Ruyao
Introduction: Ru Ci is the first of the five famous kilns. The kiln site is Qingliangsi Village, Daying Town, Baofeng County, Henan Province, which belongs to Ruzhou in the Song Dynasty. The area of Ru kiln discovered by archaeological excavation is about 250,000 square meters, which was quite large at that time. In fact, the firing of Ru kilns began in the early Song Dynasty, especially in the late Northern Song Dynasty.
Artistic features: Ru kilns are mainly celadon, and "azure glaze", "crab claw pattern", "incense ashes" and "sesame nails" are the important basis for distinguishing Ru kilns. Among them, the crab claw pattern refers to the texture of glazed Mao Mao; "Sesame as a nail" is because when firing, Zhi Ding is used to support the feet, and then Ru kiln porcelain is supported in the air for firing. After the porcelain fired in this way is burned, there will be several spots on the bottom glaze. Ruyao porcelain has thin matrix, thick glaze, jade texture, thin glaze and solemn and generous shape.
Due to the few handed down works, it is said that there are less than 100 pieces, and because of its exquisite craftsmanship, it is very precious.
A masterpiece handed down from ancient times
The Palace Museum in Beijing has a collection of Ru kiln green glaze bottle, Ru kiln green glaze round wash and Ru kiln green glaze bowl.
Songruyao glazed pan
The National Palace Museum in Taipei collects the sky blue oval narcissus basin and the pink purple fancy warm bowl of Ru kiln.
Official supplies
Song Guan Yao Qing glaze square flowerpot
Brief introduction: The official kilns in the Song Dynasty were directly built by the government, which were divided into the official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty and the official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty. The official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty began to burn in Song Huizong in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and the specific kiln site has not been found so far. After Song Gaozong crossed the south, a new kiln was built in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), one of which was "internal kiln", and then a new kiln was built in the suburban altar. According to the analysis, "Xiunei Temple Official Kiln" is located at the foot of Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou, while "Jiaotan Official Kiln" is located in Wugui Mountain in Hangzhou. In order to distinguish, the official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty were called "old officials" and those in the Southern Song Dynasty were called "new officials". Among them, "old officials" are heavy, while "new officials" are light and thin.
Artistic feature
In Song Dynasty, the official kiln porcelain was mainly plain, with neither gorgeous carving nor colorful painting, and mostly decorated with concave-convex straight edges and chords. The tire color is iron black, the glaze color is blue, and the "purple iron foot" adds simple and elegant beauty. "Purple iron foot" means that the iron content in celadon tire material is as high as 3.5%-5%, which makes the thin glaze on the edge of the product appear gray or grayish purple, while the bottom of the product appears dark brown or dark gray. In addition to the common dishes, dishes and washing, there are many kinds of bottles and stoves in the official kilns, which imitate the bronzes of Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties.
A masterpiece handed down from ancient times
There are official kiln green glaze string bottles, official kiln green glaze straight neck bottles, official kiln green glaze round washing and so on in the Forbidden City.
Ge Yao
Brief introduction: Ge kiln is similar to the official kiln, but its kiln site is still unknown, and there are differences in academic circles about its firing date. Some people think that it is not the Song Dynasty, but the Yuan Dynasty.
Artistic feature
In the firing process of many porcelains, in order to pursue technology, it is generally not allowed to have too many glazed lobes. However, Ge Kiln has brought the beauty of "cracked parts" to the extreme, resulting in the typical characteristics of Ge Kiln: due to the different sizes and depths of cracked parts, the exposed parts of the carcass are different due to oxidation or pollution, resulting in cracks of different colors. Ge kiln enamel has large iron-black open lines, called "iron wire", and small golden open lines, called "gold wire". "Gold wire and iron wire" makes the calm glaze produce rhythmic beauty. The porcelain of Ge Kiln in Song Dynasty mainly includes plates, bowls, bottles and washing.
A masterpiece handed down from ancient times
Ge Kiln is mainly collected in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Taipei. The Forbidden City in Beijing has a collection of Ge kiln green glazed ear piercing bottles and Ge kiln green glazed fish ear stoves.
Song Ge Kiln Green Glazed Fish Ear Furnace
Geyao green glazed begonia flowerpot, etc.
Junyao
Brief introduction: It is said that the main firing period of Jun kiln is Song, Jin and Yuan, but some scholars believe that the furnishings porcelain now designated as Guanjun kiln in Song Dynasty was fired during the reign of Yongle Xuande in the early Ming Dynasty. Jun Kiln can be divided into Guan Jun Kiln and Jun Kiln, and Guan Jun Kiln is located in Yuzhou City (formerly known as Zhou Jun).
Among the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, Ru kiln, Guan kiln and Ge kiln are all celadon. Although Jun kiln also belongs to celadon, it is not dominated by cyan. The colors of Jun kiln are rose purple, sky blue and moonlight white. Experts pointed out that the successful launch of "Jun Hong" opened a new realm.
Artistic feature
Liu Zhijun's work "Earthworms Walking in Mud Patterns"
The typical feature of Jun kiln is that "ants walk in the mud", which is formed because the glaze of Jun porcelain is thick and sticky.
So when cooling, some places are filled with glaze between the open and non-open pieces.
After the rain stops, earthworms will crawl in the wetland.
A masterpiece handed down from ancient times
The Forbidden City in Beijing has the moonlight glaze of Jun kiln, and the National Palace Museum in Taipei has the lilac glaze of Jun kiln in Song Dynasty.
Song Jun kiln rose purple glazed sunflower flowerpot.
Ding Yao
Brief introduction: Ding Kiln was the first kiln for firing imperial palace porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was also the only kiln for firing white porcelain among the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. Ding Yao Kiln is located in Quyang, Hebei Province.
Artistic feature
Ding kiln is famous all over the world. On the one hand, it is warm and white in color, and the thin and slippery glaze is slightly yellow, giving people a moist and quiet aesthetic feeling. On the other hand, he is good at using printing, carving, painting and other decorative techniques to push white porcelain from plain white decoration to a new stage. Ding kilns are mostly plates and bowls. Liu Qi, a scholar in Yuan Dynasty, once wrote an article praising the exquisiteness of Dingzhou Kiln in Return to Qian Zhi, saying that "flowers and porcelain in Dingzhou are the whitest in the world".
A masterpiece handed down from ancient times
Ding Song kiln white glazed baby pillow
The Forbidden City in Beijing has a set of white glaze carved peony folding plates, white glaze carved slag buckets and white glaze printed chrysanthemum phoenix plates.
The special firewood kiln is a ceramic kiln created by Chai Rong, the Emperor of the Five Dynasties and the Later Zhou Dynasty. Because of the deep understanding of the interdependence of mineral internal organizations, it has produced a masterpiece of thousands of customs. This is a collection of ancient ceramic technologies, using metallic silver and soil to make tires. The tire is covered with an exquisite air intake and exhaust system, and the glaze layer covers the carcass like a garment, leaving a gap in the middle. From the inside out, ceramics and nature are integrated. The wood kiln ware, which combines thousands of peaks and thousands of greens, has reached the highest level of ancient green glaze hair color. The glaze color of firewood kiln can last for thousands of years because the particles of mineral metals and gems have always maintained natural activity. It seems that we are always fresh, friendly and natural when we look at the sky, the water and the trees. The successful firing of firewood kiln is a milestone in the history of ceramics and a towering tree in the whole ceramic jungle.
The Antique Guide records that "the first people who talked about porcelain were Chai, Ru, Guan, Ge and Ding", and "the most famous is the Chai Kiln in the Zhou Dynasty, which is the representative of the ancient kiln in China". With the passage of time, most famous kiln sites have been discovered, but Chai and Ge are still a mystery in the history of China ceramics. The ancient firewood kiln in China was the most expensive, and it was said in Ming dynasty that "kiln wares must be firewood, Ru, Guan, Ge and Ding". According to historical records, Yan Song and his son devoted all their efforts to the whole country and only got a few pieces. It can be seen that people in the Ming Dynasty rarely saw firewood kiln porcelain, and there were many imitation firewood kiln wares in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, their status is as important as that of Ru kilns with only a hundred pieces left at present.