During the feudal period, due to the restriction of the imperial examination and the inequality between the rich and the poor. People in the lower classes have not received a good education, so their education level is low, which forms that ordinary people must press their handprints and hand (palm) prints as the main source of evidence in contracts.
During the period of 1959, a contract for borrowing millet in Tibetan in the Tang Dynasty was unearthed in the ancient city of Milan, Xinjiang. This contract is written in kraft paper, and the Tibetan language is black. There are four red fingerprints at the signature, one of which can see the ridge line. This is the first contract document printed with fingerprints in ancient times.
A few days later, when Yulong took the contract to an important place, Zhou Zheng's mother disagreed and sued Yulong to the yamen. The court attached great importance to the evidence. After seeing Zhou's handprint on the contract, the county government awarded the land to Yulong without saying anything. Zhou Mu refused to accept and sued Yulong to the state government. Therefore, the state government rejected the appeal and upheld the original judgment.
A few days later, Yuan Jiang, a great writer, was appointed as the magistrate of Yongxin County, and Zhou Mu reported Yulong to the county government again. Yuan Jiang didn't jump to conclusions easily this time. He carefully checked Yulong's contract again and again and finally found a loophole. He told Yulong, "Your land sales contract is forged." Yulong refused to accept, Yuan Jiang pointed to the handprint on the contract and said, "The year and month of this contract are written on the handprint, which means that it is illogical for you to get the handprint on Zhou Mu's document first and then write the contract." Yulong saw that things were exposed and had to admit that the handprint on the contract was fake. Yuan Jiang took the fake handprint as a breakthrough, and finally returned the 15 mu of land belonging to Qin Zhou to its original owner. Of course, the money lost by Zhou Zheng still needs to be paid back slowly.
Fingerprint recognition has existed since ancient times!
Fingerprint recognition has existed since ancient times!
Fingerprint recognition has existed since ancient times!
While watching Nirvana in Fire, some students saw the letter written by Xie Hou when he was exiled, and finally bit his finger and pressed his fingerprint. At the same time, signatures and handprints can also be found in various costume dramas and historical records. I thought there was no fingerprint identification technology in ancient times, so what technology did the ancients have to identify the authenticity of handprints?
Because the problem is wrong, fingerprints and palm recognition have long existed! Modern people should not be too narcissistic, thinking that the ancients could not even observe "everyone's fingerprints are different" and "buckets are different". In ancient times, every soldier had to make a book called "Skipping Book" to distinguish who was who and verify it in the legal sense:
Let's look at an article from the Shang Dynasty in China:
This is a Shang pottery unearthed from the early site of Shang indigenous culture in Zhaishan, Jiangxi Province, with obvious fingerprint marks on it. These fingerprints have a history of 3600 years, which proves that fingerprints have existed since ancient times as "some kind of records". China officials used fingerprints as the basis for solving crimes no later than the Song Dynasty. Of course, it may be a little late to systematically demonstrate the trend of fingerprints and compile them into articles for academic discussion, but it must not be said that the ancients could not identify fingerprints.
Photo: In ancient China, a certain "record" was usually used as its own symbol, which made it easy to distinguish it. When the Shang pottery master made pottery, it was made by kneading, forming its own unique mark.
At present, the unearthed contracts in the Tang Dynasty generally have handprints at the end. In all kinds of paintings and calligraphy works, there are also many traces left by handprints.
If a contract is signed, all kinds of applicants should also press their handprints on the back of the contract as identification. Some people think that fingerprint identification is today's technology, and it is even later as legal evidence. For example, the study of fingerprints was discovered by the British in 1684, and the case of fingerprints will be solved in19th century: "In the late19th century, fingerprints have been used as a clue for the police to solve crimes, but it was not until 1898 that a murder case in Bangladesh was convicted by fingerprints for the first time in the world.
In fact, fingerprints are used to make legal judgments, and the physical evidence in the history of China is much earlier than this. As I said just now, I also listed archaeological evidence to prove that thumb prints should be remembered. If the ancients clearly didn't know the uniqueness of everyone's fingerprints, why did they press them?
As we all know, signature is also because everyone's font is different. Whether others are similar to you or not, the name is yours, and it is exactly the same as your handwriting, which can be used as evidence. Adding fingerprints means that your signature has not escaped (except coercion or deception).
Therefore, after the Song and Yuan Dynasties in China, when someone confessed to draw a vow, they usually pressed their handprints on their signatures. If you have any questions or disputes in the future, you can bring up the file. If you suspect that you are not yourself, you can ask this person to press his fingerprint on another piece of paper and compare it with the file, so you can know at a glance whether it is yourself. In addition to "fingerprint" recognition, people also realize that the grain direction of the whole palm and sole is different, so these are also used as legal evidence:
A few days ago, at the request of the staff, I pressed my handprint on a paper purchase contract with my right index finger. At that time, there was a question, is there a rule for that finger to press the fingerprint? Out of curiosity, I looked up relevant information. Article 5 of Interpretation II of the Contract Law stipulates that "if the parties conclude a contract in the form of a contract, they shall sign or seal it. If the parties press their fingerprints on the contract, the people's court shall determine that it has the same legal effect as the signature or seal. " In other words, the specific finger used when fingerprinting is not clearly defined in law. Actually, I'm no stranger to fingerprints. When I was a child, I still remember the scene where some landlords and rich people forced poor households to sell their children and pressed the red handprint on that tearful deed of sale. It seems traditional to use fingerprints as identification. By tracing back to the source, fingerprints were used as early as the Qin Dynasty, but the main function at that time was to solve crimes. At that time, the ancients did not have computers or microscopes, and they mainly judged by their eyes. As long as the fingerprints mentioned at the scene are compared with the suspects, the criminals are identified. Fingerprints speed up the investigation and solve many mysteries and unjust cases. In the TV series "Da Song Diao Guan", Song Ci, an expert in solving crimes, used fingerprints many times and achieved unexpected results. The real Song Ci in history also wrote a Record of Remembering Injustice, which recorded the process of handling cases in detail, including many examples of fingerprint handling cases.
The ancients were very clever. Seeing the uniqueness and unrepeatability of fingerprints, apart from using fingerprints to solve crimes, fingerprints have been found in various contracts and wills since the Tang Dynasty to represent a contractual spirit. At that time, it was called "drawing coupons", which was also called "drawing fingers as letters". After the contract was concluded, both the contractor and the middleman had to draw three knuckles on the index finger.
At the same time, for some confidential documents, the ancients would seal them with mud first, and then cover them with handprints or seals. If someone peeks at the secret, they will inevitably destroy their fingerprints. In order not to be discovered, they must stamp with similar fingerprints, but the lines of two people can't be the same. Just compare the fingerprints and you'll know whether it's true or not. Calligraphy and painting made by some celebrities, pottery made by craftsmen, etc. Sometimes fingerprints are printed to prevent forgery.
First of all, fingerprint identification technology is based on eye recognition from the beginning, for two reasons. First, in ancient society, there were fewer people who could read and write, and most of them belonged to the elite, so ordinary people generally used handprints to participate in contracts. Secondly, the ancients lacked handwriting identification technology, and many literati took imitating other people's handwriting as their hobby. Therefore, the ancients adopted a simple and effective way of pressing fingerprints. Of course, the corresponding ancient times certainly had fingerprint identification technology.
Since the Qin Dynasty, China has recorded the use of fingerprints to solve crimes. In the chapter of Qin bamboo slips "Closed Diagnosis-Cave Thief", it is recorded that "there are knees, characters, knees and hands everywhere in the room and cave." This shows that the judicial personnel in Qin dynasty have used "handwriting" as a method to solve crimes.
Jia of Tang Dynasty in China was the first scholar in the world who proposed to identify people by fingerprints. China's observation and application of fingerprints in ancient times spread to foreign countries in the Tang Dynasty. However, many documents, contracts and wills found after the liberation of the Tang Dynasty have fingerprints, knuckles or palm prints as an important means to identify individuals. Since then, all previous dynasties have followed the habit of taking finger mold and palm mold as mirrors in literature.
There was no fingerprint identification technology in ancient times. Is fingerprinting useful? How to identify?
At the invitation of "New Chapter Network"
A: According to the archaeological discoveries of archaeologists and the records in historical books, the clever ancients mastered the fingerprint identification technology in China as early as the end of the Warring States Period 2,500 years ago. At that time, the fingerprints left by the suspect at the crime scene were used to solve the case.
At that time, the projection technology mainly used the graphic contrast method and magnified it with a magnifying glass.
The questioner can have a look at the case of how the ancients used fingerprints to define criminal suspects, or go to a large library to have a look.
The so-called fingerprint is the concave and convex lines on the upper surface of everyone's fingers. The starting point, ending point, bifurcation and overlapping combination of these concave-convex lines are called detail feature points. Moreover, fingerprints are lifelong, and there are countless serial numbers, which shows that everyone's fingerprints, including every stripe route of fingerprints, are unique. Scientific research has proved that there are no people with identical fingerprints, including twins.
Because of the low level of ancient civilization, all the people who can read and write are slave owners, while slaves are just production tools and have no right to read and write. Because slaves have no culture, they can only trade by fingerprints. The handprint on the indenture of Xi signed by Yang Bailao and Huang Shiren in the film White-haired Girl, which recorded the life of the poor before liberation, is enough to prove the living conditions of the poor at that time. Those who have money have signed, and those who have no money can only press their fingerprints.
Nowadays, many modern high technologies make fingerprint application technology more powerful and widely used in every corner of people's lives. For example, if there is no fingerprint identification technology, no one will buy it at all. I believe that in the future, people will use fingerprint recognition technology or face recognition technology to ensure safety and make people convenient and fast.
The above are personal opinions and are for reference only.
Shanghai is always happy with contentment 20 18.9.26
In ancient times, fingerprints were equivalent to current signatures, at best, comparisons. Trained people are still easy to recognize with the naked eye
In fact, in ancient times, fingerprints were not used to solve crimes. In the case that illiteracy still accounts for the vast majority, they can only confirm the records by fingerprinting when making various credit guarantees. Just like you swipe your bank card receipt now.
If there is fingerprint identification technology in modern times, it is equivalent to the ancient gods. The ancient superstition thought was quite heavy, and there was a god who looked up three feet. For most people, if they press the only fingerprint in the world and want to violate the content of the bet, they will be condemned by heaven, just as modern people know that their fingerprints will be taken back.
In addition, when confirming fingerprint information, it is mostly a comparison function. Although there were examples of solving crimes through fingerprint comparison in Song Dynasty, it also took a lot of time and energy.
First, how did the ancients find that fingerprints were different?
The ancients discovered the mystery that people's handprints were different from each other, and they had to start with pottery making. The ancients invented pottery from the new era more than 8000 years ago. They found that people's fingerprints are different from each other in the practice of making pottery and rubbing mud with clay for thousands of years. The "fingerprints" found on pottery pieces more than 5,000 years ago in Yangshao Cultural Site in Mianchi County, Henan Province, have been confirmed by research. This method of making pottery with "finger prints" has nothing to do with practicality, and it is a mark deliberately made by the ancients. The ancients did it on purpose. It shows that people began to use handprints from Yangshao culture. By the Zhou Dynasty, the handprint contract had already begun. Han Zheng Xuan notes "Zhou Li" and says: "The quality agent refers to two books and one book, which are identical but different. It's time to start writing. " Among them, "pledge agency" is a contract with fingerprints to achieve the proof effect.
Second, the ancients began to use fingerprints to solve crimes 2,500 years ago.
1975, Yunmeng bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger Land, Hubei Province recorded a criminal case in which a criminal dug a hole and entered a family to steal. It records the criminals' knees, handwriting, knees and other marks left at the crime scene. This historical record shows that at the latest at the end of the Warring States period, our ancestors had regarded "handwriting" as one of the important evidences to solve cases and determine criminals. A typical case of using fingerprints to solve a case is recorded in the biography of Yuan Jiang, the history of Song Dynasty. During the heyday of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a young man named Zhou Zheng in Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province. He is a gambler addicted to gambling. He lost all his property, so he forged a land sale contract on a piece of white paper with his mother's hand print on the back. During the trial of this case, Hou Xian Ya found that the contract was stamped by her mother's hand and then written late last week, thus exposing the trick of forging the contract.
Third, fingerprints are used to represent a contractual spirit.
In the contract, the handprint is called "drawing fingers as letters", which means that handprint is a personal reputation and represents a kind of contract spirit. This kind of physiognomy, which originated in ancient times, is a part of ancient culture, because palm readers in ancient times used fingerprints and palm prints to infer people's fate. Because the ancients knew the numerology of fingerprints, they linked their fingerprints with their own destiny, and pressing their fingerprints on the contract meant their credibility without the support of external appraisal. So this is also the reason why people are popular in writing contracts according to fingerprints.
Fourthly, how did the ancients distinguish handprints?
Ancient palmistry is a part of ancient culture, and palmistrists are very good at fingerprint recognition. Besides, people's fingerprints can be clearly distinguished by the naked eye, and it is not difficult for magicians to identify handprints.
Thank you for inviting me, little secretary. The ancients found that everyone's fingerprints and palm prints were different, which became the symbol of everyone's identity. It is wrong to say that "fingerprints can't be compared in ancient times". In fact, fingerprint comparison has existed since ancient times:
The Qin Dynasty recorded the use of fingerprints to solve crimes. Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province, recorded that "there are knees, handwriting, knees and hands everywhere inside and outside the cave", which shows that the judicial personnel in Qin Dynasty have used "handwriting" as a method to solve the case.
In the Tang Dynasty, fingerprints were even used: "On July 12, the third year of Tang Jianzhong, soldier Ma Lingzhi was in urgent need of money and borrowed 1,000 yuan from Jianying monk in Guobao Temple, with a monthly interest of one point; If monk Jianying needs it, he can recover the principal and interest at any time; If Ma Lingzhi cannot be returned, the sword shadow monk can take all the property of Ma Lingzhi away; I am afraid that there is no voucher, I will print it. " As can be seen from this incident, both contracts and vouchers should be handprinted. If you don't admit it, press a handprint and compare it with the naked eye, and you will know the authenticity.
In addition, the army generally has a Skip Book, which is to register the fingerprints of soldiers. At that time, fingerprints could be classified according to their shapes and structures and applied to social life.
The ancients signed documents, calligraphy and paintings, contracts or made private notes, which was called "pawn", and pawn became a kind of evidence.
Emperor Taizong once ordered ministers not to sign the memorial in cursive script, because cursive script was too fancy and irregular.
Song dynasty changed. When presenting official documents or communicating with people, most of them don't sign at the end of the document, but only write their own words, which are called token words. However, there is a kind of "flower sign", that is, the names are linked together to write a word, which belongs to the scholar's "ghost painting symbol", which is difficult to identify and imitate, but it has contributed to the verification of another identity.
Wang Anshi is the first author of Hua Qian. His signature only wrote one word "stone". After writing a horizontal line, I left the middle and drew a circle at will. There was a private discussion that his signature looked like a "reverse", so he deliberately drew a circle. Later generations will follow his example, which is the origin of painting. For illiterate people, this can solve the problem of signing or betting words, and anyone can draw a circle. For example, Ah Q in Lu Xun's works was signed in the form of a circle.
Modern fingerprint identification technology is very developed, including optical fingerprint identification, capacitive fingerprint identification, ultrasonic fingerprint identification and so on. Fingerprint technology has long been used in the detection of various criminal cases, widely used in mobile phone unlocking, mobile phone receiving and sending, punching in and out of work, dining in canteens and so on. For an individual, a handprint is a signature, a signature.
Although there was no modern scanning recognition in ancient times, it does not mean that the ancients did not have the skills to recognize fingerprints, and perhaps they have not been discovered by archaeologists.
In fact, it's not that the ancients couldn't compare fingerprints, as you asked. If you really can't compare fingerprints, the ancients are not fools. Why draw a bet? In many historical films and TV plays, we can see people drawing and betting on various occasions. This is not just a show. In ancient times, people discovered the uniqueness of fingerprints very early, so an epoch-making fingerprint identification program came into being.
Of course, ancient people can't compare fingerprints with high technology like us. At that time, it was mainly recognized by human eyes. Although the accuracy of this comparison result is not very high, it can basically meet the daily recognition accuracy. Now we open our hands and look at the fingerprints on our fingers with naked eyes, and it will be easy to tell the difference between fingerprints. Therefore, judging from the difficulty of naked eye fingerprint identification, this is not an unfathomable technology. There are specialties in the industry, and there were specially trained professionals to identify fingerprints in ancient times.
We all know that signing and signing are basically inseparable procedures, and in ancient times, very few people were able to receive cultural education. In this case, the illiteracy rate is very high. Even a large number of people can't write their own names, and it's not realistic for them to sign documents. As for the saying that they draw circles without writing names, I really haven't studied it. However, the appearance of this program has solved this problem perfectly. Because of its simplicity, it spread quickly, and we still use it until now.
However, in some ancient film and television dramas, government officials occasionally collect fingerprints at the crime scene. Personally, I feel that this is not very reliable. Because it only relied on the degree of naked eye recognition at that time, there was no advanced big data fingerprint database as the basis. Even if fingerprints can be collected with lime or other things, the possibility of finding criminals in this way is almost nonexistent.