Since Wanli, famous families in Jiashan, such as Qian, Wei, Cao, Chen, Xia, Xu, Ke, all like ci, with a strong atmosphere, and several people have collections. Tang Wei is the county seat, and Willow Pavilion is a scenic spot in Tang Wei, where poets enjoy and sing. Therefore, it is the source of one-sided Ci studies, from which Liuzhou Ci is derived. During the reign of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, Ge Hedao collected the works of Jiashan poets, and Liu Xuan included 552 poems by 158 Jiashan poets. Among them, Wang Wu, Qian, Cao Erkan and Wei Xuequ can be described as "four great people in Liuzhou".

Generally speaking, the creation of Liuzhou Ci School can be roughly divided into three stages. In the early days, like Yun Jian Ci School, they all followed the beauty of flowers. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, adherents' mentality was prominent, and most of them were secluded pastoral. When I arrived in Shunkang, influenced by Chen Weisong, the leader of Yangxian Ci School, Qian, Cao Erkan, Wei Xueqiu and others all had refreshing works. After entering the Qing Dynasty, influenced by political factors, Zhu Yizun, personal influence and Liuzhou's successors followed Zhu Yizun more, and turned to Zhang Yan all the way in the Southern Song Dynasty, writing beautiful scenery and praising things skillfully and freely.

King Wu (1595-? ), the first name Miao, the word filial piety, and the word cultivator, fresh people, unknown, Jiashan people. If you don't taste the book, you can read it and recite it, that is, you can write poetry. Gu Ai, a student in the same city, recommended Wei Dazhong, who appreciated his poems and ordered his brothers to do them. When Wei was killed, he sent Long song to cry and followed him thousands of miles away. There are many works, but few are circulated. There are only Xuekezhai Poems, Caoxiantang Ci and Liexianzhai Ci. There are 547 words in Quan Ming Ci.

Wu Wang was a poet in Ming Dynasty, second only to Cao Erkan, and one of the few uninhibited poets in Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yizun wrote nineteen volumes of Poems on Quiet Records, which meant that he was "famous for his poems in Wei Zhongjie, and was rewarded for his loyalty and obedience". Poet Liu Gaizhi, poet Xin Youan. However, when we look at what he has done, we can't avoid the disadvantages of being precise and rough, which is far from Jia Xuan's in-depth exercise. As for the content of ci, it is extremely rich and broad, covering all the contents of life, especially the works of making friends, expressing feelings and joy, as well as many erotic feelings, chanting things and writing scenes. Walking on the beach, you will occasionally see pearls shining.

The greatest feature of Wang Wu's Ci lies in frankness and directness. If the relationship between love and things, god and scenery is integrated, you can get the chapter of Spring Bridge. Such as "Jade Case Late Autumn Homesickness" cloud:

One day, the wind and rain made the river dusk, and the leaves gradually fell and covered the road. How many degrees can a high school student live? Last year's cold food and this year's Double Ninth Festival will always be a mistake for Iraqis. The fragrant bird can't stop chasing the flying rabbit. After a few days, there is a lot of smoke, countless dewdrops and new knowledge. Who else can you care about? It's not like countless worries to measure the heavens and the earth in autumn rain.

Sad autumn and homesickness, sad autumn and loneliness are intertwined, and it is extremely difficult to break through that deep sorrow. This is the sad autumn and struggle of a frustrated person. Writing the last three sentences of sadness can be compared with people who are good at expressing sadness in past dynasties.

Another example is "Yan Ting, second only to autumn, Sun Haoran rhyme", which describes that the country is in a leisurely state of mind, fresh and beautiful, as if it were just around the corner. Word cloud:

Autumn is full of pictures, and the light rain comes late. Banana leaves in Lv Yun are very big, and there is a gap between scenery and sunshine. Trim the bamboo short wall to the west and build some new rafters. There are idle fish hanging outside the door, and the five willow branches are in Asia. Who can let the smoke in the boat, the wild old man looks for words. I don't need help when I'm drunk, just under the tofu pudding shed.

This kind of lyrics, evaluated by the author's own words, are "shallow feelings in language" (Nanxiangzi Shi Lian Wenshengzhen). Even if it is a relatively pure landscape painting, it can also be transported by emotion and integrated into the landscape. For example, "autumn scenery in Langtaosha" says: "The wind and rain withered the phoenix tree for a while. The clocks in the West Building and the North Building. Dreams can't help but envy the wind and rain, and the curtains are cold. The hibiscus outside the willow is as strong as delicate and charming red. Yellow butterflies, green bugs. Invasion of donations, sticky posture, cold autumn. " And "Douxu" is novel, unique and deeply touching in describing the wanderer's yearning for his loved ones. The word cloud says, "wind leaves, wind leaves, butterflies full of air." Wear a curtain to go home with people, suspected to be and heaven remains our neighbourhood. The soul is broken, the soul is broken, remember the nickname. "

Wang Wu once commented on friends' poems with fourteen poems written by Nanxiangzi Reading Friends' Poems, and rewarded them with handsome, clear, plain, wonderful, romantic, beautiful, true, strange, hidden and graceful. The words "no need to elaborate", "gentle brushwork" and "shallow talk about human feelings" are obviously Wang Wu's own pursuit and practice. The poem "Jiang Zhongshan Untitled" can be described as the extreme embodiment of Wang Wu's concept of "acting spontaneously". Word cloud:

As light as a butterfly, leaning freely in the wind. The family on Jinfanjing Mountain. Clouds cover the fog, and countless flowers have not yet bloomed. Even after being eliminated by Wan Qi, this figure is still in the skirt yarn. Try your best to praise each other. With a good reputation, I will not lose him.

There is a postscript after the word: "Every time Yuan Wuxu sees the rest of the word, he needs to publicize the beauty of his brother Zhong Er's word." Say:' Words are romantic things, and the more erotic they are, the more erotic they are. If you want to express your feelings, why not write poems? "Because of this play, I came here." It is not difficult to find an overview of Ci studies in Ming Dynasty. Even if it is generous and simple, it will inevitably become a pure * *.

Qian (after 1605- 1674) was born in Jiashan. Chongzhen served as a juror for nine years (1636). After entering the Qing Dynasty, he became an important writer of Zhexi Ci School in the early Qing Dynasty, and wrote Tang Xue Ci Hua and Ju Nong Ci. There are 90 words in Quan Ming Ci (2 in duplicate and 88 in actual collection), and 7 in Quan Ming Ci Supplement.

In the 13th year of Kangxi (1674), Chen Weisong visited Jiashan celebrities and wrote "He Xinlang Tang Wei Zhou Zhong's Ju Nong Ci Draft", which greatly praised Ju Nong Ci. Judging from the existing works, Ju Nong's ci mainly focuses on writing scenery, chanting things, leisure and making friends. Its ci style is beautiful, profound and simple, which can be used for reference in the late Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty. Especially writing scenery words is the most ingenious. Such as "Xiao Zhong Shan Yun Qi Zhong Shan Zuo" cloud:

Dead leaves shake fast and late, and there are frozen clouds where there is no end in sight. You hang on the west side of the bridge. After sitting idle for a long time, geese will play in the pool. It's late in the mountains. Who will draw the old pine branches? I met Youqi at night, and in my clothes, the shadow of the forest danced together.

The three sentences of "You Ren" are sharp and delicate, and the three sentences of "Night is coming" are carefully scrutinized, and the whole word is quiet and ethereal. Another example is "Bodhisattva Taoist empathy sill sitting alone in the rain", which reads:

Where does the gas from Momoka fir come from? The good wind blows with the wind. Light rain is as fine as silk, when drunk. Who speaks the same language in your spare time? Suddenly a jade man came, and both egrets came back.

It is also known for its quietness and agility.

There are not many boudoir love works in Ju Nong's ci, but they are also clear and gratifying. Especially the second poem of Golden Gate is the best. A cloud:

The morning light rises, and the dew exchanges bamboo. I cut my makeup, opened an embroidery room, and the golden phoenix cluster was beautiful. It's just right to take a new bath when you're tired in the afternoon. The flowers on the branches are more leisurely, and they rustle in the evening.

Although it is romantic, supplemented by beautiful scenery, it enhances the whole article and presents the realm of elegance and tranquility.

Ju Nong is not good at talking, but his poems are fresh and sweet, pure and clean, and as enduring as reading. For example, Bo Tao Sha Wen Chunbang wrote:

The past is unbearable, don't rely on the old to sell the old. When I was young, Ran Ran became a poet. And I am glad that Chang 'an people are in the first place, in Jiangnan. Where's bluer? Handan in the dream. Flowers and plants and trees are dancing on the curved bridge. A handful of cigarettes catches three feet, and it is full of spring scenery.

There is concern, encouragement, guidance, and more aesthetic improvement. It is a good system to treat the imperial examination like this.

Another example is "Partridge Heaven Appreciates Filial Piety":

The monk was blamed for his short hair and long eyebrows, and his illness was abrupt. Frost attacks the common things like vines in the south. Idle leaning on a stick, hitting your face and bending over for a long time, thank you for your incompetence. The smoky wind didn't relieve the heat of the pool pavilion, and it brought out new words and phrases.

Filial piety is Wang Wu's word. Wang Wu is a good friend of the author, and his words have been discussed before. Qian quoted Wang Wu as a colleague, praised his words, and took this opportunity to show his political stance and attitude towards life that he didn't want to be an official in the new dynasty. The first film of the word, from appearance to will, is well written, which shows that he can stand the blow of the outside world and is indomitable; The next part directly writes that I want to live in seclusion instead of being an official, and finally reiterates my ambition by the beauty of Wang Ci.

Generally speaking, Qian was a poet with elegant ci style, calm mind and exquisite ci skills during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Cao Erkan (1617-1679) was born in Jiashan. Born in the forty-five years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, he died in the eighteenth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. In the ninth year of Qing Shunzhi (1652), he was a scholar and was awarded editing. Ding Nan, a substitute teacher, was promoted to undergraduate teaching. His poems are beautiful and can be recited, and he, Wang Wan, Shi and Wang Shizhen are also called "Eight China Schools". His ci works are subtle and elegant, and his personality is between Zhou, Qin, Jiang and history. During the Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty, Cao Shi had a word name, and he made close friends with Wang Wu, Qian and Wu, and sang with each other. After entering the Qing Dynasty, the activities of Ci poetry had a great influence. He is the author of Notes Without Words, Poems of Southern Opera, etc. Today, there are 5,965,438+0 words, which is the largest number of poets in the Ming Dynasty.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Cao Shi initiated and participated in three large-scale chorus activities, which made the creation of Ci widely spread. The first two times were Hangzhou Jiangcun Chorus (also called Lake Chorus) and Yangzhou Hongqiao Chorus in the 4th year of Kangxi, and the last time was Beijing Qiushuixuan Chorus in the 10th year of Kangxi (167 1). Qiu Shui Xuan's chorus was held in Sun Chengze, when he was the assistant minister of the official department. As many as 26 famous lyricists participated in the chorus and got the lyrics 176. Mr. Yan even called it "a collective singing activity with the influence of" the hub of the masses ",and it was also a * * * wave of" Jia "from Beijing to the North and South Ci circles." Cao Erkan wrote seven poems by himself, expressing his unfortunate experience at the time of changing the dynasty, and his feelings of breaking the country and changing the dynasty and serving as an official, with a deep and sad style. In view of this, this book puts Cao Erkan in this chapter.

Cao Shi is a leading figure of Liuzhou Ci School, and his Ci is poetry in all likelihood. After browsing, although the lyrics are familiar, they are artistically stable and occasionally see wonderful works. Look at its material, mostly concentrated in the four seasons scenery, village friends, boudoir feelings, leisure worries, little change. However, it is light and delicate, plain and weird, and quite chewy. Such as writing "ugly slave order, from the morning" to describe rural life:

In the lonely sail, the slope is surrounded by willows. The wild house is frosted. The birds in the red sun building fly healthily. Every west window hangs in the morning, and the guests shine brightly. The dog is lying on the leaf of Jing. Since Guihong is not Cui Wei.

The distance and movement of the scenery, the inner heat and cold of the characters, and the calmness and calmness are all very detailed and memorable. It is not difficult to find that the lyric hero is not willing to live a quiet life. Sure enough, "A Plum" directly tells the author's depression:

Qing Ping's style breaks Lin Hao. Houses are depressed and trees are depressed. The green curtain and the corner are far away. There are traces in poetry and traces in painting. Find mountains and rivers to build a book nest. Small fish firewood, old fish firewood. It's hard to hate watching current events. Sobering up is also "Li Sao", and drunkenness is also "Li Sao".

Another example is "Negative Magnolia", which describes the natural vitality of a comfortable residence and attracts people's attention. Word cloud:

A pair of blue eyes, looking at Jiang Gaomi alone. Trees have long canals, and some are early divination. The tea leaves are not washed, and the green shed is full of medlar. When the grass was first cut, Chai Fei was half covered by water.

It is not difficult to see the poet's own temperament and integrity, as the poet said in another homonym: "Being born lonely and cold, dazzling and prosperous, is extremely disgusting." With this kind of mind and embrace, when it meets the scenery of the four seasons, it can melt into the scenery, stay, and even see the strange in the ordinary, and become a realm, which is refreshing to people. Such as "Nanxiangzi Baishetang Road": "Tangkou is exposed to sand and surrounded by green hills. If you don't leave Bai Yunfei at the top, you will have a second life outside the pale smoke. The evening breeze at the bottom of the hat is light, and the mulberry grows green all the way. The sound of the spring is still closing itself. It has stopped. The width of the stream should be suspected of losing water. " Turn maturity into life, lively and lovely, full of vitality. How simple, natural and alert it is to say, "Long and short mulberry is green all the way"! How keen, how good at capturing "the sound of water loss, when the stream is wide and suspicious"!

However, when the unjust prison strikes, my thoughts are full, and the paper is full of dizziness and infinite leisure. For example, "eye-catching village residence" says: "Xiaoxiao spends her late autumn and sits alone. Zhu Guo is red, Lu Ting is flying snow, leaning against the curtain hook. A light sail returned to Pingpu, stirring the white apple flow. When the mountain goes down, the roof goes down. What time is it in Sha Ou? " Scholars often criticize Cao Ci for being plain and lacking in elegance. But this may be the result of the loneliness and deliberate depression of poets at the turn of the generation.

Cao Er can write boudoir feelings and have works to recite. For example, "Eye-catching, spring boudoir" says: "The rain in the deep courtyard of Haitang is early in harvest, and it is red, purple and tender. The swallow came, and the cuckoo cried, remembering the leisure. Wheatgrass is covered with flowers? If you want to talk, don't stop. To understand people, you have to know, and you have to worry about it all spring, just look at the branches. " A blooming flower is a metaphor for stagnation, turning nothingness into concrete and abstraction into beauty. The preface is "red and purple trembling tenderness" and the last sentence is "just look at the branches", which not only echoes from beginning to end, but also makes the finishing touch, making the "red and purple trembling tenderness" in the last film a rich and vivid metaphor and symbol. In addition, there is a cloud in always in my heart, a raw tea: "Plum blossoms lean against the short wall, but they are thin. The green water is sunny, just a frown. " It is also very vivid.

Wei Xuequ, born in Qingcheng and Jiashan, was born in an unknown year. In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), he was promoted, moved to the punishment department, went out to study Taoism in Huguang, and participated in the discussion of Taoism in Huxi, Jiangxi. Kangxi has never given a scholarship to learn big words. Negative poetry, parallel prose, good calligraphy, name is more important than time. With Wang Shizhen, Peng, etc. They all wrote untitled poems and published them together. They are called "Wang Peng's Songs", in the order of learning. Qian Chengzhi of Tongcheng had the deepest friendship with Xuequ all his life, and he never forgot his benevolence and righteousness, so he named his building "Huaiqing". Qingcheng Ci consists of three volumes.

Wei Qingcheng was an official in the Qing court, and his residence was not thin, so he should move to the Qing court for discussion. Just because his creation is still following the trend of the late Ming Dynasty, his position in the history of Ci is general, and at the same time, he maintains the relative integrity of Liuzhou Ci School, so he is attached to it.

Qingcheng Ci, like Yunjian School, inherited the flowery style in theme and content, and wrote always in my heart in a sad style that hurt spring. For example, "Bodhisattva Man's Autumn Boudoir" says: "The exquisite silk lotus root is difficult to draw, and the western wind is tighter than the wrinkle. A drizzle bathed Yuanyang, and the river flowers were full of bamboo slices. The red bridge is in a hurry and the cicada skirt is wet. Looking back at Tingzhou, the waves stay an inch. " And "Chun Qing on the West Wing" says: "Who leaked the spring scenery? Wicker yellow. A lot of money is lost and it takes a long time to buy it. People are thousands of miles away, missing two places, how many lines of tears do you shed? Yan Yan Yingying is so annoying. " This is a high ratio. But "Mistaken Ceremony" can reveal loneliness in the beauty of the side, and the word cloud:

The flowers are overflowing, and I hate Cui Tihong. Bi Cheng's twelve songs are all dry goods, and sending them to England is not counted. The copper leakage is too long and the silver candle is too short. Sitting alone in a cold feeling and sleeping late, it is difficult to choose a good dream.

Guy's works inspired by emotion have also been proposed. This situation also makes Qingcheng more dependent on the cloud and less dependent on the fashion of Zhexi Ci School.

There are also some other poets, although their fame is not obvious and their words are not many, but they have sudden inspiration and occasionally gain something. For example, Jia Shan's Nostalgia for Nanxiangzi, Jiaxing's Huanxisha Autumn Boudoir, Wu Tangzhen's Acacia for Jinling Feeling Old, Yuyao Xu's Dianjiang Lip Lake Song and so on.

Yan Zhu, Chapter 3 of the History of Qing Ci, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1999, p. 125.

The school of Xiling Ci has a very close relationship with the school of Yun Jian Ci in Chen Zilong. According to Mao's Biography, the Qing people even called "Xiling School is the school". Biographical Literature said: "After ...' Ten sons of Xiling' all took poetry as the body, so the ten sons went out of Mr. Wozi's door." At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Xiling School was also the Yunjian School. " Xie, a professor at Taiwan Province Provincial University, wrote the article "The Formation of the Cloud School —— Taking the Literary World as an Investigation Context", arguing that this biography should be compiled by Qing people, not Mao's autobiography. Xie Wenzai, May 2007, National Taiwan University Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy, No.66.