In the eastern dialect area, the Miao people in Fenghuang, Huayuan and Jishou in western Hunan take Wu, Long, Ma, Shi and Liao as their surnames. Miao people in Songtao and Tongren in eastern Guizhou have five surnames: Wu, Long, Ma, Shi and Tian (or Bai). In addition, there are Yang, Zhang, Zhao, Ou, Wu, Liu, Liang, Shi, Luo, Wang, Deng, Man, Teng, Hu and Xiang. According to an ancient story, Miao people have 148 Han surnames. It can be seen that there are quite a few Han surnames of Miao people in the eastern dialect, but the five surnames are the main ones, and the number of other surnames is small. In central dialect areas, such as Jianhe County/Majiang County, there are dozens of surnames among Miao people, such as Yang, Long, Wang, Li, Zhang, Jiang, Wu, Liu, Tai, Lu, Wan, Peng, Pan, Luo, Huang and Zhou. Among them, Yang, Long, Wang and Li are the four major surnames, with a population of over 654.38+100000. Fuquan County is a Miao county that speaks the central dialect, with 52 Han surnames, mainly including Wu, Pan, Wen, Lei, Long, Yang, Wang, Liu, Du, Hou, Song, Jiang, Xiong, Zhang, Luo and Li. There are Zhang, Bai, Han, Mo, Xiang and Jiang among the Miao people in Zhangbei, Leishan County, with Zhang having the largest number.
The western dialect area belongs to Miao nationality (Dahuamiao) in Hezhang County, Guizhou Province, and belongs to northeast Yunnan sub-dialect. There are mainly 16 Han surnames, namely, Li, Luo, Wang, Zhang, An, Yang, Han, Zhu, Pan, Tao, Wu, Su, Ma, Long and Lu. Zhu is the main surname of Miao people (Dahuamiao) in Weining County, and the others are Zhang, Wang, Li, Lei, Han, Long and Wu in turn. Among the Miao people in Wenshan, Yunnan, Yang is the most, followed by Ma, Li, Tao, Xiong, Xiang, Wang, Wu, Deng, Liu and Song. Historically, the adoption of Han surnames by Miao people was gradually realized with the introduction of Han culture into Miao areas and the increase of contact and exchanges between Miao and Han people, and it was different in different regions and branches, and the time was early and late. In some areas, due to early contact with Chinese culture, Han surnames were adopted earlier; The more remote and isolated the area, the later the China surname is adopted. The origin of Han Miao's surname can be roughly divided into the following four ways and means:
First, the people themselves use the surname of China. This is a natural phenomenon in the process of communication between Miao and Han nationalities, which began as early as the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, according to folklore, Xiang Yi, who led the "Wu Ximan" uprising in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, changed his relatives and descendants to Xiang surname after the uprising failed, and the Miao people who still live in Lianhuachi, Yuanling County, Hunan Province, are all his descendants. The Miao surnames in Shuman by Fan Chuo in Tang Dynasty are Yang, Lei, Xiang, Tian and Ran: Liao Biao, Luo Zhe, Wu Zhenni and Shi. What was recorded in the History of Ming Dynasty and appeared in the early Ming Dynasty should all be China surnames adopted spontaneously by foreigners in some areas. According to records, in the 14th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1535), after the Miao uprising in Duyun, Guizhou Province was suppressed, some Miao leaders changed their Han surnames, among which "A Si" took the Chinese name "Wang" and adopted the Han surname.
Second, according to the transliteration of Chinese characters, it evolved from the original popular Miao surname or the names of clan leaders and heads of households. This is mainly a way used by Miao people to compile their naturalization registration accounts, that is, the so-called "ancestral register". For example, among the Miao people in Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan sub-dialects, the surname of Miao people is "Sougou" (or "Kuagu"), and the transliteration of Chinese characters is "Gu"; There is also a Chinese transliteration of Miao Miao's surname "Mu You" as "You". This should be the original origin of Han surnames of Miao people, such as Gu and You, which are still popular in some Miao areas in Yunnan. For another example, according to folklore, Guizhou Leishan, Miao nationality, white surname, no Han surname. The leader of the Miao nationality is Shao Baiju. When the Miao nationality is naturalized, it is changed to Bai Shaoju according to the Han surname, and "Bai" becomes the surname. From then on, the Miao nationality became white. Third, "the official is the surname." In the early Ming Dynasty, after some Miao chiefs surrendered to the imperial court, the imperial court and the government gave them Chinese surnames. For example, the chief magistrate filed a lawsuit (now southwest of Guanling Autonomous County), formerly known as Ai Ci, who was a "person with no surname". After joining the Ming Dynasty, he was appointed as the chief judge. When it reached Ah Geng, the court gave him the surname Li, which gave him a famous mountain, that is, the surname, and he had a Chinese surname. After "returning to the motherland" and "opening to the outside world" in Miao areas, this kind of "Ci" surname is more commonly adopted by officials when registering household registration, that is, "officials take their surnames as their surnames". However, due to its long history and lack of literature, it is difficult to make specific textual research now. Fourthly, Hanshan people were brought into Miao areas. The Han people settled in the Miao area for various reasons, and then gradually merged with the Miao people, and the Miao people also had corresponding surnames. For example, there are many Miao people named Cai and Song in central Guizhou, which were called Cai and Song in history. According to the literature, they were originally the adherents of Cai and Song in the Spring and Autumn Period and lived in exile in Guizhou. When they fled south, they became Miao people, so there were surnames such as Cai and Song. In 1930s, Ling Chunsheng, Rui Yifu, Shi Qigui and others visited Miao areas in western Hunan and found that there were five surnames of "Wu, Long, Liao, Shi and Ma" in Gancheng (now Jishou), Fenghuang and Yongsui (now Flower Site), which they called "Pure Miao". Because some "people with foreign surnames" (mostly Han Chinese) were adopted by their parents and learned their customs, that is, gradually merged with the Miao nationality, there are "Yang, Shi, Peng, Zhang and Hong" in addition to the "five surnames" among the Miao nationality. Since modern times, the phenomenon of Miao-Han intermarriage has increased day by day. Among them, the children of Han men who have taken their parents' surnames often take their fathers' surnames, and the Xiao Han surnames of Miao people are increasing. According to the investigation in Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, the seven surnames of Liu, Chen, He, Shu, Lu, Xie and Tang in Xuanhua Township, and the five surnames of Weng Yang, Xiang Lan, Liu, Luo, Tang and Liao are all newly added Han surnames after Miao-Han intermarriage and Han adoption.