands with Li Tong, a nobleman of Wancheng (Nanyang County, now Nanyang, Henan Province), but Li Tong leaked the plan, Li Tong fled alone and the whole family was killed.
In this way, only Fuling rose up unilaterally, the Liu brothers fought alone, and the people inside were unstable. In this case, the Liu brothers naturally thought of two peasant armies active in Nanyang-Xinshihe. Because the struggle with the barbarians was consistent, Ada and others decided to unite with the peasant army, and sent their own people Liu Jia to Xinshihe Army to discuss joint operations with their leader Wang Kuang.
When it comes to the reaction when the new army attacked Suixian, the history of the results of joint operations between the two armies is unknown, but it can be speculated that there should be no special development. However, Liu, who opposed the headstrong Fuling, hoped to unite, and the leader of the peasant army would naturally not refuse this friendly army, so the two sides quickly reached an agreement to join forces.
The first battle after the alliance between the two sides was to attack a military stronghold-Changju (now Tanghe, Henan Province), and Xinye County Commandant personally took the seat. It was in this battle that Liu Xiu had to ride an ox to take part in the war because Fuling soldiers lacked war horses. )
The allied forces won the first battle, killed the commandant of Xinye County, took away his military equipment, and then attacked Tangzi Township (now Zaoyang North, Hubei Province), where Wang Mang's army kept the trench. This place belongs to Huyang County and is personally stationed by Huyang County Commandant. As a result, the allied forces also won a great victory, killing Huyang County Commandant and taking a lot of trench.
The allied forces pursued victory and captured Jiyang County (now south of Nanyang, Henan Province, not far south of Wancheng, named after being in the north of the water), and gained great prestige.
Several victories made Ada proud. In November this year, he decided to immediately enter Nanyang, the capital of Nanyang County. As a result, in Xiao Chang 'an, I met Zhen Fu, a former team doctor (Nanyang Chief), and Liang Qiu, a subordinate (Nanyang Chief), and gave him a volley. That day, the sky was foggy and he was beaten out of the water in a hasty battle. Ada packed up down archers and surrendered to Jiyang. (Liu Xiu's second sister Liu Yuan and her three daughters, Liu Xiu's second brother Liu Zhong, and dozens of people were killed in this battle. )
Now, let's talk about the Xiajiang soldiers who moved west to Nanjun. Xiajiang soldiers did not develop smoothly at first, and were defeated by loyalists, but they quickly revived and went north to Nanyang County to station in Yiqiuju (now Tanghe River in Hexi, Henan Province).
After the First World War, Zhen Fu and Liang Qiu got carried away, and led hundreds of troops south in an attempt to wipe out the anti-mang armed forces in Nanyang.
At a critical juncture, people inside the league wavered. When Ada learned that Xiajiang soldiers were advancing on Qiu Yi, he personally contacted Liu Xiu and thomas lee (thomas lee fled from Wancheng to Ada) and persuaded Xiajiang soldier leader Wang Chang to reach an alliance at night.
/kloc-On New Year's Eve in October/February, the allied forces sent people to raid Lan Xiang, where the loyalist trench was located (in the north of Huangchun River, loyalist troops were stationed in the south of Huangchun River and the north of Suishui River, that is, "the camp that blocked Sichuan from entering Sichuan"). On the morning of the second day (New Year's Day), the allied forces launched a general assault, which won a great victory and killed Zhen Fu and Liang Qiu.
Wang Mang sent Yan You and Chen Mao, generals who went south to suppress the rebels, to Wancheng for protection. Ada marched into Wancheng again, and the two sides met in Puyang (now Nanyang South, Henan Province). After a fierce battle, the insurgents won a great victory, and Yan You and Chen Mao abandoned the army and fled.
After this war, Liu Xuan, who had been stationed in Pingbing, was promoted to general and started a new business.
Insurgents can win many times, thanks to the unity and cooperation of the allied forces. Obviously, this is not just Ada's job.
At the beginning of Hero in the Woodland, there were no documents, no orders, no banners, no songs and no slogans threatening the government. This is a relatively primitive armed force. However, since the Liu family in Fuling began to unite with the peasant army, the anti-mang struggle has risen to a new stage.
As an imperial clan, Ada set out to rebuild the Han Dynasty, with a strong imperial color. Follwed heard Ada's name and paid a high price for his head.
The number of insurgents is also increasing, and many ordinary people begin to defect. The increase in the number of people made the rebel leaders feel disunited. One person must be elected as the supreme leader (emperor) to coordinate the forces of all parties and unify the command.
Who should I choose? No matter Wang Kuang, Wang Feng, Ma Wu, Cheng Dan, Mu Chen and Liao Zhan, they did not have this qualification, because the so-called imperial power thought was widespread at that time, and farmers needed authoritative rule. Shortly after the Liu Han regime, there was public opinion that the Liu family was revived (since the first peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty has been established for more than 200 years, and its rule has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people), so everyone unanimously agreed to choose from the Liu clan.
As a representative of the imperial clan, Ada has made great achievements and enjoyed high prestige. He was supported by Fuling soldiers, Nanyang Hao clan members and Wang Chang, the leader of Xiajiang soldiers. However, the commander of the New Army, Lin Pingjun and Xiajiang soldier Zhang Wan disagreed. They had another candidate, and that was Liu Xuan, the general who started a new stove.
What is the reason for it? The history books say that "in Xincheng and Linping, generals will indulge themselves, fearing fame, greed for saints and cowards." (Ada word Bosheng, Liu Xuan word Gong Sheng)
In fact, Liu Xuan's cowardice is not necessarily true, which can be seen from his gathering guests to avenge his brother and his later wisdom against the government. His advantage is that Liu Xuan is also an imperial clan; However, the disadvantages are more obvious. Liu Xuan went to the farmers to herd sheep alone, and his position was small and easy to control. Therefore, compared with Ada with strong ability and high prestige, Liu Xuan is obviously more suitable to be a puppet.
As for why Wang Chang prefers Ada, it can be speculated that when Ada personally came to see Wang Chang and asked for help, they forged a friendship.
After the peasant army decided to establish Liu Xuan, it called Ada to "consult" and learned about it in front of all the leaders. Ada was really a little surprised, but he still said a long paragraph, hoping not to establish an emperor (because Ada knew that he couldn't do it now):
The general is fortunate to respect the imperial clan, and his virtue is very thick. However, they are ignorant and have their own opinions. Today, hundreds of thousands of people have heard of the establishment of Nanyang imperial clan, fearing that they will stand up again. In this case, there will be internal disputes. Today, Wang Mang has not been destroyed, and the imperial clan is attacking each other. It is doubtful that the world will lose power and there is no need to break the Mang. The first soldiers began to blow the trumpet, but few people succeeded. Bobby Chen and Ji Xiang did the same thing. It's not enough for me to go to Wan Li for three hundred miles. Stand up and speak for the world with self-esteem, and let future generations bear our hardships. It is not a good person to make plans. Now he calls himself king and gives orders. If the red eyebrows are virtuous, then; If there is nothing to stand for, it is not too late to break the arrogance and lower the red eyebrows and raise the title again. I want to think it over.
Hearing this, the generals thought it was reasonable, but Zhang Yan resolutely disagreed, drew his sword and knocked on the ground, shouting, "Doubt is useless. There must be no two discussions today! "
In this way, Liu Xuan was finally identified as the emperor.