Shandong, known as the land in ancient times, can be described as unique. Since Cheng Tang, King of Wu, successfully cut the land and gave it to Lu Shang (also known as Jiang Shang and Jiang Taigong), the descendants of Lu Shang have been living here. This land not only produced a management scientist like Confucius, but also produced famous professional managers Guan Zhong and Yan Ying.
Historically, Guan Zhong assisted Qi Huangong, making Qi Huangong the first of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. One hundred years later, Yan Ying assisted again, which enabled Qi to realize "Zhongxing".
Yan, Yi Wei of Qi State, is a famous baby. He assisted the three generations of presidents (monarchs) of Gong Ling, Zhuang Gong and Gong Jing of Qi State, and was respected by the people of Qi State for his diligence, thrift and hard work. He became the CEO (prime minister) of Qi, and there was not enough food to eat. His wives and concubines don't wear silk clothes. In court, when the monarch talked about him, he just stated his opinion; If the monarch's words don't concern him, he will be righteous and upright. If the monarch can follow the right path, he will do as he commands. If he can't, he will consider the order and carry it out. Therefore, he is famous among Qi, Zhuang Gong and three generations.
On one occasion, Qi Jinggong called Yan Ying and asked him how to make the country rich and strong. He hopes that one day he can restore the great achievements of his predecessor (Qi Huangong) and regain his glory. Yan Ying pondered for a moment and said, "Why don't I accompany your majesty to visit people's feelings incognito, and then discuss the plan for rejuvenating the country when you come back?" This Qi Jinggong is born to despise state affairs and value pleasure, so he is ambitious and flashy. Seeing that Yan Ying wanted to accompany him incognito, he felt very fresh and agreed. They came to a downtown area in Linzi, Kyoto, and walked into a shoe store. There are all kinds of shoes in the shoe store, and the variety is complete, but few people care about it, and the business is light. Gong Jing was puzzled, but he saw many people buying fake feet. Gong Jing asked the shopkeeper in surprise, and the shopkeeper said sadly, "Nowadays, the monarch tortures indiscriminately, and many people have their feet cut off. How can they produce and live without buying fake feet? " Hearing this, Gong Jing was very unhappy.
On the way back to the palace, Yingying was unhappy to see Gong Jing, knowing that what she had just seen had greatly stimulated Gong Jing. So he said: "The reason why the late Lord Huan Gong made great achievements was because he cared about the people, was honest and clean, devoted himself to serving the public, did not levy more taxes to satisfy his selfish desires, and served the people at will without building a palace;" Choosing people and employing people, the national style is clean. The monarch and his ministers worked together to achieve the position of dominating the world. Now the king is a villain, far as virtuous as the common people ... "Before Yan Ying finished, Qi Huangong interrupted Yan Ying and said," Needless to say, the Prime Minister has understood. I also want to follow the example of the former Everbright Ancestral Hall. "
On another occasion, Yan Ying, Gong Jing and his ministers visited Ji Guo, and his men accidentally found a beautiful golden jar and gave it to Gong Jing. There are also eight big characters engraved on the inside of the golden basin: "Eat fish and don't rebel, don't lead horses." Gong Jing looked at it and pretended to be clever and explained: "I don't eat the other side of the fish because I hate the taste of fish;" Riding a horse is not bad because it can't run far. " Everyone agrees with this voice and praises Gong Jing's profound understanding.
Yan Ying said after a long silence: "I think these eight words contain the truth of governing the country. Eating fish and not rebelling' is to warn the monarch not to oppress the people too much; Don't take the horse' is to warn the monarch not to reuse people without virtue and talent. " Gong Jing was somewhat dissatisfied and asked: "Since Ji Guo has such a good saying, why did he die?" Yan Zi replied, "I heard that a gentleman's opinion should be hung on the door and never forgotten. Ji Guo put famous sayings in a jar, so he can't often see them and act on them. Can he not die? " If Gong Jing realized something; Nod often. And said to the ministers who followed him, "Everyone should remember the motto in the golden jar."
In the history of China, there are many examples that lieutenants obey the monarch's idea, let nature take its course and do whatever they want. Yan Ying, on the other hand, dared to speak out for the people and intercede for them, taking remonstrating with the monarch as an important part of his political career. For example, half of the chapters that recorded Yan Ying's words and deeds in The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi involved the content of Yan Zi's remonstrance with the monarch, which shows that Yan Zi's remonstrance with the monarch is a skill!
Yan Ying thought that the relationship between monarch and minister should be "harmony without difference". The so-called harmony means that ministers and monarchs have different views, talents and hobbies. "You are sweet and sour, but you are weak and salty"; The so-called similarity means that ministers and monarchs are the same in all aspects. If you are sweet, you are sweet, and if you are salty, you are salty. The important decisions of the imperial court must be fully discussed and improved in the debate and confrontation of opposing opinions. To do this, the monarch must be surrounded by people with different opinions and think from different angles and levels with his own mind.
Yan Zi believes that a gentleman should be open-minded, open-minded and open-minded. Although you can't listen to every word of a detained subordinate, you must never refuse to ignore it. Everything in the world makes a mickle. Of course, it is impossible for a person to govern the world. If you refuse to accept the right advice, you will die. This is "people will get sick and will not want to taste meat first;" If a country wants to die, it must first hate the words of loyal ministers. No matter when and where, Yan Zi sticks to his point of view.
Once when he was on a mission to Lu, Duke Zhao of Lu asked him, "Listen to the different opinions of three people, and you won't be confused. Now I'm working with all the people in Shandong, and things are still not going well. I don't know why. Yan Zi hit the nail on the head and pointed out: you are in contact with people who cater to you, and no matter how you listen, it is the same. This is tantamount to one person, not even two people, let alone three people.
As the saying goes: remonstrate with death and fight with it.
Compared with the above two remonstrators, Ji An in the Western Han Dynasty was much luckier. Ji 'an (? -65438 BC+065438 BC+02 BC) was born in Puyang, Western Han Dynasty (now southwest of Puyang, Henan Province), with a long word. Emperor Xiaojing washed the horse for the prince, and after Emperor Wudi ascended the throne, he became a courtier, and successively served as the governor of Xingyang, the satrap of Donghai and the Lord of Taiwei, ranking Jiuqing.
Ji An is mighty and unyielding, upright and upright, fearless of dignitaries as their agents, impartial and aggressive. Once Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called a group of Confucian scholars and said, "I want to revitalize politics and follow Yao and Shun's example. How about it? " Ji An said, "How can you save energy if your majesty wants to do righteousness outside?" After listening to sharp criticism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty angrily went on strike. At that time, many courtiers were worried about him and advised him to protect himself. He said generously, "Isn't the right son of heaven appointed ministers to correct mistakes? Is it just to kiss up? " Since he is in his position, he can't just care about his personal safety, say nothing when he sees his mistakes, and let the emperor fall into an unjust land. "
Ji An is an upright official. After his death, there was no extra money at home. He was a leader in a more turbid and unclear environment of feudal officials. However, he remonstrated many times, contending with the powerful minister Zhang Tang. Therefore, Zhang Tang hated his guts and often spoke ill of him in front of Emperor Wu. Liang Wudi, regardless of good or bad, first gave Ji An leniency, and then he was demoted. Finally, he was given the position of magistrate of Yuanyang House and died in his post.
4. Wei Zhi
Wei Zhi (580-643) was the most famous remonstrator in the history of China, a politician in the early Tang Dynasty and a native of Julu (now Hebei). At the end of Sui Dynasty, he joined the Wagang Army, and Shimi was defeated and surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. After returning to the Tang Dynasty, he followed Li to wash the horse for the prince. After Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne, he was appointed as an ancient adviser. Later, he served as secretary supervisor, participated in the pre-government, and sealed Zheng Guogong. Wei Zhi and Li Shimin were a few courtiers and ministers in feudal society: Wei Zhi dared to remonstrate directly and appealed to Emperor Taizong many times, but Emperor Taizong tolerated Wei Zhi's "offence" and his words were adopted.
After the change of Xuanwu Gate, Li Shimin, who had long valued his courage, not only didn't blame him, but appointed him as an admonition officer, often introducing the imperial palace to inquire about political gains and losses. Kevin·Z likes to be the master of every intimate friend, helping him wholeheartedly, knowing everything and talking about everything. Coupled with his honest and frank personality, he often argued and never compromised. After the death of Wei Zhi, Emperor Taizong was very sad and sad. He once said: "A husband can dress himself with copper as a mirror; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses; Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall. Wei Zhi died suddenly today, so I lost a mirror! " He also wrote a tombstone and buried Zhaoling with a letter.
5. Di Renjie
Di (630-700) was born in Taiyuan (now Taiyuan, Shanxi) in the Tang Dynasty. Wu Zetian is a prime minister and an outstanding feudal politician. Examination is bright and quiet (one of the subjects in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty), thus entering the official career. After entering politics, he experienced two eras: Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian. At the beginning, he was appointed as an imperial minister in Cheng Dali. He has served as the secretariat of Ningzhou and Yuzhou, and the assistant minister of local officials. Di is an official, as Lao Tzu said, "saints are fickle in their hearts, and people are fickle in their hearts." In order to save the innocent, he dared to defy the will of the monarch and always maintained the true colors of being close to the people and not afraid of power. He always lived above the class, worried about the country and people, and was called "the mainstay of the Tang Dynasty" by later generations. He was appointed Cheng Dali in charge of criminal law. After any one year, he handled more than 65,438+07,000 cases left by his predecessor, and none of them appealed for rehabilitation. This shows that his fairness in handling affairs can be seen. Based on this, many wonderful legends have been compiled by later generations. Gao Luopei, a Dutch sinologist, compiled a book "The Trial Legend of Datang Di Renjie", that is, "Digong Case", which is the four major cases of later generations.
6. Hu Quan
Hu Quan (1102 ~1180) was a statesman and writer in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word "Bangheng" has the name of "Lian □". Luling (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi) people. Jian Yan for two years (1 128), Jinshi. This division was given by Emperor Gaozong and Hu Quan to the military judges in Fuzhou and passed on to Zhilang. In the fifth year of Shaoxing (1 135), Lu Zhi, the minister of the Ministry of War, recommended him, gave him the right and was promoted to the Privy Council. In eight years, Shangshu opposed peace in Qin Gui, begged Wang Lun, Qin Gui and Sun Jin, and accused the emperor. Qin Gui thought it was "arrogant and fierce", so he wrote a letter to delete his name and demoted Zhaozhou. Due to the rescue of courtiers, Guangzhou Salt Warehouse was changed. /kloc-was disintegrated and demoted to Xinzhou in 0/2, and moved to Jiyang army in 0/8. It was not until Qin Gui died that he moved to Hengzhou. Filial piety acceded to the throne, reinstated to negotiate lang. From officials to assistant ministers of the Ministry of War. Because he has always opposed peace talks and disagreed with the government's political views, he tried to leave. Go back to Luling and write. Loyalty is simple.
7. Kou Zhun
Kou Zhun (96 1 ~ 1023) was a politician in the northern song dynasty. This word is flat and neutral. Huazhou Xiatuo (now the northeast of Weinan, Shaanxi) was born. He lost his father when he was a child, his family was poor, and he studied hard. 19 years old, he became a scholar. After a period of time as a local official, he was called to serve in North Korea, and was highly praised by Song Taizong and Zhao Huan for his political ability. At the age of thirty-one, he was the deputy special envoy of parliament. Later, because of integrity, he was excluded by the court. After Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng acceded to the throne, he called Kou Zhun back to the DPRK, and successively served as Kaifeng House and Third Division Officer in Quan Zhi. In June of the first year of Jingdezhen (1004), General Secretary Ren Zhongshu. In the winter of that year, the Empress Dowager Chengtian of Liao Dynasty and Lu Ye Long Xu, the emperor of Liao Dynasty, led an army to invade the Song Dynasty and took Zhou Zhou (now near Puyang, Henan Province) along the Yellow River. Wang Qinruo, a minister in the Song Dynasty, and others advocated moving the capital to avoid the enemy's front, while Kou Zhun pushed aside the crowd and tried his best to make Song Zhenzong go to the front line of the named country to fight against it. Song Jun's morale did it one brace up, prompting Song Shengzong to make peace with the Song Dynasty, and withdrawing troops after concluding a peace treaty (see League of Founding Fathers). Later, under the provocation of Wang Qinruo, Kou Zhun gradually lost the trust of Song Zhenzong, went on strike in Jingdezhen for three years, and served as a local official in Shaanxi and other places. In the third year of Tianxi (10 19), it is said that Tianxi declined because of obeying the will, and it was once again used as the prime minister, and soon it was called Prince Taifu, and it was sealed in Lai, so the deceased was called Koulai Gong. Later, he was framed by Ding Wei, the vice minister of the Song Dynasty, and was demoted many times until he was appointed as the secretariat of Leizhou (now Guangdong Haikang). He died in September of the first year of Song Renzong Tiansheng (1023).
8. Bao Zheng
Bao Zheng (999- 1062), born in Hefei, Luzhou, was a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song served as the magistrate of Tianchang (Anhui Tianchang) for four years (1037), with considerable political achievements. After taking office, he was transferred to Zhiduan Prefecture (Zhaoqing, Guangdong). After returning to Beijing, he was appointed as the censor, and later changed to the censor as the "official". Officials who misbehave or violate the law may be impeached. In order to punish corrupt officials, in August of the fourth year of Qing Dynasty (1044), he distributed a petition of "Don't Bring Corrupt Officials" to Renzong, thinking that incorruptibility is a role model for people and stolen goods are "thieves". Bao Zheng wrote seven times to convey Wang Kui to Jiangxi, exposing his "heart like a snake and scorpion" and harming the people. And severely criticized Song Ting's official appointment system. From the second year of your life (1050) to the third year of your life, Bao Zheng Zhijian Institute impeached Zhang Yaozuo, a consort, three times, trying to find out the extraordinary fraud case of the devil Leng Qing pretending to be a prince, which shocked the ruling and opposition parties.
During his tenure as the judge and deputy ambassador of the third division and the third division, Bao Zheng successively served as the transshipment ambassador in JD.COM, Shaanxi and Hebei. Everywhere he went, he took it as his duty to reduce the burden on the people, reform the disadvantages and develop production, and put forward the economic thought of "benefiting the people and the country" Many times, for the sake of state affairs, the emperor said something that he didn't like to hear, criticized the minister's power, and asked him to stop the favor given by the emperor to the cronies and bureaucrats, and everything was changed to the normal channels of the competent departments. He wrote three memorials from Wei Zhi to Emperor Taizong, and dedicated them to Song Renzong, as his motto, always be vigilant and concentrate on state affairs. Renzong is required to be open-minded and coachable, to distinguish right from wrong, not to engage in "preconceptions" and to listen to people's opinions, but to cherish talents, remove harsh criticism, prohibit punishment, myths and heresies, and not to build at will, and so on. The court should adopt and implement them more.
In December of the first year of Jiayou (1056), the imperial court appointed Bao Zheng as Kaifeng Prefecture in Quan Zhi. He officially took office in March of the following year and left office in June of three years, only one year before and after. However, in this short period of time, Kaifeng, which is known as intractable, was managed in an orderly manner. Dare to punish the illegal acts of dignitaries, resolutely curb the arrogance of Kaifeng officials, and promptly punish those who falsely accuse unruly people.
Because Bao Zheng was strict in law enforcement, impartial and fearless in Kaifeng, the eunuchs had to restrain themselves, and they were afraid when they heard Bao Zheng's name. All ages, women and children know Bao Zheng's name and affectionately call him "Porter". There is a saying in Kaifeng that "if you can't reach the joint, you will have Yamaraja to provide for the aged". Yamaraja is a symbol of Bao Zheng's selflessness.
In the sixth year of Song Jiayou (106 1), he was an official to a Council secretary and died in May of the following year. "The official face of Jingshi is full of sadness, and sighs can be heard in the street." The imperial court presented a letter to the official department, and fifteen volumes of "Playing Instrument" were handed down from generation to generation.
9. (English, Swiss) Harry (name)
Hai Rui (15 14- 1587) was a famous politician in the Ming Dynasty. Hainan Qiongshan (present-day Haikou) is a Hui nationality, whose own name is Feng Gang. He studied poetry classics since he was a child, and he was well-read and versatile. In the 28th year of Jiajing (1550), it was selected. He was first appointed to Chongqing, Nanping, Fujian, and later promoted to Chun 'an, Zhejiang, and Xingguo County, Jiangxi, where he pursued the policy of clearing taxes, rehabilitated false and wrong cases, and cracked down on corrupt officials, winning the hearts of the people. In the forty-fifth year of Jiajing, he served as the director of the Yunnan Department of the Ministry of Household Affairs. He wrote a letter criticizing Sejong's shortcomings such as superstitious witchcraft, luxurious life and neglect of state affairs, and was persecuted and imprisoned. Sejong was released after his death. In the third year of Qin Long's reign (1569), he was promoted to the right capital. As always, he punished corrupt officials, cracked down on powerful people, dredged rivers, built water conservancy projects, and imposed whipping laws to force corrupt officials to return to the people, so he was known as "clear sky". After discharge, he was dismissed and lived at leisure 16 years. In the 13th year of Wanli (1585), he was re-employed. He successively served as the right assistant minister of Nanjing official department and the right consultant of Nanjing, and advocated severely punishing corrupt officials and prohibiting bribery. Two years later, he died in Nanjing. Haiduan was an honest official all his life and won the respect and love of the people. It is said that when they heard the bad news of his death, the local people were deeply saddened by the loss of their loved ones. When his coffin was transported back to his hometown from Nanjing waterway, the two sides of the Yangtze River were crowded with people to see him off. Many people even painted his portrait for their home. The legend about him is more widespread among the people. Harry, like Bao Zheng in Song Dynasty, is a model of honest and upright officials and a symbol of justice in the history of China.
Yun Wang
Wang Yun, whose real name is Zhong Mou, was born in Jixian County, Weizhou Road (now Weihui City, Henan Province). Famous scholars, poets and politicians in Yuan Dynasty were officials all their lives, upright and upright, poor, loving their posts, and eager to learn and be good at writing. He has been the remonstrator of Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu, Crown Prince Jin of Yuzong and Emperor Temujin of Chengzong for three generations.
Wang Yun speaks frankly and dares to remonstrate. He advocated punishing Shu Ren with courtesy, punishing doctors with punishment, and emphasized the management of chaotic finance. In the 5th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1268), Yuan Shizu set up an censorate and appointed Wang Yun as censor. Wrote more than 150 pieces of "Fight against evil" and "The Sea". At that time, Liu, the central official in charge of water conservancy, used the convenience of controlling water and guiding rivers to embezzle more than 4 million mangoku palace grain. Wang Yun boldly impeached and exposed. After the visit, I wrote about the sin of enriching myself by cutting corners in Liu Jianxiu's ancestral temple. Liu had a guilty conscience, lived in fear all day, and died of worry. In the 26th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1289), when Wang Yun was appointed as a young Chinese doctor and a provincial judge in Minhai Road, Fujian Province, the coastal political situation was chaotic and there were many vacancies for officials. He asked the emperor to select talents to fill the vacancy along the coast. After a period of investigation, he decisively ousted more than 40 corrupt officials and appointed a group of people who were proficient in civil and military affairs, honest and clean to work, and then calmed down here; He also pioneered the construction of barracks along Fujian coast for soldiers to live in, which changed the bad habits of soldiers in the past and made people live and work in peace and contentment.
Wang Yun is honest and clean, and enforces the law impartially. When he was appointed as the judge of Cheng Zhilang and Pingyang Road, a Chen from Taiping County in Jiangzhou killed his brother. He was sentenced to death with a suspended sentence for bribing the government, and more than 300 people were wronged, and the case could not be closed for five years. The emperor sent Wang Yun to personally hear the case. After interviews and trials, all the wronged and implicated civilians were released.
Although Wang Yun is in a high position, he can observe the current situation and sympathize with the sufferings of the people. In the 28th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 129 1), there were droughts in winter and spring and floods in autumn in Yannan area. After Wang Yun visited the people and returned to Dadu (now Beijing), Shi Zaixiang, the right prime minister, hosted a banquet for officials and invited him to dinner. After sitting at the table, he felt very uncomfortable when he saw that the table was full of famous delicacies and exotic seafood. He couldn't help pleading for the people, so he wrote a long rent-free rumor, hoping that the emperor would finally adopt his suggestion.
Yuan Shizu attached great importance to Wang Yun's admonition. In the 28th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 129 1), Kublai Khan specially summoned him to Beijing. He also wrote thousands of books and put forward the suggestions of "changing the old system, punishing corrupt officials, paying taxes and promoting talents", which is in line with Kublai Khan's thought of "adapting to the ancestors" and has positive significance for promoting the historical development of a unified multi-ethnic country. So Kublai Khan personally awarded him a bachelor's degree in Hanlin.
During his political career, Wang Yun often worried about the country and the people. He systematically sorted out the experiences and deeds of Ming, Jun and Xian who were diligent in ideological politics and governing the country, and gave them to the Crown Prince who had not yet ascended the throne as a reference. Yu Zongzhenjin appreciated this view very much. Besides studying by himself, he also sent various articles of A Brief History of China to his grandchildren for reading. Yu Zongzhen and his sons Jin Zaofu and Chengzong Temujin acceded to the throne. What Wang Yun presented to Emperor Chengzong was not jade and jewels, but fifteen Shoushi swords, which showed his sincere loyalty to the victims. Therefore, Emperor Chengzong added him as the general doctor and knew patents. And entrusted him and Zhao Mengfu and others to compile the annals of Yuan Shizu.
In June of the fifth year of Dade (AD 1304), Wang Yun died in Jixian County at the age of 78. The imperial envoys in Ji 'an saw that his former residence was still a hut, as poor as a people. Their children and grandchildren's pastoral life, self-sufficiency, will truly play a sacred role. The emperor gave money to the rich, ordered the Hanlin bachelor to be a good doctor, and pursued the title of Taiyuan county magistrate. Posthumous title is "Wen Ding". Children and grandchildren are sealed by shadows. People in his hometown also praised Guzijian Village, where he studied hard as a teenager, as "the voice of autumn books" and was listed as one of the "eight scenic spots in Jixian County". His speeches and poems were published in 100 volume for future generations to read. His tomb is in Shirenwa, southwest of Balitun Village, a suburb of Jixian County (now Weihui City), ten miles away from the county seat. There is a Shinto on the front of the cemetery, and there are stone carvings on both sides, which are symmetrically arranged. Whenever Tomb-Sweeping Day, before and after the Spring Festival, the elders in their hometown go to pay New Year greetings to express their deep nostalgia and grief.