China was the first country to invent printing. The early printing method was to engrave pictures and texts on wooden boards and print them with ink.
Yes, this method is still used in the current wood watermark painting, which is collectively referred to as "block printing".
The popular seal stamping method and rubbings method in BC appeared in the fifth century. Production technologies such as papermaking and ink making.
After its appearance, movable type printing was gradually invented. In the Tang Dynasty, rigid printing was very popular in China.
First spread to North Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iran and other countries, spread to Africa and Europe. Gong Shiyi
After the 20th century, with the development of social production, there have been many major reforms and inventions in printing. Song daiqing
During the calendar period (A.D. 104 1), Bi Sheng initiated the clay movable type edition, which made the printing of books more convenient. According to Shen Kuo's dream.
According to Xi Bitan, Bi Sheng invented lettering on a piece of cement, one word at a time, which became movable type after high-temperature firing.
Before typesetting, a layer of rosin wax mixed with paper ash is coated on the iron plate with iron frame, and the movable type is arranged in turn.
Above, the wax is slightly melted by heating, and the characters are flattened with a flat plate, so that the clay characters can be like engraving, because they are on the iron plate.
Print the same. In addition, he also studied the typesetting of wooden movable type. Movable type can be used many times, which is more economical than full-page lettering.
Convenient.
Comrade Wang Xuan (1937-2006) is a famous scientist at home and abroad, the founder of computer Chinese character laser phototypesetting technology in China, an outstanding social activist and a close friend of China. Born in Shanghai, he was the vice chairman of the 10th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the vice chairman of the Central Committee of Jiu San Society, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and a professor of Peking University.
Devote oneself to science and be brave in innovation.
Wang Xuan, who came from an intellectual family, loved science from an early age. His ideal is to become a scientist needed by the motherland and the people. 1954, Wang Xuan was admitted to the Department of Mathematical Mechanics in Peking University. When he was majoring in 1956, he decided to study computational mathematics, an "unpopular" major, because he firmly believed that computing technology would make a great contribution in the future.
196 1 year, Wang Xuan participated in the logic design and system debugging of the medium-sized computer "Red Flag Machine" developed by Peking University. Heavy work and severe malnutrition made him seriously ill. However, Wang Xuan is not depressed. He supported his weak body and engaged in the research of ALGOL60 high-level language compilation system. Finally, this large-scale software was completed with my colleagues in 1967, which played a positive role in the popularization of high-level computer languages in China.
1in the spring of 975, Wang Xuan began to study the Chinese character precision typesetting system. After fully studying the development direction of international technology, it is boldly proposed to skip the second and third generation imagesetters, and directly develop the fourth generation laser imagesetter system without commercial products. At that time, it was a bold decision that shocked the world and was full of innovative spirit. Many people find it difficult to understand it and even start criticizing it. But what about Wang Xuan and his wife Oscar Chan? ? Not discouraged. After many rigorous and scientific arguments, it finally won the support of Peking University, the Ministry of Electronic Industry, Xinhua News Agency and other departments and cooperation units.
From 1979 to 1984, it was the most difficult period for Wang Xuan's scientific research. With the gradual development of reform and opening up, famous manufacturers from Britain, the United States, Japan and other countries have entered China on a large scale to compete for this huge market in the field of Chinese character phototypesetting printing. China's products have been severely impacted in the market, and the expert argumentation meeting also made the conclusion that foreign products should be introduced. At this point, Wang Xuan, who was almost desperate, resolutely made the choice of decisive battle in the market. He and his colleagues worked hard day and night without being disturbed. 1July, 979, the prototype of Chinese character laser phototypesetting system was successfully developed. Later, Wang Xuan called his R&D process from 18 to 1975 to 1993 "contrarian" and "narrow escape".
It is this kind of courage and spirit that enabled Wang Xuan and his team to launch and apply the Chinese character laser phototypesetting system and Founder color publishing system on a large scale, and realized the technological revolution of "farewell to lead and fire, welcome to light and electricity" in China publishing and printing industry, and became an outstanding example of China's independent innovation and transformation of traditional industries with high technology.
Wang Xuan has a keen insight into the market prospect of scientific research projects, actively advocates the combination of Industry-University-Research and the establishment of a long-term integrated system of R&D and sales services in Founder Group of Peking University, and also advocates the establishment of Founder Technology Research Institute by Peking University Computer Research Institute and Founder Group of Peking University, thus embarking on a successful road to the industrialization of scientific research results. His efforts have contributed to three technological innovations in the newspaper industry and printing industry, making Chinese character laser phototypesetting technology occupy 99% of the domestic newspaper market and 90% of the overseas Chinese newspaper market.
After these amazing achievements, Wang Xuan was not satisfied. He believes that only by developing publishing systems in non-China fields and entering developed countries can we truly internationalize. Under his planning and organization, 1997 produced a brand-new Japanese publishing system with unique soft plug-in technology, high integration and strong expansibility. After application, the system is considered to be the most advanced of its kind in Japan, and has been popularized in Japanese newspapers, magazines, printing industry and advertising production industry. Moreover, RIP-based products have been sold all over the world, including developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan.
Indifferent to fame and fortune, willing to be a ladder
In the face of scientific research achievements and honors, Wang Xuan always emphasized that achievements are the crystallization of collective wisdom. He is practical and realistic, modest and prudent, and never pretends to be an academic authority. He once said that with the spirit of "cultivating new talents as a ladder", it is best to realize his ambition of "aiming at a thousand miles". An important indicator to measure his future contribution is how many young talents he has discovered.
Wang Xuan deeply realized that economic competition lies in scientific and technological competition and scientific and technological competition lies in talent competition. He believes that in emerging disciplines such as computer information technology, technology is developing very rapidly, and young people are easy to accept new things, with quick thinking and obvious advantages, which should be strongly supported.
As a doctoral supervisor of computer application major, Wang Xuan attaches great importance to cultivating students' ability through teaching and practice. He pays special attention to choosing the correct scientific research direction and technical route for students, and encourages and helps students to choose topics that have never been done in China, which are challenging and have bright future application prospects. In the signature of grades, Wang Xuan has always advocated that whoever does the specific work should be named, and the tutor should not regard the students' grades as his own.
Wang Xuan thinks so and does the same. At the age of 56, he decided to quit the front line of scientific research and give it to young people. Whenever he has time, he will walk into the computer room to chat with everyone, take a notebook with him, and remember what he has learned and the problems he has encountered. There is a roster in his drawer with photos of every student and employee on it. He can not only say their names, but also write down what he knows about everyone's scientific research and study, and even their family background. Although there are only a few words, they are all personal characteristics he mastered after in-depth investigation and contact.
One of Wang Xuan's most admired words is: "If you devote yourself to scientific research, you have no right to live like ordinary people, and you will inevitably lose a lot of fun that ordinary people can enjoy, but you will also get a lot of fun that ordinary people can't enjoy." He said: "The initial motivation of an accomplished scientist is by no means to win an award or what kind of fame and benefits you get. He pursues it enthusiastically because he loves and wants to explore the unknown. " He insisted that he didn't apply for an academician, but he didn't fill out the form until Peking University actively recommended him.
In 2000, Wang Xuan was an academician of the two academies and chairman of the board of Founder Holdings of Peking University, but he never wanted to move into the academician building. He still lives in a 70-square-meter suite allocated by Peking University, with floor leather on the ground and bookcases as the main furniture, without any furnishings.
He wears a white shirt and black trousers in summer and a jacket in winter. One of the few suits, only worn on formal occasions, has only one tie for a long time. The paper he writes and prints is double-sided. Most of his manuscripts are written on the back of waste paper, which is dense and leaves no blank. Some internal documents are also sent in old envelopes.
Wang Xuan is generous to the school and the founder, but spends a lot of money on scientific research. In 2002, Wang selected 9 million yuan from the highest national science and technology award and school bonus to set up the "Wang Xuan Science and Technology Innovation Fund". Other bonuses he won at home and abroad were also donated to Peking University.
He is always considerate of others, and he is full of care for others and comrades. During his illness, he also helped his colleague's sick lover buy medicine from abroad at his own expense, 20 thousand a month, and advised patients and their families not to care about the expenses. He has always insisted on this matter, and few people know it except a few parties.
Wang Xuan always thinks of others. At the last moment of his life, he asked for "euthanasia" without causing trouble to the country and doctors, and proposed to donate his cornea and body after death.
Treat each other sincerely and cooperate sincerely.
As the vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Wang Xuan cares about the development of CPPCC, supports its work, and actively participates in the administration of state affairs despite his illness. Before his death, he participated in nearly 30 CPPCC meetings and activities during chemotherapy, radiotherapy or hyperthermia.
As an important member of the Jiu San Society, Wang Xuan is very concerned about the multi-party cooperation led by China. In 2005, Wang Xuan's condition deteriorated, and his legs were swollen badly, making it difficult to walk. However, he endured his illness and tried his best to write an article of more than 20 thousand words, leaving his years of independent innovation, scientific research experience and methods to the world without reservation and making contributions to the country.
On June 3, 2006, when his life was coming to an end, Wang Xuan gritted his teeth, picked up a pen and wrote down the words "rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country through talents" with trembling. This is his inscription for the 20th anniversary of Science and Technology Daily, and it has also become his last words!
Wang Xuan is very concerned about the work of the Jiu San Society. He sincerely supported the work of Comrade Han Qide, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Jiu San Society, actively participated in the activities organized by the Jiu San Society, and put forward many good opinions on the construction and development of the Jiu San Society. In the eyes of the comrades of the Jiu San Society of Peking University, he is an amiable elder and an approachable and trustworthy friend.
In his last wish, Wang Xuan said: "I will try my best to fight the disease and do something for my country, just as I did when I overcame difficulties in scientific research." He hopes that the younger generation must "go beyond the king election and go to the world." He said affectionately: "I am full of confidence in the future of the country. China will become a world power in the middle of 2 1 century. I can. "