Fan Li: In the twelfth year of King Chu Ping (5 17 BC), he was born in Wan (now Nanyang, Henan Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He was a famous politician, strategist and economist in his early days. I have a feudal tradition of more than 5,000 years, all of which are listed as "scholars, peasants, industry and commerce". Until the Song Dynasty, there were still businessmen who had to wear black and white shoes with bad rules. Therefore, although Fan Li had brilliant achievements in his life, he failed to go down in history with historical celebrities because of his experience of abandoning his official position and doing business. )
He comes from a poor family, but he is smart and wise. When he was young, he learned a lot, including astronomy in the world and geography in the world. He was proficient in everything and learned everything. However, despite his talent as a saint, Fan Li was unknown to the world. In Chu, this was a time of tyranny and political chaos.
In the 24th year of King Jing of Zhou (496 BC), a war broke out in wuyue (now Jiaxing, Zhejiang), and He Lv, the king of Wu, was killed. Therefore, the two countries became enemies and the war lasted for many years. In the 26th year of King Jing of Zhou (494 BC), Fu Cha, the son of He Lv, fought against Yue in Fujiao (now Dongting Mountain in Taihu Lake, Jiangsu Province), and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, was defeated. When Gou Jian was at the end of the road, he went to Yue. "When people are waiting, they should endure their humiliation and take advantage of their defeat ..." "If they are full and don't overflow, they will be in the same boat, and God will bless them; The earth is omnipotent, and people have to save it, so that they can get the gift of the earth; If you help the crisis and be modest, you will be the same as others, and people can move. " He narrated to Gou Jian the assertion that "the stronger wuyue is, the more defeated it will be" and protested: "If you bow down and serve the king of Wu, you can turn the corner." . After becoming a doctor, he accompanied Gou Jian and his wife to be slaves in Wu for three years. "Be patient and determined, so be firm. Don't be sad after the monarch, I will encourage you together! "
After returning to China three years later, he worked out a plan for the rise and fall of Wu Jiushu with Wen Zi. He was the planner and organizer of "Ten Years of Reunion, Ten Years of Lessons" in Yue. In order to implement the strategy of destroying Wu, which is one of the nine "beauty tricks", I personally waded through mountains and rivers, and finally met the strange woman stone with both ability and political integrity in history, and wrote a legendary chapter in which Shi understands the righteousness deeply, is devoted to the king of Wu and prospers both at home and abroad. Fan Li worked for Gou Jian, the king of Yue, for more than twenty years, worked hard and died in the destruction of Wu, which made him a great general.
"The King of Wu died in Yuhang Mountain, and the King of Yue hosted a banquet in Gusutai." When the whole country celebrated, they quickly retreated and went boating with the division in anonymity.
Later, he moved to Qi, renamed Yan Yizi Pi, and led his son and disciples to live in a building by the sea. In a few years, we have accumulated tens of millions of properties by reclaiming wasteland, doing sideline business and doing business. He is generous in helping others save money, and he is friendly to his hometown. Fan Li's wisdom and ability were appreciated by the people of Qi, and the King of Qi invited him to Linzi, the capital of Qi, and worshipped him as the prime minister in charge of government affairs. He sighed with shame: "Being an official is for your prime minister, and you can get 1000 yuan for running a family;" For a homemade cloth, it has reached the extreme. Being admired for a long time is probably not a good omen. "So, after only three years, he retired again, returned the seal to the King of Qi, and gave all his money to his intimate friends and fellow villagers.
The third time he moved to Taotao (now the northwest of Dingtao, Shandong Province), he lived in the "world" (adjacent to Qi and Lu in the east; There are Qin and Zheng in the west; Bei, Yan; The south is connected with Chu and Yue. ), the best place to do business, Ji Ran (according to the season, climate, people's feelings, customs, etc. People abandon me and take it, let nature take its course and wait for it. ) A few years later, the business was booming, and he accumulated wealth and became a rich man, hence the name Tao Zhugong. The local people all respect Tao Zhugong as the God of Wealth, which is the originator of moral business in China-Confucian businessmen.
Historian Sima Qian said: "Fan Li has been honored to move three times." ; There is a saying in the history books that sums up his life: "keep pace with the times and don't complain about others"; The reputation of the world: "loyalty is the country; Wisdom protects the body; Get rich in business and become famous in the world. "
Fan Li's military purpose: if you are strong, you should guard against arrogance and be prepared; Weak is dark and strong, waiting for an opportunity to act; Make good use of soldiers to take advantage of the virtual gap and win by surprise. Be praised and used by future generations.
Fan Li's famous economic thought: "Persuade agriculture and mulberry, do business to accumulate grain", "run both agriculture and flour", "if business is unprofitable, it will be over", "if things are settled, there is no shortage of closing the city, and there is also a way to govern the country." "Summer is the capital, winter is the capital, drought is the capital of the ship, and water is the capital of the car." So far, it has positive practical significance for modern economic construction.
His works include Ji Ran; It is recorded in Guoyu Yuyue and Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi. There are two articles on Fan Li's Art of War in History of Han Dynasty, but both of them have been lost.
The real name Zhuang, in a strict sense, changed his surname because he avoided Liu Zhuang, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. A statue, the word, was born in Yuyao in the Eastern Han Dynasty and lived in Tonglu. Yan Guang is a rare celebrity. Follwed was born in the wind (14~ 19). Yan Guang met Liu Xiu in Chang 'an, and they became friends. At that time, Liu Xiushang was very modest. He was always proud of making friends with Yan Guang. Liu Xiu opposed headstrong, and Yan Guang actively supported it. In the fourth year of Emperor Xindi (23), Wang Mang was killed and the new dynasty perished. When Liu Xiu ascended the throne is uncertain. Geng Chun, a former general, said: "Scholars who donate their relatives and abandon their soil in the world rely on the kings between rocks, and their plan is to climb the dragon and attach wings to the phoenix to achieve their goals." In other words, the people who followed Liu Xiu to conquer the world were to be officials and worship their ancestors. Yan Guang is not interested in "climbing the dragon and attaching the phoenix". In June of the third year of the new year (25th), Liu Xiu became emperor and made Luoyang his capital. Yan Guang just changed her name and surname, and her invisibility disappeared.
After Liu Xiu ascended the throne, he still missed Yan Guang very much, which made the mainland look for the whereabouts of Yan Guang, and made painters paint portraits and post them everywhere. In the fifth year of Jianwu (29), it was reported that a man in sheep's clothing was fishing in Zezhong, and Liu Xiuzhi was Yan Guang, so he ordered people to prepare a carriage, bring gifts and invite him to Luoyang. Yan Guang's old friend Da Situhouba sent a greeting letter. Because Hou Ba was the Huai Ping Da Yin in the early years of Wang Mang, and now he has a prominent position, Yan Guang looked down on him and only sent a message to Hou Ba, saying, "Your family (the word Hou Ba) is the best, which is very good. Huairen helped the world say that flattery is the best. " It means that the courtiers help the monarch to govern the country with righteousness, and then the world is convinced; If you only know the wrong idea of flattery and blind obedience to the monarch, you will inevitably be cut off and put to death. Liu Xiu personally visited Yan Guang, while Yan Guang remained high. Liu Xiu went to the bed and asked, "Zi Ling, why don't you help me?" Yan Guang replied, "Once upon a time, Tang Yao was a wise king, and he wanted to ask Chao Fu to help him govern the country. When Chao Fu heard that he wanted to go to court, he felt his ears were dirty, so he washed them with water. People have their own aspirations, how can they force each other? " Liu Xiu invited Yan Guang to the palace to talk about the past, and ordered Yan Guang to be the remonstrator face to face. Without thanking or saying goodbye, Yan Guang returned to Fuchun Mountain in Tonglu and began his fishing career.
Yan Guang didn't serve governors, but cultivated Fuchun Mountain. At that time, he was regarded as lofty, and Fan Zhongyan, a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, admired him. In Fan Zhongyan's view, Yan Ziling's moral integrity can really achieve the effect of "being greedy for her husband's honesty and being a coward" under the current world trend of being obsessed with fame and fortune. Therefore, when he knew the purpose of Zhou, he built the Yan Ziling Temple and wrote the Record of Serious Ancestral Temple. Song said: "Yunshan is grey, the rivers and seas are boundless, the wind of a gentleman is long, and the mountains are high." Yan Guang warned the left, "Yi Tian of Huairen Mansion said that flattery led to waist cutting" was indeed the key to assisting you in governing the country at that time. It can be seen that he is concerned with state affairs and the people, and it is understandable that future generations appreciate his noble character of "not being a vassal".
Tao Yuanming
Tao Yuanming (365-427), alias Mr. Wu Liu, changed his name to Qian in his later years. After his death, relatives and friends celebrated Jingjie privately. The Eastern Jin Dynasty Xunyang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) was a Chai Sang.
Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father pottery have both done satrap.
When I was a child, my family declined, my father died at the age of eight, my mother died of illness at the age of twelve, and my mother and sister lived alone. Most orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "("Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition in the Jin Dynasty ") In the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties," deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors. "In the future, his personality and accomplishment are largely the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".
Tao Yuanming rarely has the ambition to "escape from the four seas" ("Miscellaneous Poems"). He was filial to Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "great help for life", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict. He came from a civilian family and was looked down upon. He felt that he couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days. (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin) After he resigned from his post and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he also declined politely. Andi Longan went to Jingzhou in the fourth year (400 years) and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his name to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Looking around, who knows, Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under the protection of Emperor Wu of Song. Tao Yuanming was put into the shogunate after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang. When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to Andi to Jiangling, and returned to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by the "abolition of all schools". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he was banned by force (banned in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all in awe and change customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain rises, Emperor Wu of Song killed Diao Kui and the innocent Wang Yu and his son in order to cut off the dissidents. And with an affair, Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, was appointed as an important official such as Shangshulu and Yangzhou Secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. After taking office for 8 1 day, I met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Welcome him as a leash." He sighed: "I can't bend back to the village for fifty dou meters." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not do as the Romans do.
Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "land to the tiller, self-financing". His wife Zhai is like him. She is happy and humble. "Her husband plows the fields in front and her wife hoes the fields in the back." Working together to maintain her life is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, the back eaves of Liu Yin and the front of peaches and plums." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" ("Self-Miscellaneous Poems") has always been the population of moxibustion. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first. He said to the guest, "I'm drunk, so I can go." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." Fiber (enter) can be learned honestly, but it is not a mystery? Enjoy this glass of wine together. I can't drive back. "("Drinking ") declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child (you) was born in the civilized world, why should he suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the middle of September in the fourth year of Yuan Jia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What if you die? It shows that he is so natural about death.
Tao Yuanming's works are sincere, simple and natural, sometimes revealing escapism. The thought of Lotte know life made Lao Zi and Zhuangzi known as "pastoral poets".
zhang sanfeng
Zhang Sanfeng. The year of birth and death is an ominous year. Tong Ming, also known as Quan Yi, is called Junbao, which is called Sanfeng, and Fengfeng is also a peak. It can be said that Zhang Sanfeng lived from Yuanyou (A.D.1314-1320) to the fifteenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 17). He was born in Yizhou, Liaodong (now Liaoning), and later generations regarded him as a hermit. In other words, Zhang Sanfeng was born in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and even the Jin Dynasty, and his native place is also said to be Pingyang, Yi and Baoji.
Ming Yingzong Tianshun three years (AD 1459), named "Tongwei Exposes Real People". In the twenty-second year of Chenghua (A.D. 1486), Xianzong named it "a true immortal who hides his light and pursues his ambition". In the third year of the Apocalypse (A.D. 1623), Emperor Xizong called Sanfeng a god, and named him "the benevolence of showing dragons and the real king of saving the world".
Legends and historical facts:
Zhang Sanfeng is "tall and straight, with a turtle-shaped crane back, big ears and round eyes, and a beard like a halberd." . Only one withered in cold and summer. I have tried my best, or I have not eaten for several days, or I have not eaten for several months. "Reading classics is unforgettable, well-read, and can write poems and books. Free and easy, quite immortal. He is slovenly, also known as "Zhang is slovenly".
There are many legends in "Zhang Sanfeng": It is said that Song Huizong once called it at the end of the Song Dynasty, so "it is said that people are rich in money"; Sanfeng's martial arts are amazing, and it is said that he once killed hundreds of thieves with one punch; Successful cultivation, it is said that you can walk through the valley and come back from the dead. According to his account, he worked as a county magistrate and later abandoned his official position and became a monk. I once saw a fire dragon in Zhong Nanshan, and it was told by real people.
Zhang Sanfeng traveled to Wudang Mountain, and with his disciples, he "went to quiet truth and rubble" and created a thatched cottage to cultivate monks. He predicted that "this mountain will flourish in the future" and told his disciples to "stay fragrant". Soon he left Wudang Mountain for Sichuan, and visited Range Rover in Qingcheng Mountain and heming. Tai Ji Chuan, the pioneer of monasticism and fitness, is popular in the world today.
Zhang Sanfeng is known as the "hidden fairy". I have never worshipped Li Rong in my life. I live in seclusion and have a clear mind. Travel around the world, with uncertain whereabouts. In the 24th year of Hongwu (139 1), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Zhang Yuchu, a 43rd generation Shi Tian, to look for him everywhere, but there was no trace. Later, during the Yongle period, Ming Taizu Chengzu sent Zhang Yuchu and others to look for it many times, but they didn't find it. As a result, the palace of Wudang Mountain was overhauled, which made Sanfeng's prediction that it would be prosperous in the future come true.
Emperor Zhang Sanfeng's admiration and praise in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Sanfeng's inscrutable way of doing things and Zhang Sanfeng's wandering whereabouts made Zhang Sanfeng's immortal legend enduring. Until the Qing Dynasty, even in modern times, the story of Zhang Sanfeng's preaching was still circulated among the people.
Works and ideas:
Zhang Sanfeng advocated the homology of the three religions. It is believed that Taoism and Buddhism have been divided into good and evil since ancient times, and Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism are all orthodox religions. Although the founders of the three religions are different, they all "cultivate themselves and benefit others, and tend to be integrated." Therefore, "Muny, Confucius, and Lao, all are called Tao". He said in "On the Avenue": "Confucianism is also a doer of the way to save the world, Buddhism is also a doer of the way to save the world, and immortals are also doers of the way to save the world. He advocates that cultivation is the way to cultivate yin and yang, and "the saints of the three religions all establish education by this way." "He advocated' metaphysics takes merit as the body, then uses elixir, and then becomes immortal'. There are many works,
The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Sanfeng, edited by Li Xiyue and Gao Dao in Qing Dynasty, was included in Taoist Collection.