Rectify official management. At the beginning of Yong Zhengdi's accession to the throne, bureaucracy was lax and corruption was prevalent. He overcame the resistance from all sides, carried out a large-scale deficit inventory nationwide, set up a government examination institute, implemented the policy of envy returning to the public, implemented the system of hiding money at a low price, and banned bad regulations. Because of his decisive attitude and resolute action, the financial situation of the Qing Dynasty was obviously improved in a short time, and the bad situation of official corruption was greatly changed. Yang, a Japanese scholar living in China, said: "Kangxi was magnanimous and broad-minded. If it weren't for Yongzheng's rectification, the Qing Dynasty would have declined long ago. " There is a saying that "once Yongzheng, no official is unclear".
Tanding became Mu. This is a major tax reform. China has been taxed since ancient times, and adult men, rich or poor, have to pay poll tax. Yongzheng carried out reforms, spread the per capita tax into mu, and determined the tax amount according to the number of mu. More land is paid, less land is collected, and no land is collected. It means "spread your money to the ground", and the poll tax is cancelled in one fell swoop. This measure is beneficial to the poor, not to the landlords, and it is a major reform in China's fiscal and taxation history. Return envy to the public. In ancient China, silver and copper were used as money. When collecting taxes, silver and copper are lost in exchange, casting, preservation and transportation, so there is a certain surcharge when collecting taxes. This kind of surcharge, called "consumption envy" or "fire consumption", has been levied by local counties as extra income for local offices and officials. Consumption envy can't set the amount of levy, and counties will have to levy heavy taxes if they want to do whatever they want. Some will take one or two taxes and spend five or six dollars, which is a heavy burden for ordinary people. Yongzheng implemented the policy of "envy returning to the public" and changed this additional tax into statutory tax and fixed tax, which was managed by the governor. Tax revenue, in addition to office expenses, is used as a "pension fund", which greatly increases the salary of officials. In this way, it not only lightens the burden on the people, but also ensures the implementation of a clean government. Therefore, Yongzheng said, "Since the promulgation of this law, the administration of officials has been a little bit clear, so there is no need to reinvent the wheel." This is the so-called "high salary and honesty".
The establishment of the military department has popularized the memorial system. In the Ming dynasty, power was concentrated in the cabinet, so power came into being. Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty further concentrated power in the hands of the emperor, and established the military department as the secretary team of the emperor, making suggestions, writing documents and managing government affairs for the emperor. "The military strategy is not in charge." It is characterized by its simplicity and quickness in handling political affairs. The minister of military affairs directly deals with all localities and ministries, understands the local situation and conveys the emperor's will. This institution existed for 200 years until the late Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the military department was accompanied by the implementation of the memorial system. Because the previous official documents were complicated, many people read them, and it was difficult to keep them secret because of the time delay, but the memorial was submitted directly to the emperor, directly to the emperor himself. Yongzheng expanded the number of people who can play the emperor, so that officials with different identities can reflect the situation in time, report government affairs, and make the emperor examine the situation in order to make policies; It also enabled officials to supervise each other and let the emperor know their virtue, stupidity, laziness, achievements and honesty.
Change the soil and return to the flow. China, southwest and other areas inhabited by ethnic minorities implement the chieftain system, and their positions are hereditary, and they only accept knighthood in the Qing Dynasty in name. Toastmasters are arrogant. This system has hindered national unity and the development of regional economy and culture. After Yongzheng ascended the throne, he abolished many chieftains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and Hunan, and changed to a state-county system consistent with the whole country. "Returning home" is a serious struggle. Many chiefs resisted, and Yongzheng resolutely sent troops to suppress them. Although innocent people were also involved in the counter-insurgency war, it did harm ethnic minorities. But in the long run, "returning home" is a progressive measure, which attacks and limits the separatist regime and the privileges of chieftains, and is conducive to the economic and cultural development of ethnic areas.
In the early period of Yongzheng, the sea ban was strictly enforced, but later, considering the sufferings of the coastal people, Yongzheng opened the foreign ban for five years. Allow people to trade in Nanyang. Fujian and Guangdong provinces have imposed a sea ban. Yongzheng also paid more attention to the opium trade at that time. His opium policy was: selling drugs, paying in hell, strictly distinguishing medical opium from drug opium smoke, banning drugs, not interfering in medical use, and taking care of the legitimate interests of small businessmen. Yongzheng also treated the envoys from western Europe with courtesy. Although he strongly opposed the spread of Catholicism among the people in China (partly because of the conservative ideas of feudal emperors), at the same time, he didn't mean any harm to Catholicism. In five years, Ambassador Bordugar (now Portugal) came to Beijing. Yongzheng's preferential treatment made him deeply grateful. Even on Yongzheng's birthday, he prayed in the Catholic church to celebrate his birthday. Yongzheng also selected some talented missionaries to develop foreign musical instruments and burn materials in the palace. Macartney came to China that year, partly because "Enlightened" written by Yongzheng in Voltaire was well known to Europeans, which made them full of beautiful illusions about Emperor China (then Qianlong) and his trade with China.
As a feudal emperor, although he opened the foreign ban, restored the livelihood deprived by some people in the southern coastal areas in the last years of Kangxi, and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Nanyang, it inevitably had its limitations.
In addition, the abolition of the base membership system and waist cutting is also one of his achievements. In fact, the reason for abolishing the waist chop is this: Yong Zhengdi once killed a person with the waist chop, because the waist chop was cut from the waist with a knife, and the person was still alive after the cut. After being cut, the man's fingers were stained with blood and wrote seven words "miserable" on the ground. Yong Zhengdi felt miserable when he heard that, and ordered the abolition of waist cutting.
During his 13 short reign, he carried out more reforms than his father (Kangxi). It can be said that Yongzheng was a reform-oriented emperor.
Sejong worked diligently in the Qing Dynasty, vigorously eliminated all kinds of disadvantages accumulated in the later period of Kangxi's rule, made certain achievements, and made contributions to the historical development of the Qing Dynasty. However, his strict rule, suspicion and unkindness are his weaknesses, which easily offend many bureaucrats. At the same time, it is precisely because of his strict rule and extraordinary efforts that the Qing empire gradually reached its peak, which also played a role in connecting the past with the future for the prosperous period of Kanggan.
In addition, Yongzheng's diligence is not only the emperors of past dynasties, but even in modern times, few people can match him. During the eight months of 12, he worked late into the night almost every day. Only on his birthday will he take a year off. And sleep less than 4 hours a day. The comment on writing written only on tens of thousands of memorials amounts to more than ten thousand words 10. Therefore, the current Manchu population is historically composed of Jurchen, Barbarian Jurchen, Mongolia, North Korea, Han nationality, Huerha, Soren and other ethnic tribes. The ancestors of Manchu are mostly Han Chinese.
Attachment: Yongzheng resume
Yong Zhengdi (A.D. 1678- A.D. 1735), a Manchu, was the fourth son of Michelle Ye, the fourth son of Emperor Kangxi's filial piety. He was the third emperor after entering the Qing Dynasty. He reigned from Yongzheng 1722 to 1735, and was buried in the Qing Xiling after his death.
When he was young, Sejong in the Qing Dynasty studied classics and history with Gu Ba Dai and Xu, and he was closely related to Zen monks and knew a little about Buddhism. He traveled with sages in the south of the Yangtze River, Wutai Mountain in the Buddha, and Jehol River in autumn (now Chengde, Hebei Province), and was ordered to pay homage to the ancestral graves of Confucius Temple in Qufu and Shengjing (now Shenyang, Liaoning Province). Qing Holy Father personally signed Galdin and took over Zhenghongqi Camp. In the last years of Kangxi, he competed with other princes for Chu Jun. After the death of the sage, he succeeded to the throne with the help of the 13th King Prince Andrew. It is also said that with the help of Long Keduo, the throne of Yin Gui, the general of Fuyuan, was seized. Whether Yongzheng inherited the throne from Kangxi or tampered with the testamentary edict is a controversial issue, and there is no conclusion yet.
Sejong of the Qing Dynasty was forty-five years old when he ascended the throne. With his previous experience, he has a better understanding of the world and rich ruling experience. After he ascended the throne, he took various political measures to consolidate his throne. The first is to eliminate dissidents, divide and disintegrate the Prince Group, recall Yin Gui from the front line of the Northwest Army and ban him. Jinfeng named Yin Gui as Prince Lian and Minister of Prime Minister Affairs. Yin Yan was sent to West Datong, Qinghai (now northwest of Datong, Qinghai). In view of the fact that there was no effective storage system in Qing Dynasty, disputes often occurred in succession to the throne, so a secret storage system was established. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), he accepted the suggestion of Nuo Min, the governor of Shaanxi Province, and took measures to abolish envy and return it to the public and keep honest money, so as to limit and reduce the corruption and extortion of officials. In the second year, in view of the serious shortage of money and grain in various places in the last years of Kangxi, it was decided to conduct a strict inventory, and corrupt officials were immediately robbed of property, owed money to the people, and ordered to collect taxes in a short time. In three years, Sejong ordered Nian Gengyao, the general of Fuyuan, to commit suicide in the name of domineering over power and cronyism. At the same time, he cut off Kodo Pacific Insurance and prohibited him from dying in the back circle. Therefore, Wang Zhengwen's Western Expedition case and Justine's examination case were implicated. In seven years, Zhang Xi, a disciple of Ceng Jing School, instigated the rebellion of Yue Zhongqi, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, which implicated the late Neo-Confucianism Lv Liuliang. Sejong then set up a literary inquisition as a means of controlling thoughts, cracking down on political enemies and improving authority. In the same year, in order to meet the needs of northwest operations, the military confidential room was set up (changed to the military department in ten years), and important ministers were selected to assist military affairs. Military ministers can only explain the emperor's orders, but have no right to praise the paintings, thus making the emperor more centralized. In addition to writing and playing books, he also ordered the governor to give secret reports to local officials in order to strengthen the emperor's control over local administration.
Economically, some measures aimed at developing agricultural production have been taken. In the second year of Yongzheng, Li, the governor of Zhili, began to implement the system of "spreading fields into mu". At the same time, he announced the abolition of Confucian households and official households, restricted the privileges of gentry, and made the burden of labor service more reasonable regardless of wealth. At the same time, in order to solve the food problem needed by the growing population, we should strictly implement the traditional policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining the end, encourage land reclamation, attach importance to food production, oppose cash crops, and develop mining and handicrafts. He attaches great importance to building water conservancy projects. In addition to harnessing the Yellow River and building seawalls in Zhejiang, he also ordered Prince Huangdi, a gifted prince, to reclaim farmland in Zhili and build and dredge canals in Ningxia. At the same time, social reforms were carried out. In the first year of Yongzheng, he ordered the destruction of Le Shu in Shanxi and Shaanxi, and ordered other cheap books to do the same. Later, lazy people in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, escort agencies in Huizhou, Anhui Province, servants in Ningguo, beggars in Guangdong Province and beggars in Changshu, Jiangsu Province opened their doors one after another, which cracked down on the remaining slave-holding system and played a positive role in social development.
Sejong also paid attention to relations with ethnic minorities and diplomatic relations during his reign. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, according to the suggestion of E Ertai, governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, the policy of "returning farmland to streams" was carried out on a large scale, and some chieftains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan provinces were abolished, which strengthened the central government's rule in this area. In the past five years, the Qing court concluded the Brinsky Treaty and the Chaktu Treaty with Russia, which safeguarded national sovereignty in delineating the Sino-Russian border and dealing with trade issues between the two countries.
Sejong of the Qing Dynasty compiled some of the memorials he had reviewed into Records of Bamboo Skin Yu Yu. His letters to courtiers were compiled by Zhang and others into cabinet style and the Eight Banners of the Empire. His articles in various genres were compiled into the Royal Collection by later generations. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, Sejong died. Xian Di.