"Mathematics, like music, is famous for its geniuses. These geniuses are smart even without formal education. Although Hua modestly avoids using the word "wizard", it appropriately describes the outstanding China mathematician-G B Kolata.
Hua is a legend and a self-taught mathematician.
He was born in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province,19101012. 1June, 985 102, Hua, a superstar in China's mathematics field, died of myocardial infarction while giving lectures in Japan.
Hua is a famous mathematician at home and abroad. He is the founder and pioneer of China's research on analytic number theory, canonical group, matrix geometry, automorphism, multiple complex functions and so on. His famous academic paper "On Functions of Multiple Complex Variables in Typical Fields" has done pioneering work in the field of mathematics because it has applied methods that have never been used before, and won the first prize of 1957 China Science. His research results were named "Fahrenheit Theorem" and "Brouwer-Gadang-Hua Theorem" by the international mathematical community. Hua worked tirelessly all his life, struggled ceaselessly, wrote books, set forth opinions and covered a wide range. He has published about 200 academic papers, including Prime Number Theory on Stacked Basis, Introduction to Advanced Mathematics, Estimation of Exponential Sum and Its Application in Number Theory, Typical Groups, Analysis of Typical Fields in the Theory of Multiple Complex Variables, Introduction to Number Theory, Numerical Integral and Its Application, Starting from the Unit Circle, Optimization Method and Optimization Method.
Wentsun Wu
Mathematician191May 09 12 was born in Shanghai. 1940 graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University. 1947 to study in France. He studied mathematics at the French National Centre for Scientific Research in Paris, and received the French National Doctor of Science degree at 1949. 195 1 year. 1957 was elected as a member of China Academy of Sciences. Professor of Mathematics Department of Peking University, researcher and deputy director of Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, researcher and deputy director of Institute of System Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences, honorary director and director of Research Center of Mathematical Mechanization. He used to be the chairman and honorary chairman of chinese mathematical society, and the deputy director and director of the Department of Mathematical Physics of China Academy of Sciences. Wu Wenjun is mainly engaged in the research of topology and machine proof, and has made many outstanding achievements. He is the founder of China's mathematical mechanization research and has made important contributions to China's mathematical research and scientific development. 1952 published the doctoral thesis "spherical fiber indicators", which is an important contribution to the theoretical basis of spherical fibers. Since the 1940s, the research on demonstrative and embedded classes has made a series of outstanding achievements, and they have many important applications. They are called "Wu Wenjun Formula" and "Wu Wenjun Instruction Class" by international mathematicians, and have been compiled into many masterpieces. This achievement won the first prize of National Natural Science Award 1956 (Natural Science Award of China Academy of Sciences). In 1960s, we continued to study embedding classes and creatively discovered new topological invariants, among which the achievements on polyhedron embedding and immersion still occupy the leading position in the world. The achievement of Pontryagin's characteristic class is the basic theoretical research of topological fiber bundle theory and differential manifold geometry, which has profound theoretical significance. In recent years, the principle of machine proof of Wu Wenjun's theorem (internationally known as "Folin-Wu method") has been established, and the machine proof of elementary geometry and differential geometry theorems has been realized, occupying a leading position in the world. This important innovation has changed the face of automatic reasoning research, had a great influence in the field of theorem machine proof, and has important application value, which will lead to the reform of mathematical research methods. The research achievements in this field have won the 1978 National Mathematics Congress Major Achievement Award, and the 1980 China Academy of Sciences First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress. He has also made important contributions to the research of machine discovery and creation theorem, algebraic geometry, the history of Chinese mathematics and game theory.
Lege Yang
Mathematician1939165438+10 was born in Nantong, Jiangsu. 1956 was admitted to the Department of Mathematics of Peking University, and 1962 graduated. In the same year, he was admitted to the Institute of Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and stayed in the Institute after graduation. He used to be director of the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, secretary-general and chairman of the Chinese Mathematical Society. Currently, he is a researcher and director of academic committee of Institute of Mathematics, China Academy of Sciences. 1980 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences. Yang Le has been at the forefront of the world for 20 years, and has made many creative and important contributions in the fields of function module distribution theory, radiation angle distribution theory, normal family, etc. He is one of the world's leading mathematicians. 1. The deficient values and functions of whole functions and meromorphic functions are deeply studied. In cooperation with Zhang Guanghou, the close relationship between the number of deficient values of meromorphic functions and the Borel direction number is established for the first time. After introducing defect function, the total defect estimation of horizontal meromorphic function under finite condition is given, which proves that its defect function is countable. In this paper, the estimation of the total deficiency of meromorphic functions combined with derivatives is given, and three problems raised by the famous scholar D.Drasin70 in the 1970 s are completely solved. Secondly, the normal family is studied systematically, and some new important normal rules are obtained. Yang Le established the connection between normal family and fixed point, and between normal family and differential polynomial, and solved a problem of normal family put forward by famous scholar W.K.Hayman. Thirdly, the angular distribution of integral functions and meromorphic functions is systematically and deeply studied. Yang Le obtained a new singular direction when he studied the angular distribution of derivatives involved in meromorphic functions. The relationship between radial angle distribution and multiple values is obtained. The distribution law of Borel direction of meromorphic functions is completely characterized. Cooperate with Hyman to solve a conjecture of Littlewood. Yang Le's above-mentioned important research achievements have been highly praised and cited by domestic and foreign peers, and its deficit-deficit relationship is called "Yang Le deficit-deficit relationship" by foreign scholars.
Foreign mathematicians I want to introduce Euler and Gauss.
1 Euler
Euler's profound knowledge, endless creative energy and unprecedented rich works are amazing! He began to publish papers at the age of 19, until he was 76 years old, and wrote a sea of books and papers for more than half a century. Today, Euler's name can be seen in almost every field of mathematics, from Euler line of elementary geometry, euler theorem of polyhedron, Euler transformation formula of solid analytic geometry, Euler solution of quartic equation to Euler function in number theory, Euler equation of differential equation, Euler constant of series theory, Euler equation of variational method, Euler formula of complex variable function and so on. His contribution to mathematical analysis is even more original. Introduction to infinitesimal analysis is his epoch-making masterpiece. At that time, mathematicians called him "the embodiment of analysis".
Euler is the most prolific outstanding mathematician in the history of science. According to statistics, in his tireless life, he wrote 886 books and papers, of which 40% were analysis, algebra and number theory, 18% was geometry, 28% was physics and mechanics, and 1 1% was astronomy, ballistics, navigation and architecture.
It is no accident that Euler's works are surprisingly numerous. He can work in any harsh environment. He often holds his children on his knees to finish his papers, regardless of their noise. His indomitable perseverance and tireless spirit of scholarship made him never stop studying mathematics after he became blind. During the 17 years after his blindness, he also dictated several books and about 400 papers. /kloc-Gauss (1777- 1855), a great mathematician in the 9th century, once said: "Studying Euler's works is always the best way to understand mathematics."
Euler's father Paul Euler is also a mathematician. He wants little Euler to study theology and teach him a little at the same time. Because of his talent and unusual diligence, little Euler got the appreciation and special guidance of johann bernoulli. When he was 19 years old, he wrote a paper on masts and won a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences. His father no longer opposed him to study mathematics.
1725, johann bernoulli's son daniel bernoulli went to Russia and recommended Euler to czar Cadling I, so Euler came to Petersburg in May 1727. 1733, at the age of 26, Euler became a professor of mathematics at the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg. 1735, Euler solved an astronomical problem (calculating the orbit of a comet), which took several famous mathematicians several months to solve, but Euler used his own invented method and completed it in three days. However, overwork made him suffer from eye diseases and unfortunately lost his right eye. At this time, he was only 28 years old. 174 1 year, at the invitation of Peter the Great of Prussia, Euler went to Berlin as the director of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences until 1766, and later returned to Petersburg at the sincere invitation of Tsar Cadling II. Unexpectedly, not long after, his left eye vision decreased and he was completely blind. Unfortunate things followed. 177 1 year, the Petersburg fire damaged Euler's residence. 64-year-old Euler was blinded by illness and was trapped in the fire. Although he was saved from the fire by others, his research and a lot of research results were reduced to ashes.
The heavy blow still didn't make Euler fall, and he vowed to get the loss back. Before he was completely blind, he could still see vaguely. He seized the last moment, scribbled the formula he found on a big blackboard, and then dictated its contents, which were recorded by his students, especially his eldest son A Euler (mathematician and physicist). After Euler was completely blind, he still fought against the darkness with amazing perseverance and studied with memory and mental arithmetic until his death, which lasted 17 years.
Euler's memory and mental arithmetic are rare. He can retell the contents of his notes when he was young. Mental arithmetic is not limited to simple operations, and advanced mathematics can also be done by heart. An example is enough to illustrate his skill. Two students of Euler added the term 17 of a complex convergence series to the 50th place, and the difference between them was one unit. In order to determine who is right, Euler calculated all the operations carefully and finally found out the mistakes. Euler blindness 17 years; It also solved Newton's headache of moon deviation and many complicated analysis problems.
Euler has a high style. Lagrange is a great mathematician after Euler. From the age of 19, he communicated with Euler to discuss the general solution of isoperimetric problems, from which the variational method was born. The isoperimetric problem has been carefully considered by Euler for many years. Lagrange's solution won warm praise from Euler. 1759,10 On June 2, Euler praised Lagrange's achievements in his reply, and modestly temporarily suppressed his immature works in this respect, which enabled the young Lagrange's works to be published and circulated and won great reputation. In his later years, all mathematicians in Europe regarded him as a teacher. The famous mathematician Laplace once said, "Euler is our mentor." Euler's energy was maintained until the last moment. 1783 One afternoon in September, Euler invited his friends to dinner to celebrate his successful calculation of the law of balloon rising. At that time, Uranus had just discovered that Euler wrote the essentials of Uranus' orbit calculation. He also laughs with his grandson. After drinking tea, he suddenly fell ill, and his pipe fell out of his hand, muttering, "I'm dead."
Euler's life is a life of struggle for the development of mathematics. His outstanding wisdom, tenacious perseverance, tireless spirit of struggle and noble scientific ethics are always worth learning. Euler also created many mathematical symbols, such as π( 1736), i( 1777), e( 1748), sin and cos( 1748), tg( 1753).
2 gauss
Gauss (C.F. Gauss,1777.4.30-1855.2.23) is a German mathematician, physicist and astronomer, who was born in a poor family in Zwick, Germany. His father, Gerhard Di Drich, worked as a berm, bricklayer and gardener. His first wife lived with him for more than 65,438+00 years and died of illness, leaving him no children. Diderich later married Luo Jieya, and the next year their child Gauss was born, which was their only child. My father is extremely strict with Gauss, even a little too strict. He often likes to plan his life for the young Gauss according to his own experience. Gauss respected his father and inherited his honest and cautious character. De Derrick died in 1806, when Gauss had made many epoch-making achievements.
In the process of growing up, young Gauss mainly paid attention to his mother and uncle. Gauss's grandfather was a stonemason who died of tuberculosis at the age of 30, leaving two children: Gauss's mother Luo Jieya and his uncle Flier. Flier Ritchie is smart, enthusiastic, intelligent and capable, and has made great achievements in textile trade. He found his sister's son clever, so he spent part of his energy on this little genius and developed Gauss's intelligence in a lively way. A few years later, Gauss, who was an adult and achieved great success, recalled what his uncle had done for him and felt that it was crucial to his success. He remembered his prolific thoughts and said sadly, "We lost a genius because of the death of our uncle". It is precisely because Flier Ritchie has an eye for talents and often persuades her brother-in-law to let her children develop into scholars that Gauss didn't become a gardener or a mason.
In the history of mathematics, few people are as lucky as Gauss to have a mother who strongly supports his success. Luo Jieya got married at the age of 34 and was 35 when she gave birth to Gauss. He has a strong personality, wisdom and sense of humor. Since his birth, Gauss has been very curious about all phenomena and things, and he is determined to get to the bottom of it, which is beyond the scope allowed by a child. When the husband reprimands the child for this, he always supports Gauss and resolutely opposes the stubborn husband who wants his son to be as ignorant as he is.
Luo Jieya sincerely hopes that his son can do something great and cherish Gauss's talent. However, he was afraid to put his son into mathematics research that could not support his family at that time. /kloc-when she was 0/9 years old, although Gauss had made many great achievements in mathematics, she still asked her friend W. Bolyai (the father of J. Bolyai, one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry): Will Gauss have a future? W Bolyai said that her son would become "the greatest mathematician in Europe", and her eyes were filled with tears.
At the age of seven, Gauss went to school for the first time. Nothing special happened in the first two years. 1787 years old, Gauss 10. He entered the first math class. Children have never heard of such a course as arithmetic before. The math teacher is Buttner, who also played a certain role in the growth of Gauss.
A story that is widely circulated all over the world says that when Gauss was at 10, by adding all the integers from 1 to 100, he worked out the arithmetic problem that Butner gave to the students. As soon as Butner described the question, Gauss got the correct answer. However, this is probably an untrue legend. According to the research of E·T· Bell, a famous mathematical historian who has studied Gauss, Butner gave the children a more difficult addition problem: 81297+81495+81693+…+100899.
Of course, this is also a summation problem of arithmetic progression (the tolerance is 198 and the number of items is 100). As soon as Butner finished writing, Gauss finished the calculation and handed in the small tablet with the answers written on it. E. T. Bell wrote that in his later years, Gauss often liked to talk about this matter with people, saying that only his answer was correct at that time, and all the other children were wrong. Gauss didn't specify how he solved the problem so quickly. Mathematical historians tend to think that Gauss had mastered arithmetic progression's summation method at that time. For a child as young as 10, it is unusual to discover this mathematical method independently. The historical facts described by Bell according to Gauss's own account in his later years should be more credible. Moreover, it can better reflect the characteristics that Gauss paid attention to mastering more essential mathematical methods since he was a child.
Gauss's computing ability, mainly his unique mathematical methods and extraordinary creativity, made Butner sit up and take notice of him. He specially bought Gauss the best arithmetic book from Hamburg and said, "You have surpassed me, and I have nothing to teach you." Then Gauss and Bater's assistant Bater established a sincere friendship until Bater died. They studied together and helped each other, and Gauss began real mathematics research.
1788, 1 1 year-old gauss entered a liberal arts school. In his new school, all his classes are excellent, especially classical literature and mathematics. On the recommendation of Bater and others, the Duke of zwick summoned Gauss, who was 14 years old. This simple, clever but poor child won the sympathy of the Duke, who generously offered to be Gauss' patron and let him continue his studies.
Duke Brunswick played an important role in Gauss's success. Moreover, this function actually reflects a model of scientific development in modern Europe, indicating that private funding was one of the important driving factors for scientific development before the socialization of scientific research. Gauss is in the transition period of privately funded scientific research and socialization of scientific research.
1792, Gauss entered Caroline College in Brunswick for further study. 1795, the duke paid various expenses for him and sent him to the famous German family in G? ttingen, which made Gauss study hard and started creative research according to his own ideals. 1799, Gauss finished his doctoral thesis and returned to his hometown of Bren-Zwick. Just when he fell ill because he was worried about his future and livelihood-although his doctoral thesis was successfully passed, he was awarded a doctorate and obtained a lecturer position, but he failed to attract students and had to return to his hometown-the duke extended a helping hand. The Duke paid for the printing of Gauss's long doctoral thesis, gave him an apartment, and printed Arithmetic Research for him, so that the book could be published in 180 1. Also bear all the living expenses of Gauss. All this moved Gauss very much. In his doctoral thesis and arithmetic research, he wrote a sincere dedication: "To Dagong" and "Your kindness relieved me of all troubles and enabled me to engage in this unique research".
1806, the duke was killed while resisting the French army commanded by Napoleon, which dealt a heavy blow to Gauss. He is heartbroken and has long been deeply hostile to the French. The death of Dagong brought economic difficulties to Gauss, the misfortune that Germany was enslaved by the French army, and the death of his first wife, all of which made Gauss somewhat disheartened, but he was a strong man and never revealed his predicament to others, nor did he let his friends comfort his misfortune. It was not until19th century that people knew his state of mind at that time when sorting out his unpublished mathematical manuscripts. In a discussion of elliptic functions, a subtle pencil word was suddenly inserted: "For me, it is better to die than to live like this."
The generous and kind benefactor died, and Gauss had to find a suitable job to support his family. Because of Gauss's outstanding work in astronomy and mathematics, his fame spread all over Europe from 1802. The Academy of Sciences in Petersburg has continuously hinted that since Euler's death in 1783, Euler's position in the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg has been waiting for a genius like Gauss. When the Duke was alive, he strongly discouraged Gauss from going to Russia. He is even willing to raise his salary and set up an observatory for him. Now, Gauss is facing a new choice in life.
In order not to lose Germany's greatest genius, B.A. von von humboldt, a famous German scholar, joined other scholars and politicians to win Gauss the privileged positions of professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of G? ttingen and director of the G? ttingen Observatory. 1807, Gauss went to Kottingen to take office, and his family moved here. Since then, he has lived in G? ttingen except for attending a scientific conference in Berlin. The efforts of Humboldt and others not only made the Gauss family have a comfortable living environment, but also enabled Gauss himself to give full play to his genius, and created conditions for the establishment of Gottingen Mathematics School and Germany to become a world science center and mathematics center. At the same time, it also marks a good beginning of scientific research socialization.
Gauss's academic position has always been highly respected by people. He has the reputation of "prince of mathematics" and "king of mathematicians" and is considered as "one of the three (or four) greatest mathematicians in human history" (Archimedes, Newton, Gauss or Euler). People also praised Gauss as "the pride of mankind". Genius, precocity, high yield, persistent creativity, ..., almost all the praises in the field of human intelligence are not too much for Gauss.
Gauss's research field covers all fields of pure mathematics and applied mathematics, and has opened up many new fields of mathematics, from the most abstract algebraic number theory to intrinsic geometry, leaving his footprints. Judging from the research style, methods and even concrete achievements, he is the backbone of 18- 19 century. If we imagine mathematicians in the18th century as a series of high mountains, the last awe-inspiring peak is Gauss; If mathematicians in the19th century are imagined as rivers, then their source is Gauss.
Although mathematical research and scientific work did not become an enviable career at the end of 18, Gauss was born at the right time, because the development of European capitalism made governments around the world pay attention to scientific research when he was close to 30 years old. With Napoleon's emphasis on French scientists and scientific research, Russian czars and many European monarchs began to look at scientists and scientific research with new eyes. The socialization process of scientific research is accelerating and the status of science is improving. As the greatest scientist at that time, Gauss won many honors, and many world-famous scientists regarded Gauss as their teacher.
1802, Gauss was elected as an academician of communication and a professor of Kazan University by the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg, Russia. 1877, the Danish government appointed him as a scientific adviser, and this year, the government of Hanover, Germany also hired him as a government scientific adviser.
Gauss's life is a typical scholar's life. He has always maintained the frugality of a farmer, making it hard to imagine that he is a great professor and the greatest mathematician in the world. He was married twice, and several children annoyed him. However, these have little influence on his scientific creation. After gaining a high reputation and German mathematics began to dominate the world, a generation of Tianjiao completed the journey of life.