"Hakka" is an important name in the Han nationality. This ethnic group, known as "Hakkas", is a Han ethnic group that moved southward to the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi from the end of Tang Dynasty to the middle of Ming Dynasty and merged with the local She nationality and other aborigines. It has a unique dialect, culture and characteristics different from other ethnic groups of Han nationality. It is "customized", which is dominated by Han nationality and includes ethnic minorities such as She nationality. However, this ethnic group is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members include members of different nationalities who are integrated with each other and have common cultural characteristics. So "Hakka" is a title of Han nationality, but it is not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.
The Migration and Formation of Hakkas
The ancestors of Hakkas came from the Central Plains. Hakka people have experienced five migration movements in history, of which the first period is the gestation period, the second and third periods are the formation period, and the fourth and fifth periods are the spread period at home and abroad. The background of Hakkas' migration is the Northern Han Dynasty's migration to the south caused by the change of kingship, peasant uprising or ethnic minorities' entry into the Central Plains in China history.
The first great migration-at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Yu Yongkang triggered the "rebellion of eight kings" in the first year, and then the people's anti-gold struggle broke out, which greatly shook the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty. At this time, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xiongnu, Biandi and other ethnic minorities in the north took advantage of the situation, and each was king, fighting endlessly with each other, which plunged the Central Plains into the turbulent situation of "Five Chaos in China". After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became the world of conference semifinals. They abandoned farmland, herded cattle and sheep and enslaved Han people. The enslaved Han people moved south on a large scale, forming a trend of moving south with well-dressed Tu people and big bureaucrats as the main body. They entered Xiangfan from the Central Plains via Nanyang, Henan Province, flowed into the Yangtze River along the Hanshui River, and moved to Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. To the east, from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake, or along the Ganjiang River into the mountainous area of southern Jiangxi. Its vanguard has arrived in today's Tai Po, Meizhou, and Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for nine years (AD 4 13), and Zhao Yi County was established on the basis of "floating private enterprises". At this time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was located in the south of the Yangtze River, set up overseas Chinese prefectures, counties and counties to give various preferential treatments. This trend has come and gone for more than 70 years, with a population of one to two million:
Since the second great migration-the "Anshi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty, the situation in the whole country has turned from prosperity to decline, and there has been a situation of division of provinces. They attacked each other and defeated the people. Coupled with years of famine in the central plains, the government exploited and exploited, and the people struggled. Fireworks in many cities and rural areas were cut off and there was a depression. Soon, the peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out. The insurgents crossed the Central Plains and moved to Yu Sheng in the north and south. These places are the areas where the Han people moved south for the first time. As far as war is concerned, only Gannan, southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong are "relative paradise", so most of the Hakka ancestors in these provinces traveled back to the Ganjiang River from Jiangzhou and settled in the triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and northeastern Guangdong today. According to the records of Hakka genealogy, most immigrants in this period took refuge in Shibidong, Ninghua, Fujian. This is the second large-scale migration in the history of Han nationality in Central Plains. This southward migration lasted for more than 90 years, and lasted for the five dynasties after the Tang Dynasty:
Although the development of Hakka culture is uneven in different places, its cultural center has been changing constantly in various historical periods. But as a whole, they are closely related to each other, attract each other, influence each other and are inseparable.
There were two Hakka cultural centers in Song Dynasty.
One is Tingzhou on Fujian Road. Tingzhou is an important base for early Hakka immigrants. Legend has it that Shibi Township in Ninghua is the ancestral home of Hakka people, and it is not groundless. Therefore, it is logical for Hakka culture to take root and blossom in Tingzhou. Therefore, it has the reputation of "wind learning, quite like Zhongzhou". His outstanding figures are: Zheng Wenbao of Ninghua, Zhang Daguan of Ninghua, Zhang's father and son, and Yang Fang of Changting. Zheng Wenbao is good at poetry. His poems are favored by Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu and Sima Guang. Yang Fang, a famous Neo-Confucianism scholar, studied under Zhu and made important contributions to the rise of Neo-Confucianism in Hakka areas.
First, Guangnan East Road is located in northern Guangdong, with Shaozhou as the center. As Shaozhou is located in the traffic hub between north and south, Hakka culture in this area has geographical and climatic advantages. Yu Jing of Qujiang is one of the best. Yu Jin, a famous minister in the Song Dynasty, was worshipped in the Eight Immortals Hall in Guangzhou. His history, poetry and ancient prose were all valued by people at that time. Zeng Xin's collation of Historical Records and Hanshu is not for publishing forty-five volumes, which is evidence of excellent historiography.
Shaozhou is a place where the Hakkas hide their dragons and crouch tigers in the Song Dynasty, which has a historical origin. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Qujiang was famous for its Zhang Jiuling, which shocked the Central Plains. Zhang Jiuling, a famous figure in the Tang Dynasty, was a literary champion for some time. He is the author of Qujiang Collection, and his deeds include 99 biographies of Old Tang Books. His poems are concise and simple, washing away the lead of the Six Dynasties. Tang Yin Gui Qian praised "the first light school". It has a great influence on Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's poetry school. At that time, Zhang Shuo praised "later, the poet claimed to be the first". It can be said that Zhang Jiuling, with his outstanding talent and noble character, made the Central Plains people sit up and take notice of Lingnan culture.
In the Yuan Dynasty, most Hakkas did not take the exam as officials. Therefore, the literati was not obvious during this period, and the style of writing declined. There are also many records. But it is not without prominent figures. Longnan people are gentle, integrated with all history, and have written a lot, which is from the hands of tens of thousands of literati. The style of writing is prosperous for a while, which is an example.
The disadvantages of inheriting Yuan in the early Ming Dynasty are rare among Hakka celebrities. During the years of Chenghua and Hongzhi, it began to show its edge. After Jiajing, talented people came forth in large numbers. It reached its peak in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. During this period, there were three Hakka cultural centers:
1. Tingzhou Prefecture, Fujian. Especially in literature and history. There are Li Shixiong and Li Shihong in Ninghua, and Liu Fang in Shanghang. Shixiong Li, whose main works are Cold Branch I and Cold Branch II. History says: a hundred schools of thought and six classics are all connected; For the depth of tattoos, Obo is bizarre. The compilation and revision of Ninghua county annals is known as the world-famous annals, which has made special contributions to the study of local chronicles in Hakka areas. Li Shihong, a disciple of Shixiong, is known as the "title of poetry and articles". Liu Fang is the author of China Pavilion. He thinks highly of himself, claiming that "since the article was published, it has only been a Liu Ao stone". Some people commented that his writing style was "enough to make the gods cry".
First, Gannan area. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the ancient prose Sanwei and Yi Tang Jiuzi were the most famous. "Three Wei" refers to Wei Jirui and Wei He, three brothers in Ningdu, Jiangxi. Nine sons takes the three Wei brothers as the core, plus Li Tengjiao, Zeng Shen, Peng and Lin Shiyi. Their achievements in ancient Chinese are mainly reflected in Wei Jirui's Collected Works of Wei Bozi, Wei Shuzi's Collected Works of Wei, Wei Li's Collected Works of Wei and Jiuzi's Notes on Nine Children in Yi Tang. The Wei family, with six generations living under one roof, is called "Three Wei" and "Little Three Wei" in the literary world, and it has been passed down as an eternal story. Obviously, this strange cultural phenomenon would never have happened without the background of the prosperity of Gannan's writing style at that time.
Neo-Confucianism includes Xinfeng Yupu, Longnan Yuehua, Nankang Zhaowen Liu and Wang Shisheng. Elliot Ngok studied under Wang Shouren and the literati. Zhaowen Liu learned a lesson from Watergate. It can be seen that there are descendants of the king of Neo-Confucianism and Zhan in Gannan.
One is Huizhou Prefecture. Hakka Neo-Confucianism Center in Ming Dynasty. At that time, there were many talents and Neo-Confucianism reached its peak. Representative figures are Yang, Ye Shi, Ye Chunfang, Ye Tianyou, Ye, Ye Calyx and Yang Qiyuan. Zeng learned this mystery from Yang of Zhan Ganquan. Ye Shi studied from Pang Song in the South China Sea and worshipped Wang Yang's conscience. Ye Chunfang, a scholar, is full of enthusiasm, and "enthusiastically calls him to be pure in learning". Ye, Neo-Confucianism worships Chen Xianzhang. Ye E was a teacher in a county in Huizhou. Yang Qiyuan, who advocates the study of mind, is characterized by introducing Buddhism into Neo-Confucianism and integrating Buddhism and Confucianism.
Neo-Confucianism in Huizhou Hakka area and Neo-Confucianism in Guangdong are developing simultaneously. "Mingxing, Baisha family started, taking the study of honesty as the Sect, so Neo-Confucianism in eastern Guangdong flourished." In other words, the rise of Baisha in Chen Xianzhang after the orthodoxy of the Ming Dynasty marked the prosperous stage of Neo-Confucianism in Guangdong. Since then, the masters of Neo-Confucianism of Hakka, Fulao and Guangfu have led the way, permeating and reflecting each other, showing a vibrant situation. "At that time, the disciples of Ganquan and Yangming held their own opinions and had similarities and differences with each other. They have been familiar with each other since Bi Tang, and they were both persuaded by Bi Tang to reconcile. He lectured on the Great Forest, Xue Zhongli was in Jinshan, Huang Taiquan was in Baiyun, Baotan, Yang Xiaozhai () and Ye Yunzhong were in Guishan, Ye Tongzhai () was in Luofu, and Wang was in Yuexiu. " People in Guangzhou will go to Guan Tian at the new moon, and Guan Tian is in Bitang. In other words, Yang, Ye Shi and others are unique in Huizhou's Neo-Confucianism during this period.
It should be emphasized that Hakka people have a very strong national consciousness and honor thought because they are deeply influenced by Confucianism. This is the most representative scholar in Tingzhou and Gannan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most of them have the thoughts and behaviors of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight" and "rejecting Qin as emperor". Its outstanding figures are Li Shixiong, Liu Fang, Wei Jirui and Wei He. As a man, he "doesn't eat Zhou Su" and lives in seclusion in the mountains. As a writer, he is cynical, generous and furious, and smokes calcium dobesilate capsules. Their moral articles are immortal. It occupies a particularly important position in the history of Hakka culture development.
Since the Qing Dynasty, Jiaying Prefecture and Chaozhou Prefecture in Guangdong belong to Tai Po and other places (that is, the jurisdiction of Meizhou City today), and they have increasingly occupied an important position in Hakka areas. In the Qing dynasty, the Hakka area in this area was the first. Li Xiangyuan, a scholar in the 30th year of Kangxi, was the first scholar in this dynasty. Since Qianlong, especially after the west wind spread eastward, the humanities in Meizhou area have become increasingly prosperous. In Qing Dynasty, Meizhou culture was most developed with poetry. The representative figures are Yang Zhongxing,,, Wen Xun,, Wu, Fan,, Ye,, Hu, Huang Zunxian, Wen Zhonghe and others. Among them, the most authors are Lai Xiang and Huang Zunxian. Laixiang is the most famous poet in Lingnan after Qianlong. The representative is Poems on Red Apricot Mountain Residence. History says that "Guangdong poetry has pushed the (Song) item as a giant since Feng and Zi", or "since there was no (item)". Huang Zunxian was a banner of the "poetic revolution" in the late Qing Dynasty. The representative is (Lushi Grassland Man). His easy-to-understand "New Style Poetry" played a pioneering role in the May 4th New Poetry Movement in Sri Lanka. What is particularly worth mentioning is the appearance of famous female poets Fan and Ye Bohua. Hakka women are famous for their intelligence, virtue and hard work, and play a particularly important role in Hakka society. However, due to the long-term bondage of feudal ethics, there is no achievement in culture, which forms a great contrast between women's status in economic activities and cultural education. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, this abnormal situation changed with the increasing popularity and women's rights. Fan's Bi Hua Ji and Ye's Gu Ji are a bright pearl in the poetry circle in the late Qing Dynasty. They can be regarded as pioneers of female poets in the May 4th New Culture Movement.
It is no accident that Meizhou occupied a decisive position in the humanistic status of Hakkas in the Qing Dynasty. It appeared as early as the Ming Dynasty. The appearance of Li Shichun is such an example. Li Shichun's writing style is vigorous and bold, which is valued by contemporary people. His works are included in the Collected Works of Mr. He in Li Er. Moreover, according to Guangxu's Jia Ying Zhou Zhi Cong Tan (Volume 32):
"Talking about the Sea" says: Wen's clan is old. In the Ming Dynasty and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were several counties in Chaozhou whose writing style was not strong, and many of them were not as good as the forehead. Literati often use the surplus of this town to make up for the shortage of Bo town. Cheng Xiang has a town, which often takes 30 or 40 people, and is called "all in the list".
It can be seen that as early as the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Meixian (Chengxiang) was in the forefront of eastern Guangdong.
At the same time, Huizhou culture has become increasingly developed. Huizhou Prefecture is adjacent to guangzhou fu and the sea. With the Hakka fire brigade extending overseas from the mountainous area to the plain, the local area occupies an important position. Ning Hualu founded the Academy when he was the magistrate of Huizhou, and hired Xiang to give lectures in the Academy. For a time, Hu Feng Academy became an important cradle for cultivating Hakka talents.
In the Qing Dynasty, the culture of Hakka areas developed generally, and a number of celebrities were produced in various places. Among them, Xie Qikun of Nankang and Qiu of Taiwan Province have the greatest influence. They all occupy an important position in the literary world of China. Xie Qikun has made great achievements in history, literature and local records, especially in local records. Guangxi Tongzhi, his major, is the first generation model with novel style and rich content. Qiu is a famous patriotic poet in Taiwan Province, and his masterpiece is Poems on the Sea of Clouds. Liang Qichao praised him as a "revolutionary giant in poetry". The "heroism" of his poems is even above that of Huang Zunxian.
In short, since the Song Dynasty, Hakka areas have been "talented people from the Jiangshan generation". Historically, Hakkas have made outstanding contributions in various cultural fields. Its celebrity: there is Yu Jing in the history circle; Neo-Confucianism includes Yang Fang, Yang, Ye Chunfang, Ye, Ye Calyx and Yang Qiyuan. Poems include Zheng Wenbao, Yi Bingshou, Hu, Huang Zunxian and Qiu; Ancient prose includes Liu Fang, Wei Jirui, Wei Xi and Wei Li; Fang Zhixue has Li Shixiong and Xie Qikun; Hakka studies include Huang Zhao and Wen Zhonghe; Female poets include Fan and Ye. The list goes on.
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