In ancient New Year's Day, there was a New Year's greeting ceremony in the palace, which was grand and grand in scale. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Zhi wrote a poem in Hui Yuan: "At first, Yuan You was talented in ancient times and had a good meeting, so he gave a banquet here."
Tang Bai Juyi's Five Drinks on January 1st, Seven Years (Part II): "Old people are worried about getting older, and the rest are happy in spring. In the seventh row of the opening year, only a few people! " Another poet in the Tang Dynasty wrote the poem "New Year's Day": "Dai Xing wishes Yao first, and his temples are full of shadows. Fortunately, I laughed in front of the lamp, and Tu Su should not taste it first. "
Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Returning to Yuan Day", saying: "Last night, I returned from the war in the north, and now I will start from the east. I'm already strong, and I'm worried about agriculture without money. Sang Tian still cultivates his father, and the lotus hoe follows the shepherd boy. Tianjia accounts for the climate and says that this year is a bumper year. "
In ancient times, there was a custom of posting Spring Festival couplets on the first day of the New Year's Day. The poem "New Year's Day" by Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote: "The rain at night relieves the residual snow, the morning sun opens the cloudy sky, the pen writes peach symbols, and the pepper and wine flow obliquely." Song Boren's poem "Sui Dan" said: "There are no guests in the middle, so get up early as usual. Peach boards change with people, and plum blossoms are fragrant every other year. " "Taofu" and "Taoban" in the poem refer to Spring Festival couplets.
Wang Anshi, a reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote the poem "January 1st": "The firecrackers are one year old, and the spring breeze sends warmth into Tu Su. Thousands of households always exchange new peaches for old ones. "
Chen Xianzhang's "New Year's Day Trial Pen" in the Ming Dynasty is like a "Happy New Year Picture". The poet wrote in the poem: "The neighboring wall spins wine to entertain guests, and the children sing and enjoy the Chinese New Year poems together. When you are old, you will meet a new year, and there will be better flowers in spring. Where is the evening breeze? When it blows to the moon in the east. "
Zhang Weiping, a patriotic poet in the Qing Dynasty, wrote New Thunder on the theme of New Year's Day, although he did not use the words "New Year's Day" and "Yuan Day": "The creation is silent and affectionate, and every time it encounters a cold current, it feels like spring. Colorful arrangements, just waiting for the first sound of the new thunder.
New Year's Day, a festival in China, is called "New Year" in most countries in the world and is the first day of the Gregorian calendar. The word "New Year" first appeared in the Book of Jin. In ancient China, the first day of the twelfth lunar month and the first day of October were regarded as New Year's Day, and the first day of the twelfth lunar month and the first day of October were 1 of the lunar calendar, which was extended. The Republic of China began in Gregorian calendar 65438+ 10/,1 949, when People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and the lunar calendar 65438+ 10/was designated as the Spring Festival, so New Year's Day is also called "new calendar year" and "solar calendar year" in China. The word "Chinese New Year" is a local product of China, which has been used for more than 4,000 years.
Legend has it that during the prosperous period of Yao and Shun in ancient times more than 4,000 years ago, when Emperor Yao was in power, he worked diligently for the people and did many good things for the people, which was deeply loved by the people. However, due to his son's incompetence, he did not pass on the throne of "emperor" to his son, but passed it on to Shun, who has both ability and political integrity. Yao said to Shun, "You must pass on the throne in the future, and you will be relieved when I die." Later, Shun passed the throne to Yu, who made great contributions to flood control. Yu also loves the people and has done many good things for the people like Shun, and is deeply loved by the people. Later, after Yao's death, people took the day of offering sacrifices to heaven and earth and the first emperor Yao as the beginning of the year, and called the first day of the first month "New Year's Day" or "Jacky", which was the ancient New Year's Day. On New Year's Day, emperors of all dynasties held ceremonies to celebrate, offer sacrifices and pray for blessings, such as offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, writing couplets on doors, writing blessings and dancing dragon lanterns. People have gradually formed entertainment celebrations such as offering sacrifices to Buddha, ancestor worship, posting couplets, setting off firecrackers, celebrating the New Year, having a family reunion dinner and numerous "social fires". Lan Xin, a poet in the Jin Dynasty, once wrote a poem "Jacky": "Jiaqing was born here in Jacky. Fairy plays for thousands of years, and small and big have fun. " Describe the celebration of New Year's Day.
China's ancient New Year's Day diet is rich and colorful, and the description in Chronicle of Jingchu Years is a concentrated expression. In the Southern Dynasties, Jingchu paid tribute to him on New Year's Day, followed by pepper and cypress wine, peach soup, Tu Su wine, soup and spiced dishes. They were powdered, but the ghost pill was eaten. They each ate an egg. There are drinks, food and medicines, all of which have their own special meanings.
Jiaobai liquor appeared in the four-person monthly order in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Pepper is Chinese prickly ash. The ancients said that pepper is the essence of jade star, with fragrant smell, which makes people light and anti-aging. Cypress is a cypress leaf, which is regarded as an elixir by the ancients and can avoid all diseases. Zanthoxylum bungeanum and cypress can be soaked in wine separately, or they can be put into wine together for drinking. Drinking pepper and cypress wine can cure diseases and prolong life. Yu Xin in the Southern Dynasties wrote "Zheng Dan Monti Wine": "Zheng Dan will brew evil wine, and the new year will bring you a long life cup. The cypress leaves come with the inscription, and the pepper flowers come one by one. " It depicts the joy of being rewarded with pepper and cypress wine on New Year's Day. In the Tang Dynasty, Wu Pingyi's poem "Dedicating Bones to Yuan Guan" expressed his wish to serve the emperor for a long and healthy life with the phrase "I wish to live a long life with cypress leaves". Drinking pepper and cypress wine has spread among the people so far, and it has been practiced in Licheng, Shandong Province and Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province in the Ming Dynasty.
Peach soup: Take the leaves, branches and stems of peaches and boil them. The ancients used peach as the essence of the five elements, which could resist evil spirits. Be a hundred ghosts, so drink them.
Tu Su wine: In the Tang Dynasty, Han E recorded in Ji Hua Li Jintu Su: "Legend has it that it is the name of Cao An. Once upon a time, someone lived in a grass temple. Every year except at night, they leave a patch in the well, let the bag soak in the well, take water on January, put it in a bottle, and drink it for the whole family to avoid catching the plague. Today, people have their own side and don't know their names, but it's just Tu Su. " In his other book "Four Seasons", Han E also disclosed the recipe of Tu Su wine to prevent plague: rhubarb, pepper, platycodon grandiflorum, cinnamon, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Atractylodes macrocephala, Polygonum cuspidatum and aconite. He said that he would cut the above eight flavors into pieces, put them in a crimson bag and put them in a well on New Year's Eve. The first morning, I took it out and soaked it in wine. The whole family took turns drinking a little and grew up without getting sick for a year.
Glue tooth: The meaning of glue tooth in the Notes on Jingchu Chronicle of Sui Du Gong Exhibition is "to make it firm". In fact, this custom places a good wish for longevity, because teeth are strong, you can eat and drink, and you are naturally healthy. Sui annotation also said that "northerners are like this today", which shows the universality of this custom. There is a sentence in the New Year's Family Banquet, which reflects the dietary customs in the Tang and Yuan Dynasties. However, after the Southern Song Dynasty, as a sacrifice to the stove, the rubber tooth jar slowly disappeared from the New Year's Day food.
Five coriander: As the food of Yuanri, it was first recorded in the local customs of the Zhou Dynasty between the Five Dynasties and the Jin Dynasty, saying that eating five coriander in the morning of Yuanri was "to help build the qi of the five internal organs" (Volume I of Jade Candle Collection). Five kinds of coriander are five kinds of spicy dishes. The Chronicle of Jingchu Age notes garlic, garlic, leek, Yuntai and coriander. For example, it is mentioned in local customs that you can move the five internal organs and pray for health. "Chronicle of Jingchu Age" quoted Zhuangzi as saying: "Drinking like spring onions helps five Tibetans." It can be seen that the tradition of eating spicy food in Yuan Dynasty has a long history. Sun Simiao in the Sui and Tang Dynasties said in "Food Avoidance": "In the first month, five spices go on a diet to make a strong effort." (Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, said in Compendium of Materia Medica: "On New Year's Day, beginning of spring is a mixed dish of onion, garlic, leek, chrysanthemum and mustard, which means to welcome the new year." The so-called' lettuce in spring' in Du Fu's poems is awkward. "This new dish means getting up late.
Powder application: It is a traditional Chinese medicine. The prescription is from Ge Hong's Refining and Chemical Works. Its preparation method comprises grinding Semen Platycladi, Fructus Cannabis, Asari, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata into powder and drinking with clean well water.
Quegui Pill: The prescription mentioned in the Notes on the Years of Jingchu and Sui Dynasty is Wudu Pill, which is dispersed in twos and threes and is made into pellets with wax. On the morning of the first day of the first month, men wear them on their left arms and women wear them on their right arms. So the ghost will run away. However, the ghost pills mentioned in the Chronicle of Jingchu are taken, which is different from notes. Wearing it may be a later custom. Yu Jianwu, a Southern Liang writer, wrote Ying Nian with the title of "Golden Painting and Calligraphy". The sentence "Zhu Ni is a ghost pill" shows that ghost pills are prepared on New Year's Eve. The poem "Zhu Ni is a pill, Bai Ye is a cup for thousands of years" in "Rewarding Wei Changlin" by Sikong Shu reflects that this custom still exists in the Tang Dynasty.
Eating eggs: In the local customs between Wu and Jin Dynasties, the custom of eating one egg per person has appeared. "Local Customs" says that "swallowing a chicken raw is called practicing shape". Fitness is a Taoist term, which refers to practicing the body and thinking that you can become immortal. Eating eggs raw is for longevity. Taiping Yulan (Volume XXIX) quoted the Chronicle of Jingchu as saying: "Liang has no meat in the world, and Jing will never eat chicken, so he must follow the routine." That is, Liang Wudi believes in Buddhism and no longer eats eggs that belong to small fresh meat.
Soup cake: refers to the ancient food boiled with wheat flour products. At the end of Wei Dynasty, Jia Sixie mentioned the method of "drawing water" in Volume 9 of Qi Yaomin's Book, in which the method of "drawing water" is: "You are as big as a bamboo stick, one foot is broken, and the plate is full of water." It is like a big finger, two inches long. If you dip it in a basin, you should reach to the edge of the basin by hand to make it extremely thin, and it will be fully cooked when it is boiled. It is not straight, white or cute, but also self-sliding and beautiful. "You can know that water-induced food and water-induced food belong to the same kind of food, but water-induced food is like noodles today, and water-induced food is like peeling today. In fact, "Nian Jia Jia" mentioned by Song people is a common language, which also includes water quotations. " In the Northern Song Dynasty, Miscellaneous Notes on Years Old said: "On the first day of the New Year, people in Beijing eat more cakes, so-called New Year's Eve, or the like." (Five Quotations of Guangji's Age) Asking for cakes is a long quotation of the previous generation. Long lead refers to something elongated, and rope cake refers to a cake as slender as a rope. Both names are about slender food. As can be seen from the above, noodles and other foods were very popular on New Year's Day in the Song Dynasty.
Jiaozi and rice cakes are the most popular New Year foods.
Jiaozi: Formerly known as "Wonton". Wonton refers to the food with stuffing in pasta. Yan Zhitui, a native of the Northern Qi Dynasty, once said, "Today's wonton is shaped like a crescent moon, and it is delicious all over the world." (Quoted from the Tang section of the highway "Beihu Road") Similar to today's Jiaozi. Zheng Zitong said in the Ming Dynasty: "Nowadays, jiaozi bait is made of broken rice flour and glutinous rice, with different wet and dry sizes, or' powder horn'. Northerners say that the angle is like correction, but it is actually jiaozi's ear. The Tang people called it' prison pill'. Duan's "food" is "Tang Zhong prison pill", which is now Jiaozi; Its' prison pill on the cage' is now steamed glutinous rice balls. After dinner, go out to pay New Year greetings, from near to far, from noon to after the lights are lit. " Accordingly, Tanglao Pill is similar to jiaozi, boiled and steamed. The word trough appeared in food in Song Dynasty. Jiaozi was called "flat food" in Yuan Dynasty, probably from Mongolian. Jiaozi in the Ming Dynasty, as Zheng Zitong said, was called jiaozi Bait, Fenjiao, Dumpling and Steamed Noodles Dumpling. In addition, there are names such as water snacks. In the Qing Dynasty, the Beijing flag bearer also called jiaozi "Cooking Cakes". Eating jiaozi on New Year's Day was popular in northern Ming and Qing dynasties. For example, wanping county, a suburb of Beijing, said in the Wanbu Miscellanies written by Shen Bang during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty that "you can live a long life by making a flat food on the first day of the New Year." During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the records of Quwo County, Shanxi Province recorded: "Two scales of grain are guaranteed, and husbands are invited to compete for fun." The word "flat food" was handed down by the people in Yuan Dynasty.
Rice cake: also known as sticky cake, which means high every year. It is made of glutinous rice in the south and sticky millet in the north. Rice cakes have a long history. Rice cakes in Han Dynasty are called rice cakes, cakes, bait and cakes. The recipe of "white cocoon sugar" for making rice cakes was found in Historical Records in the 6th century A.D., and the method of making rice cakes by grinding rice into powder was recorded in Qi Yaomin's Book in the Northern Dynasty. Eating rice cakes on New Year's Day was very popular in Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the south. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Volume II of Scenery of the Imperial Capital recorded that on the first day of the first month, "I was excited to wash, eat jujube cakes and eat rice cakes every day". In Jiajing, Hebei Province in the north, Wei County recorded that local people ate "steamed mutton cakes". In the south, Jiangsu, Jiading and other Jiangsu and Zhejiang local chronicles call it "festival cake", and the local eating of spring cakes is recorded in "Qiongtaizhi" by Zheng De in Guangdong in Ming Dynasty: "Before New Year's Day, spring cakes were steamed with glutinous rice flour (jí) sucrose or gray juice cages, with a circumference of five or six inches and a thickness of five or six inches. All kinds of fruits are sacrificed in the year, cut into annual tea, and feed back each other. " Its shape is similar to today's birthday cake. Volume 12 of Jia Qinglu, a Qing Gulu, recorded it in more detail, saying that millet flour and sugar are called "rice cakes", which are different from yellow and white. Square cakes are one foot square, and there are also "cake ingots" such as ingots, which are used to send answers to friends and relatives on New Year's Eve. In addition, there are slender "strip cakes" and wide "strip cakes". On holidays, rich people hire people to make cakes, which ordinary people can buy in cake shops.