Ma Chengming
How many operas in the world are performed with masks?
How many operas in the world are performed without a stage?
How many kinds of dramas can be performed for three to five days in the world?
Let's start with the legendary story of Tang Dongjiebu, a Tibetan monk.
At that time, there was no bridge on the Yarlung Zangbo River, countless cowhide boats capsized in the torrent of wild horses (jiāng), and many people trying to cross the river were swallowed up by the roaring river (sh). Therefore, the young monk Tang Dongjiebu made a great wish and vowed to build a bridge to benefit the people. Tang Dongjiebu, who had nothing, only got a burst of laughter.
So there is such a legend. Tang Dongjiebu is in Shannan Qiong (Qi? Ng), met seven girls who can sing and dance, and formed the first Tibetan opera team in Tibet. They perform religious stories and historical legends in the form of songs and dances, and persuade people to do good deeds, donate money and build bridges together. As the majestic songs resounded through the snowy mountain wilderness, some people gave money, some people gave iron, and some people sent food. A large number of farmers and craftsmen followed them from one bridge site to another, and the seeds of Tibetan opera were scattered all over the snowy plateau. Everywhere, people are amazed at the girls' handsome appearance, beautiful dancing and beautiful and fresh singing. The audience exclaimed: Isn't it Ajram who came down to dance? In the future, people will call Tibetan opera performances Agim.
In this way, Tang Dongjiebu, penniless, left 58 cable bridges on the Yarlung Zangbo River and became the originator of Tibetan opera.
In Tibetan opera, the masks worn by people with the same status are basically the same in color and shape.
The mask of goodness is white, and white represents purity;
The king's mask is red, and red represents majesty;
The princess's mask is green, and green represents softness;
The mask of the living Buddha is yellow, and yellow represents auspiciousness;
The witch's mask (wū) is half black and half white, which symbolizes her double-sided character.
The monster's mask is blue face (Li? O) Teeth show depression and terror;
The mask of the villagers' old people is sewn with white cloth or yellow cloth, and a hole is dug in the eyes and lips to show simplicity and sincerity.
Masks use symbolism and exaggeration to make the characters in the play stand out and have distinct personalities, which is one of the important reasons why tibetan opera masks has been preserved in the long-term development.
With snow-capped mountains and rivers as the background and grasslands as the background. Tibetan opera artists sing on the floor, without curtains, lights and props, only a drum and a cymbal (b? ) to accompany it. They just want an audience.
The audience sat in groups of three and five, and all the plots were described by Xiong Sheba's explanation and the artist's rap. The artists sang, talked and danced, interpreting all kinds of stories under the mask.
In the development of hundreds of years, Tibetan opera has formed its own fixed program: at first, it tells the history of Tibetan opera to attract people (L? I) The audience is the main body of the story, and the ending is intended to celebrate the success of the performance.
Tibetan opera artists have a variety of vocals and movements. Different roles sing with different vocals and dance moves to express different emotions, and different genres and troupes have different styles of performances. The audience is eating, drinking and playing at the theatre. It is common for a play to last for three to five days. Everyone is free to do what he wants, carefree and not tired.
Tibetan opera is like this, handed down from generation to generation.
Interpretation of teaching materials
1, short text.
China's national operas have a long history and a wide variety. There are 275 operas that can be tested according to the evidence. Tibetan opera, which is popular in Tibetan areas, is a unique drama in the Baihua Art Garden of the motherland. The art of Tibetan opera has a history of more than 600 years, which is more than 400 years earlier than Peking Opera, which is known as the quintessence of China. It is called the living fossil of Tibetan culture.
The text is in the order of explaining different aspects of things, and the structure of the article is based on the total score. First, three juxtaposed sentences are used to summarize the main characteristics of Tibetan opera: a play can be performed for three to five days without a stage. Next, I wrote in detail the legendary story of Tang Dongjiebu, the originator of Tibetan opera, and made a great wish to form the first Tibetan opera team in Tibet, leaving 58 iron cable bridges on the Yarlung Zangbo River and becoming the originator of Tibetan opera. Then it introduces the characteristics and functions of masks, an important feature of Tibetan opera. Then briefly explain other characteristics: simple stage; The plot is described by commentary and rap; A program with a fixed opening, plot and ending; Singing skills and movements are rich and colorful; Long performance time, etc. Finally, it summarizes the full text in one sentence, pointing out that Tibetan opera, a national drama art, is inherited and carried forward by teachers. With the author's clear, comprehensive and meticulous description, colorful Tibetan operas and their irresistible artistic charm are presented to readers.
This text is a folk prose with strong knowledge, humanity and interest. On the premise of accurate and intuitive description, it is quite different from Beijing Spring Festival in terms of content, expression order, expression mode and language style. From the content, Spring Festival in Beijing introduces festival customs, while this paper focuses on the formation and artistic characteristics of Tibetan opera. From the order of expression, the Spring Festival in Beijing is in the order of time, while this paper is in the order of different aspects of things; From the perspective of expression methods, Beijing Spring Festival uses the methods of enumerating numbers, examples, metaphors, metaphors, etc., while this paper mainly uses metaphors, questions, symbols, exaggerations and other methods to illustrate things vividly. From the perspective of language style, the language of the Spring Festival in Beijing is natural, plain, accurate and concise, full of Beijing flavor and intriguing, while the language in this paper is rich and varied, vivid and quite literary.
The purpose of writing this text is to guide students to understand the expression method and language characteristics of this text and learn the vivid expression of the author; The second is to understand the formation and characteristics of Tibetan opera, the unique artistic charm and rich cultural connotation of traditional drama, and the Tibetan culture.
2. Word analysis.
Understanding of (1) sentence.
(1) How many operas are performed with masks in the world?
The expression at the beginning of the text is novel and unique, mainly rhetorical questions, emphasizing the outstanding characteristics of Tibetan operas such as masks. At the same time, it also paves the way for this paper to describe the color, shape and function of the mask.
② Let's talk about the legendary story of Tang Dongjiebu, a Tibetan monk.
This sentence plays a connecting role in the layout of the full text. The three characteristics of Tibetan opera are summarized, that is, utilization or turning point, and the legendary story of Tang Dongjiebu and the formation of Tibetan opera are introduced. Tang Dongjiebu is the founder and originator of Tibetan opera. Without Tang Dongjiebu, there would be no Tibetan opera. Monk: A highly respected monk (monk). Legendary story: refers to a story with bizarre plot or extraordinary behavior of characters.
At that time, there was no bridge on the Yarlung Zangbo River, countless cowhide boats capsized in the wild horse-like torrent, and many people trying to cross the river were swallowed up by the roaring river.
With concise and accurate language and vivid description, the author reproduces the harsh natural environment at that time, indirectly praises the noble quality of Tang Dongjiebu, shows the ideological roots of his lofty aspirations and vows to build bridges, and also shows that folk art originated from life and came into being according to the needs of the times.
(4) The mask uses symbolism and exaggeration to make the characters stand out and have distinct personalities.
Why has tibetan opera masks been preserved in the long-term development? This sentence gives an accurate answer. There is a causal relationship before and after the sentence: the use of symbols and exaggeration is the cause, and the prominence of characters and distinctive personality are the result. Symbolism: using concrete things to express a special meaning or thoughts and feelings. For example, in Tibetan opera, the white mask represents purity, and the person wearing the white mask is a good person. Exaggeration: in order to stimulate the imagination of the audience, use exaggerated things to express. For example, in Tibetan opera, a half-black and half-white mask is used to describe two-faced figures, and a mask with blue face and fangs is used to describe demons.
They want nothing but the audience.
The purpose of Tangdong Jiebu Tibetan Opera Team is to persuade people to do good deeds, accumulate virtue, donate money and build bridges together. Therefore, there are not too many requirements for the performance stage and props. As long as there is an audience, it can play a propaganda role.
6 Tibetan opera is like this, handed down from generation to generation.
The original Tibetan opera had no script, and relied entirely on Master's words and deeds. It was gradually refined during the rehearsal and performance of the troupe, which enabled the Tibetan opera with a history of more than 600 years to be preserved and developed and become a living fossil of Tibetan culture.
(2) Understanding of words.
Drama: the type of drama art.
Roar: It can describe the rushing roar of water, and it can also describe people's angry cries.
Swallow: To swallow or bite. Swallow it.
Magnificent: This lesson refers to the majestic singing.
Living Buddha: This lesson refers to the upper Lama who was reincarnated and succeeded to the throne in Lamaism.
Witch: A woman who pretends to be a ghost and prays for others.
Restrain: Restrain feelings, strength, etc. So that it can't be fully displayed and played.
Dunhou: loyal.
Deduction: a method of reasoning, which deduces conclusions about special situations from general principles. This lesson can be understood by acting and acting.
Drum up: drum up. This lesson refers to the opening of Tibetan opera, which attracts audiences by telling the history of Tibetan opera.
Excellent: excellent, beautiful and comfortable; Alas, modal particles express sighs.
Originator of Mountain Opening: Mountain Opening, a Buddhist term, refers to the first establishment of a temple in a famous mountain. The initiator is a metaphor of the founder. Originally refers to the founder of a cause. This lesson refers to Tang Dongjiebu as the founder of Tibetan opera.
Two sides and three knives: a metaphor for cunning, one face to face and one behind.
Do whatever you want: do whatever you want; Desire, want, hope. Do what you want to do.