1, metaphorical argument. Metaphor argument is an argument method that uses concrete, vivid and vivid things as metaphors to prove more abstract truth.

2. Metaphor is a rhetorical method of analogy with similar things. What is compared is called ontology, what is compared is called vehicle, and the words connecting the two are called metaphor (like, right, like).

3. Several methods of metaphor argumentation: metaphor description, metaphor evaluation and metaphor reasoning.

First, pay attention to the problem

(1) What is used as a vehicle should be familiar, concrete and simple, so as to explain another thing in a popular and vivid way. Training Guidance of Metaphorical Argumentation in Argumentative Writing

(2) The metaphor should be appropriate and natural, and it should be able to properly explain the characteristics of the things being demonstrated. Teachers can be compared to candles and spring silkworms, which shows that they have given everything selflessly, but they can't be compared to keeping others clean, but like increasingly dirty rags and brooms. This kind of metaphor is called "metaphorical meaning loss" and should be paid attention to.

(3) Any metaphor is flawed, because the two sides of the metaphor lack essential internal relations. To discuss a problem completely and profoundly, we should not rely on just a few metaphors, but combine examples and analysis.

Second, learn to describe visually.

1, take the natural scenery around you as a metaphor, and it looks wonderful.

For example, the author made a wonderful metaphor to demonstrate the view of "ordinary but proud".

Ex.: I am extraordinary. I am one of countless stars, but I am proud of my light today; I am a bud on the earth. Although it is not fragrant or bright, I am proud of the upcoming opening. I am ordinary, but ordinary and valuable; I am ordinary, but I have dignity in ordinary!

-2004 Liaoning college entrance examination perfect score composition "That wisp of eternal pride"

2. Qu Yuan committed suicide by throwing himself into the river. He is a writer of more than ten thousand. Only by using metaphors can it be memorable.

Example: I can't imagine what kind of face Qu Yuan, a talented person who can cut the liver and drain the gallbladder, is, standing on the bank of the Miluo River in despair and singing proudly. Li Sao has a long history. Some people say that beautiful poetry is a struggle and transcendence of bitterness. I think Qu Yuan is wandering in despair with the sadness of the broken wings of a bluebird. His robe fluttered in the north wind, and he transcended extremes and heroism and jumped off the Miluo River with an atmosphere that he didn't like around him!

-Ren Yan's "The Jade Bird with Broken Wings"

3. Writing "Running Experience" should start with the metaphor of other things and approach the theme step by step in the description of the image. For example, in 2005, Hunan college entrance examination excellent composition "That Fish That Eagle That Man".

Example:

I compare myself to a fish, and I will try to find an exit out of water.

I compare myself to an eagle, and I will try my best to fly out of the blue sky.

I am myself, I want to run, run out of my parents' sight, and run on my own track.

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Third, learn to draw inferences from others.

1, learn to demonstrate the case being demonstrated with similar cases.

For example, but who can tell? Just like Ji Fa can't get rid of insults, Shiqian can't avoid castration, and Su Shi can't escape the poetry case, all of which are arranged by God. Isn't Ji Kang's death a kind of detachment, a way to turn perishable body into eternal spirit?

-2005 Jiangsu college entrance examination perfect score composition "The Voice of the Night"

2. Learn to express your ideas by means of transportation.

For example, in order to demonstrate that "there is a win-win situation to be brilliant together", Shandong candidates used subtle metaphors.

For example, if you want to be a beautiful peony, you should also understand that a flower is not spring, and spring should be a colorful world.

Even if I am a solitary pine standing proudly, I have to understand that it is not a hero to stand out from the crowd, but the rows of trees are the solid Great Wall to keep out the wind and sand.

Even if you are a sailboat ready to go, you should understand that a boat alone is not a landscape, and Qian Fan can only show the magnificence of the sea.

-2005 Shandong college entrance examination perfect score composition "win-win, you and I are brilliant together"

3. Metaphorically, casting China chapter.

For example, in order to illustrate "the importance of win-win", the author uses profound metaphors.

Example: selfishness, fool's opinion; Creating a win-win situation is a wise move. Win-win is the foundation of confidence, the source of strength, the searchlight to open the road of life and the golden key to success. Win-win will make you and me brilliant together.

-2005 Shandong college entrance examination perfect score composition "win-win, you and I are brilliant together"

4, no trace, natural brushwork, full of pen power. In order to explain the truth that "one should stick to one's conscience", the author skillfully uses figurative brushwork.

There is always a lamp in our hearts, which always shines with a warm spark and illuminates the goodness in our hearts.

There are always a group of people in this world, always guarding the lamp, carefully caring for it and letting it illuminate the cold corner.

-Song Jinghai's "The Lamp Watching the Mind"

Fourth, learn to evaluate visually.

1, learn to associate and imagine, and introduce people with wonderful metaphors.

If Zhao Jun went to the temple, it was a very short moment. In order to show Zhao Jun's unique self-confidence, the author used a wonderful metaphor.

Example: At the moment when Zhao Jun walked towards the temple with his head held high, it was doomed that a Datura flower would bloom brilliantly. This is just an ordinary flower, not a golden eagle, but its light is enough to cover all the gold and silver.

-"The Endless Pride", a perfect composition for Liaoning College Entrance Examination in 2005.

2. Learn to be meticulous and use delicate brushwork and metaphor to evaluate characters.

Example: A dim oil lamp lit up Sima Qian's locked forehead. His passionate emotions oozed from the ups and downs of his blood and turned into colorful words under his fingertips, firmly filled with simple ideals. An ant doesn't know spring and autumn, and a coat on a stone doesn't know day and night. And he, Sima Qian, who endured humiliation, walked the whole mountain forest. Spring is blooming and autumn is crisp, and summer insects are singing in the winter sun. However, the sparkling Historical Records, like a feast, penetrated the flowing years and gave birth to one literary master after another.

-Wu Di's Farewell to Death

3. The superb metaphor lies in sticking to the theme properly, such as a passage in a perfect composition with the title of "limelight, streaky belly and leopard tail" in 2005.

Example: When we no longer keep a close eye on history with myopic eyes, we will be surprised to see that at that moment, the blood gushing from the honest and frank unyielding neck seems to have turned into a luxurious and beautiful leopard tail, beating on the back of a decadent dynasty, leaving a shocking sound in the dark night sky. Yes, Ji Kang didn't have a shining beginning like a phoenix head or a thick process like a pig's belly, but he wrote down the cowardice of the authorities and the self-esteem of the literati with music, bones and supplies, and wrote down the last journey of his glorious life. As a result, history left the most proud and unique chapter of China intellectuals-Wei-Jin demeanor. -2005 Jiangsu college entrance examination perfect score composition "The Voice of the Night"

Method summary:

The following questions should be paid attention to when using metaphor argument:

1, learn to associate and imagine; Pay attention to understanding the problem from a height.

Imagination (association) training:

Example: Zhaojun-(Lenovo)-Romance Flower

What else can people be like?

Man-mouse (click on your conscience like a mouse) (hint: draw materials from things around you)

Man-blackboard eraser (like an eraser to erase the stain of life)

Man-grass (ordinary life is full of perseverance) (hint: make good use of this endless treasure of nature)

Man-plum blossom (in the cold)

Man-Song Qing (unyielding character standing under heavy snow)

People's torch (like a torch to light up the once dark world)

2. Find out the similarities between different things.

Example: Ji Kang's death-shocking the world-flogging the decadent dynasty-luxurious and beautiful leopard tail.

Su Shi in Poetry Cases —— (Cautious )—— Wandering and Lonely Hong

Training instruction of figurative argument in argumentative writing &; n

Historical transformation after castration-(silence and persistence)-a solid rock

Qu Yuan after Exile —— (The Road of the Tragedy of Heroes) —— A bluebird with broken wings.

Su Wu in the snow-(persistent)-Populus euphratica.

3. We should properly describe the characteristics of similar things (vehicles) to express the ontology.

Example: Conscience lamp (lamp is warm and bright, which can illuminate the world and soul. )

Life-white paper (white paper is blank and simple. To fill, to enrich. )

Songs of life (songs are low and high, so you should sing quietly)

Spirit-Monument (standing, immortal, can inspire future generations and lead others. )

No matter how you use metaphors, you should pay attention to sticking to the theme.

Training Guidance of Metaphorical Argumentation in Argumentative Writing

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Excellent metaphorical passage

Metaphorical paragraph 1:

Center: praise dedication

We know that people praise silkworm because it eats leaves and spits silk, and it shines with the dedication of "Spring silkworm must weave until it dies" all its life. People praised the old cow because it ate grass, milked, took less, gave more, worked hard all its life and died. People love the sun because it selflessly dedicates infinite light and heat to all things in the world. People praise their mothers and teachers, Miss Lei Feng and Jiao, and call the People's Liberation Army the cutest people for only one reason: they are all selfless. Only a dedicated life is a great, happy and happy life.

The second paragraph of the metaphor:

Center: "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world"-one should not think that one's personal strength is insignificant and not bear the responsibility of transforming society.

Society is like a person's body, and each of us is like a cell. Only when every cell plays a role can the whole body be healthy and life exist. A person is smaller than society, but his role cannot be ignored. Although his personal strength is small, his spirit can often reflect dazzling brilliance in society. The broad masses of people, workers, peasants, soldiers ... Perhaps their names have not been left in history, not to mention their exploits, but they have contributed all the light and heat. Just like countless nameless little stars gathered into a vast and splendid starry sky, how dim the night sky would be without them. Each of us is an unknown little star in society. If everyone has the idea that their personal strength is too small to contribute light and heat, can our great motherland still stand in the east of the world?

The third paragraph of metaphor:

Center: Talking about "freedom"-freedom is conditional and relative, any freedom must follow certain rules, and unconstrained absolute freedom does not exist at all.

"The eagle strikes the sky, the fish jumps shallowly, and ten thousand kinds of frost fight for freedom", which vividly explains the relativity of freedom. Eagles soar in the sky and fish swim in the water. How free they are. On the other hand, if you put eagles in water and fish in the sky, they will not only be free, but also impossible to survive. Their freedom is limited by the space environment. Kites can only fly freely in the air under the constraint of long lines. If it complains about the limitation of the long line and tears it blindly, then the broken kite will not only get more freedom, but will fall into a quagmire and never fly again. As big as a planet, once out of their orbit, it will soon become a meteor, annihilated in the collision with other stars and the friction of the atmosphere. The freedom of everything must follow certain laws, which are the laws of nature.

The same is true of human beings. The more developed the society, the higher the production level. The more advanced the technology, the freer people will be. But at the same time, the more scientific the management, the stricter the discipline and regulations. When there is no road, people can walk everywhere, but it is difficult to walk. Building roads and bridges, driving and riding horses, walking is much more free, but at this time, laws to maintain traffic safety appeared. "Stop at the red light and go at the green light" and "All pedestrians and horses should keep to the right", otherwise they will be punished. With sailboats, people are much freer at sea. But sailing must follow a certain route, otherwise it will hit the rocks and sink into the sea. Similarly, only when the train runs along the track in a measured way can it roar and run freely.

Therefore, absolute freedom does not exist. Only by strengthening the concept of discipline, forming a conscious habit of obeying the law, and respecting the interests of the state, society and collective, as well as the freedom and rights of others, can you have the greatest freedom.

The metaphor in the fourth paragraph:

Center: adversity turns into talent

Adversity can overwhelm the weak and make the strong. Fighting against difficulties in adversity can temper the will, strengthen perseverance, improve intelligence and cultivate lofty moral character. The reason why pine stands proudly under the attack of storm is because it grows in the struggle with storm and lightning; The reason why the flowers in the greenhouse fall when they encounter wind and frost is because they have not been tested by wind, frost, rain and snow. The front is sharpened, and adversity makes the strong. No grinding is unfavorable, no refining is impure, and no hammer is not strong.

This road was not formed naturally, but was opened by pioneers. Steel is not directly dug out of the ground, but smelted in a raging fire; Experienced helmsman broke out in the struggle with strong winds and waves and rapids and reefs; The steel bars and iron bones of heroic soldiers are all tempered in a difficult environment.

Adversity is like an alchemist, and difficulty is like a grindstone. Adversity can make strong people, because it forces people to struggle and exercise; Seek and improve. If we want to overcome difficulties, dangers and disasters, improve our situation and survive, we must become strong, or we will be swallowed up by adversity. The strong, only the strong, can always be invincible in adversity, and can rush out of adversity and transform it.

The fifth paragraph of the metaphor:

Center: Say "Modesty"

You've seen the valley, right? It is surrounded by high peaks, but its embrace is extremely deep and open, so it accommodates the running water of high mountains and streams, deposits thick sediment, and breeds dense trees, boundless wheat fields, birds and flowers, and various weather of nature. This is the beauty of virtual valley.

"full of losses, modest benefits." People should also be open-minded. Only when people have modest qualities can they find their own shortcomings; Seeing the strengths of others, inspiring strong self-motivation, learning from each other's strengths, endless pursuit of progress, endless pursuit of knowledge, among many outstanding figures in ancient and modern China and abroad, which one does not have the virtue of modesty?

The metaphor in the sixth paragraph:

Center: on "pressure"

It is true that pressure gives people a tense and heavy burden, makes people feel annoyed, anxious and even painful, and makes the weak crushed and destroyed. This is why some people hate it. However, I want to say that pressure is the whetstone of will, the driving force of progress and the catalyst of success. The growth and success of young people need pressure, and it is better to have more pressure in life.

As the saying goes, "a well without pressure is not filled with oil, and a person without pressure floats leisurely." As long as you carry the heavy burden on your shoulders, you will walk faster and more steadily, one step at a time. Miners' electromechanical drills can only drill into hard rocks by the pressure behind them; Without the power of a heavy hammer, how can a nail get into a crack in a solid wall?

Physical attributes are like this, and so are people. Chen Yi's boss has a poem: "The heavy snow presses the pine and cypress, and the pine and cypress stand tall and straight". Under the stress of wind, frost, snow and ice, pines and cypresses have evolved into immortal green. Young friends, don't hate and escape the pressure any more, and welcome it positively and optimistically. I remember a philosopher said, "The most stubborn and powerful enemy in the world is self. If you conquer yourself, you can conquer everything. " This is indeed a wise saying. The "ego" here refers to all kinds of shortcomings and weaknesses hidden in one's own thoughts, personality, quality and soul-such as laziness, dependence, freedom, greed, inferiority, conceit and so on. It's really not easy to overcome "ego". In addition to subjective self-effort, the most effective thing is external pressure.

Dear friends, please face up to the pressure, consciously put yourself under the pressure of study and life, and strive to exercise yourself and cast yourself!

The metaphor in the seventh paragraph:

Center: Good listening is beneficial.

A river can only surge if it constantly absorbs the running water donated by nearby streams. Isn't that what people do? As the saying goes, no one is perfect. Then if people want to fill their vacancies, develop themselves and improve themselves, they must be good at adopting other people's opinions. In good times, listening well can keep you calm; In adversity, listening can give you the courage to go forward. Good listening is a Hongqiao, which will shorten the distance between heart and heart; Good listening is a window, which will let you discover new horizons.

The metaphor in the eighth paragraph:

Center: lush leaves and deep roots.

We know that a tree can only stand if its roots are deeply rooted in the soil, and the wind can't blow it down, the snow can't collapse, and the drought can't die. Roots, only developed and widely distributed, trees can have enough water and nutrients, and they can flourish and dance. So deeply rooted and widely spread, it is the foundation of towering trees and the source of life. Therefore, I thought of the importance of consolidating my career foundation.

Basic things are very important for the development and growth of things. It is the driving force of progress, the cornerstone of the cause, the ladder to the ideal and the premise of future success.

If you want to be a blockbuster performer in the future, now you have to practice monotonous notes repeatedly and practice your skillful fingering first. If you want to be a famous calligrapher in the future, please practice that one point, one horizontal, one left, one left, one left, one left, from regular script to cursive script. On the other hand, if you don't lay a good foundation now, you want to write a cursive script that is flowing and domineering. The result is bound to be no lasting appeal and charm, and you can only scribble.

The metaphor in the ninth paragraph:

Argumentative metaphor demonstration training guides morality, root literacy and fruit.

-Understanding of "Moral Quality and Citizen Quality"

The life and death of a tree lies in its roots; The success or failure of a tree lies in the fruit it bears. Only when the roots absorb water and take root hard can the whole tree grow sturdily; Only when it bears sweet and sour fruit can it be proud and become a useful tree!

Think of a tree as a person!

The essence of being a man is to abide by moral rules. Only by constantly making progress and paying attention to every detail in daily life can we gradually become a graceful and cultured person. Because literacy requires daily cultivation, just like a knife. If it is not constantly honed and honed in peacetime, then it can't have such a sharp blade! I think morality and literacy are closely linked. Why do you think so? Look at the examples in life.

Not long ago, Guangzhou Railway Station was affected by a snowstorm, and millions of passengers were stranded at the station. Let's not talk about the heroic deeds of many soldiers. Look at the sea of people. It's unimaginable! There has been no stampede in this crowded place for decades. The face in the middle is both familiar and unfamiliar. Because of the snowstorm, they walked into the railway station together. On the way to the platform, every one of them was in order without any confusion, although their faces were full of anxiety and they were eager to go home! However, their steps are moving forward regularly. They are not just going to the podium, they are going to the social moral stage, and everyone here vividly shows the quality of China citizens and the noble quality of China citizens on this stage!

In such a critical moment, you can still abide by the moral rules, not a day or two of training, but always being tempered. Imagine that if a tree has not experienced wind and rain, its roots will not go deep into the soil; Its fruit will not be liked by people. Therefore, as lev tolstoy said, "human beings have been given a job, and that is spiritual growth." We should learn to temper ourselves in life and improve our quality. Since we grew up in an ancient civilization, we should pay more attention to cultivating our moral quality in a social environment with a good moral atmosphere.

Morality, honesty, as a student, we should also put honesty first. We should respect the old and love the young, respect teachers, observe discipline, unite our classmates and contribute our love to the harmonious development of society!

Be a good tree, take root well and bear many good fruits; Be a moral person, pay attention to your words and deeds, be a educated citizen on the road of life and in a colorful life, and do your part for yourself, others and society!

Metaphor paragraph 10:

Center: taste of china, savoring life.

China tea is strong tea, and the longer it lasts, the more delicious it becomes. China is a good wine. The better the taste, the purer the fragrance.

Chinese needs to be savored and chewed carefully, just like the rumination of cattle. Only in this way can the taste of China people be rich and long-lasting. You can't be impatient when learning Chinese. If you learn Chinese like a hungry person swallowing a steamed bun and a thirsty person drinking a large glass of cold water, Chinese will lose its aesthetic feeling and become tasteless. Learning Chinese means tasting Chinese, just like tasting strong tea and wine.

Taste of china, is to taste life. Chinese is everywhere in life, and Chinese will always have a life. Don't you see that everything in nature and social life is the mother of Chinese, and Chinese is not called Chinese. When you watch natural scenery, visit historical sites, appreciate works of art and chat online … you are learning and using Chinese.

Paragraph 1 1: A little snow in the red stove.

There is a Zen machine that is profound, colorful and full of beauty: red furnace and light snow. Snowflakes were flying, and one fell right on the red stove.

Freeze it before it falls. We find that it exists, although in an instant, it immediately melts and returns to emptiness.

A person's life, no matter how long or short, is like this snowflake. Sprinkle from the sky and walk on Wan Li Road, which can be called "long"; But it falls fast, it is impossible to turn back, and there is no time to think carefully, so it is already facing disappearance, so it can also be regarded as "short". Two seconds? Hundreds of years? The blazing fire devoured it overbearingly.

It existed, but it was too late to leave any traces. When snowflakes scramble for the earth, it's just a meaningless chase. Beauty, that's true.

Twelve: alive.

It's the water in the same stream, but some people hold it in gold cups and some people drink it in mud cups. Those who have neither a golden cup nor a soilless cup can only drink water by hand. Water, there is no difference. The difference lies in the container for holding water. The difference between a king and a beggar lies in the "vessel".

Only the most thirsty people know the sweetness of water best. Tired and thirsty travelers from the desert know the taste of water best. At noon in the scorching sun, farmers are busy farming and sweating like rain. Water is the most precious thing for them. They are the loveliest people who know water best. However, some people still can't taste the sweetness of this water, although they are sitting in armchairs in the shade with beautiful kettles and exquisite teacups in their hands. Why? Because he is not as thirsty as travelers and shepherds, and he doesn't plow at noon in the hot sun, he won't feel the need for water like that.

No matter who has never tasted hunger and thirst, he will never enjoy the sweetness of rice and water and don't know what life is like.

Sixth, consolidate training.

1. Write a wonderful passage with the theme of "true feelings" and using metaphors.

[Reference Answer]: What is sewed in the thousand-layer seam of the wanderer is affection, what the Yellow Crane Tower can't come back is friendship, and what can't be buried in the lonely grave is love. Dare to ask what is love in the world? Love is the soul of life and the most important chapter of life. Without affection, it is like a cold winter without an end date; Without friendship, it is like a drifting boat without shelter; Without love, it is like Leng Yue without warmth and light in the dark.

2. Write a wonderful passage with the theme of "life" and using metaphors.

[Reference Answer]: Life is picturesque, with thick ink and splashing ink, and understatement; Life is like a song, which includes singing softly and singing loudly. You can't see the life of Li Taibai and Du Gongbu, and the great life is created with thick ink; Petofi and Shelley's life, light pen and light pen describe the true meaning of life. Have you noticed that Tao Yuanming whispered, "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", and Tan Sitong strode, "I laughed at the sky from the horizontal knife, leaving me with courage to two Kunlun mountains".

Life is a mountain. We can't predict its length, but we can pursue its height. Life is a road, which is made of small pieces of sand and stones, not covered with gold, silver and silk, and shows the perfection of life unremarkably. Life is a flat boat, sailing in the vast sea, only after experiencing the baptism of wind and rain, will we usher in the rising sun on the sea tomorrow.

3. Write a wonderful passage with the theme of "faith" and metaphor.

[Reference Answer]: Faith is Kuafu's nonstop step day after day, faith is an immortal lighthouse on the other side when sailing in the rain, and faith is the nonstop gesture of the goshawk raging in the wind. With faith, a small match can light up the sky in my heart; With faith, a small green leaf can decorate the whole spring; With faith, a boat can disturb an ocean.

4. Write a wonderful passage with the image "Moon" as the topic.

[Reference answer]: Split the red dust and waves, and a curtain is beautiful. A clear and fair summary of everything. She is a peerless woman in the cold fragrance, a blow to secular filth. She is like a chaste virgin, sending the dew of life to a desperate soul. She is the sword in Li Bai's poems, and the purple light shines in the Tang Dynasty. It's the peach blossom in Chang 'an, enchanting. She is also the chrysanthemum of Tao Qian, burning half the sky at midnight in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is a touch of new green in desolation, a plum blossom with a hundred flowers, a flying horse, a guzheng of the frustrated, a clear stream of the uninhibited, a spirit of the incorruptible, a clear spring and a sad song. ...

5. Choose a historical (literary) figure as a topic and write a wonderful fragment by metaphor.

[Reference Answer]: Is it a solitary bamboo in the rustling cool wind? Is that the pot of sake on the cliff? Or the white clouds wandering in the horizon under the bleak sunset? Ji Kang, why did he live a chic and indifferent life but leave a pot of heavy turbid wine and a glass of unruly loneliness to future generations?

-Zhu's "Why Fear the World of mortals"

6. Take "personality" as the topic, use metaphor to demonstrate and write a fragment.

[Reference answer]:

I like people with personality. They are Li Zhuo in the world of mortals, smiling at sadness, taking their own life as a picture scroll, taking their own persistence as their creativity, and sketching out immortal life scenery with their independent personality.