The treaty of verdun in 843 divided the Charlemagne Empire into three parts, and Rotel I became the central Frankish king and inherited the title of emperor. Before Rotel I died in 855, the kingdom was divided into three parts: the Italian Kingdom, the Lorraine Kingdom (lothaire) and the Provence Kingdom (Burgundy). Louis II, the eldest son, was officially awarded the titles of Italian King and Roman Emperor. The Kingdom of Provence was divided between the Italian Kingdom and the Lorraine Kingdom in 864, while the Lorraine Kingdom was divided between the Eastern and Western Frankish Kingdom in 869. In 887, Fat Charlie was deposed. Since then, the Kingdom of Italy has been ruled by foreign names. 1796, Napoleon led the French army to attack northern Italy and destroyed the Austrian-controlled principality of Milan. 1798, the two republics merged to form the Cisse Alpine Republic. As a puppet country under the rule of the first French Republic, it is still the capital of Milan. 1802 was renamed the Italian Republic, and Napoleon himself was the head of state.
1805, reorganized into the kingdom of Italy. As a puppet country under the First Empire of France, Napoleon himself was the king. In the same year, after the victory of Austerlitz, the French Empire signed the Pressburg Peace Treaty with Austria on February 27th, 65438. Austria ceded Venice to France and Napoleon incorporated Venice into the Kingdom of Italy. 18 14 years, Napoleon abdicated, the first empire perished, and so did the kingdom. At the subsequent Vienna Conference, Lombardy-Venice Kingdom was established on the territory of the former kingdom, and the Austrian emperor was still the king. 1859 Lumbard was partially ceded to the kingdom of Sardinia. 1866, Venice was partially ceded to the newly established kingdom of Italy.
1In the 1950s, Prime Minister Gafur of Sardinia actively pursued a "top-down" unification policy. With the efforts of him and garibaldi, the Kingdom of Sardinia was renamed the Italian Kingdom in March 186 1 with Florence as its capital. The Kingdom of Italy continues to seek reunification. 1866, Italy took the Pu 'ao War as an opportunity to recover Venice. However, Rome and its neighboring papal countries were still divided by the French army. /kloc-When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 0/870, the Italians took advantage of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's transfer of the French army to Rome and attacked and occupied Rome on September 20th. When Italy merged with Rome, Pope pius ix had to retire to the Vatican. At this point, the completion of the great cause of Fuxingmento opened up prospects for the development of capitalism, but many feudal remnants remained. 187 1 1 year, the capital of the kingdom of Italy moved from Florence to Rome. After the reunification, Italy and the whole society were in the freest period, which was divided by opposing classes and languages. Italy's common cultural characteristics, social conservatism and patriarchal values. In other fields, Italian culture is divided. Noble and upper-middle class families are very traditional at this time. Italian society often has a history of fighting with each other.
Besides, literacy is a problem in this era. According to the census of 187 1, 6 1.9% people are illiterate, and 75.7% women in Italy are illiterate. The illiteracy rate is much higher than that of western European countries in the same period. Some historians say that the government was very relaxed about literacy at that time. The Italian government tried to reduce illiteracy during the free period and taught Italian for the establishment of state-funded schools. The worst part of public education was in southern Italy, because it received the least funds at that time.
Low standard of living. During the period of freedom, especially in southern Italy, various diseases, such as malaria and epidemics, often broke out. Initially at 187 1, the high mortality rate of 30 deaths per 1000 decreased to 24.2 deaths per 1000 at 1890. In addition, the mortality rate of children one year after birth is 22.7% in 187 1 year, while the mortality rate of children before the age of five is very high, reaching 50%. From 189 1 to 1900, the survival rate of children will be low every year 17.6%. Economy and infrastructure
After the revival, the new kingdom faced serious economic, political and social problems. During the free period, the Italian economy was still highly dependent on foreign trade and international coal and grain prices. After unification, Italy is a society dominated by agriculture, and 60% of the population is engaged in agricultural activities. With the rapid change of technological progress, foreign competition and export opportunities, agriculture has developed rapidly. However, these developments did not benefit all Italian people. Southern Italy suffered from summer heat and drought, which destroyed crops. Italy is the largest wine exporter in Europe.
In the 1970s, the Italian government invested heavily in the development of railways from 65438 to 0870, and the length of railways from 65438 to 65438 to 0890 was more than twice. 188 1 year census found that 1 more than ten thousand workers have been underemployed for a long time.
190 1 year, some Italian troops took part in Eight-Nation Alliance's attack on the Boxer Rebellion in China. 1901On September 7th, the Qing Concession ceded Tianjin to Italy. During World War I, the Kingdom of Italy faced short-term and long-term problems and determined its allies and goals. 19 14, World War I broke out. Although Italy formally joined the Allies, it only remained neutral, claiming that the triple alliance was only used for defensive purposes. After Italy, because Britain and France promised to share Mu Fu and Dalmatia after the war, they turned to the Allies and declared war on the Allies in May of 19 15.
After Italy entered the war, the number of troops on the border exceeded 400,000. However, Austria's defense is very strong. Even though they were understaffed, they managed to stop the Italian offensive. Compared with the armies of Austria, Hungary and Germany, the training of Italian officers is obviously insufficient. In addition, the Italian army's ammunition supply is seriously insufficient, which continues to hinder the occupation of Austrian territory. In the first year of the war, the bad battlefield conditions led to the outbreak of cholera, and a large number of Italian soldiers died. The morale of Italian soldiers is low. Even on holidays, they are still forbidden to enter cinemas or bars. However, when a war is about to happen, alcohol will be provided to soldiers free of charge to ease the tension. In order to maintain morale, the Italian army gave some speeches.
After 19 16, the situation in Italy was even worse. At the same time, Italy is facing problems such as shortage of warships, increased submarine attacks, soaring freight rates, food supply for soldiers, and lack of raw materials and equipment. Italy maintained the war with high taxes. 19 17, France, Britain and the United States expressed their willingness to send troops to Italy to help resist the allied forces, but the Italian government refused.
19 17, Russia withdrew from the war because of the Russian revolution. When the Eastern War ended, more Hungarian and German troops fought against Italy. In Italy, the voice against the war is getting louder and louder, and the economy is bad. In order to maintain the war funds, the government uses a lot of income from the countryside, making it impossible for farmers to make a living, and the available agricultural jobs have dropped from 4.8 million to 2.2 million. Left-wing women led protests in northern Italian cities, demanding an end to the war. In Milan, demonstrators protested, and finally the Italian army was forced to enter Milan and suppressed it with tanks and machine guns. Nearly 50 people were killed, including 3 Italian soldiers, and more than 800 people were arrested. With the end of the Austro-Hungarian War and the armistice agreement signed with Italy on June 5438+091865438+1October1,the First World War ended. Before World War I, Mussolini opposed conscription and protested Italy's occupation of Libya. Over time, he only called for revolution, not to mention class struggle. During the war, Mussolini served in the Italian army and was injured in a war. Although he claimed that he was injured in the battle, the cause of his injury is still widely believed to be the accidental explosion of a Grenade. 19221kloc-0/0 In October, Mussolini took advantage of the workers' strike and announced that he would hand over the fascist regime to the Italian government or launch a military coup. As the government did not respond immediately, fascist supporters marched in Rome, claiming to be fascists and intending to restore law and order in Italy. Under the leadership of fascism, Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister of Italy.
1922 10 10 On 28th, Vittorio Emanuele appointed Mussolini as Italian Prime Minister, so that Mussolini's fascist party could pursue its political ambitions as long as it supported the monarchy and interests. Mussolini was a very young politician, and became the Italian Prime Minister at the age of 39. In the fascist culture and society of totalitarian society, only fascism will be regarded as "real Italy", and anyone who does not swear allegiance to fascism will be exiled and unable to find employment. The propaganda technique of the fascist regime is to deliberately identify with fascism in news films, radio and movies. 1926 passed a bill requiring cinemas to broadcast promotional news films. Mussolini used Roman Catholicism to stabilize the regime, despite his previous opposition to the church. Due to the security system and complete state power, Mussolini set up a volunteer militia in 1923. They usually wear black uniforms. Mussolini advocated cracking down on organized crime, especially in the Sicilian mafia and other parts of southern Italy. Fascism was very powerful, which enabled him to sue the mafia and forced many mafia to flee abroad (such as the United States) or be arrested and imprisoned. Nationalism is an ideology that advocates national power to achieve economic or social goals. Because of the cohesion of national consciousness, a country thinks that its national strength is superior to other countries, and its main energy is to carry forward its own culture and pursue its own interests, rather than the culture and interests of other countries or supranational organizations. If it refers to a person's love for the country and dedication to national interests, it is called "patriotism." Economic nationalism advocates that the state plays a major and commanding role in economic operation, including direct participation of state-owned enterprises or other government agencies or indirect realization through economic planning.
The two climaxes of nationalism are fascism (Nazi Germany) and communism (former Soviet Union), which adopt central planning, but exist in different degrees in all countries of the world. From the end of World War II to the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, many western European countries adopted a mixed economic system (10-45% public ownership). In Singapore, 60% of GDP comes from government-related enterprises. 1923, Italian soldiers occupied part of Corfu Island in Greece and finally took over Greece. 1936, the Spanish fascist regime carried out the most important pre-war military intervention. Italy supports the movement led by Franco. Italy sent planes, weapons and more than 60,000 troops to help Spanish nationalists. 1April 7, 939 Italy invaded Albania and occupied Albania quickly.
1933 When Germany came to power, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) said: "This victory, Hitler is our victory." Although the Nazis disapproved of Mussolini and fascist Italy, Hitler had long admired Mussolini's eloquence and ability. After the occupation of Ethiopia, Mussolini and Hitler tried to improve relations between the two countries, but private, personal and political tensions still existed. There are obvious similarities between these two ideologies. 1934 In June, Hitler and Mussolini met for the first time to discuss the crisis of Austrian independence. Privately, Mussolini said that Hitler was just "a stupid little monkey".
1 September, 9391day, Germany began to invade Poland in World War II, and Mussolini publicly announced on September 24 that Italy had the right to choose to participate in the war or remain neutral, which would lead to the loss of national dignity. Mussolini told his son-in-law that he was jealous of Hitler's achievements and hoped that Hitler's strength would slow down the allied counterattack. When making a war plan, Mussolini and the Italian fascist regime decided to annex most of Africa and the Middle East as their own colonies, but the army commander warned that Italy lacked tanks, armored vehicles and planes to carry out a long-term war and warned Mussolini that "it was suicide". Finally, Mussolini took the advice and decided to go to war after Germany invaded France to a certain extent. Italy declared war on France because Germany defeated France with blitzkrieg. 1940, the Royal Navy suddenly launched an air raid on Italy, weakening Italy's main battleship. But it did not cause serious damage to Italy. 194 1 65438 In February, Italian divers planted bombs and successfully sank two British warships. 1942, the Italian navy severely damaged the British escort formation and sank several British naval vessels. Over time, the allied navy began to fight back and took Italy's advantage away.
By 1943, Mussolini had lost the support of the Italian government and people. To the world, Mussolini was regarded as an incompetent and untrained army in his country. The embarrassed Mussolini was deprived of power by the king. Fascist members voted to abolish Mussolini as the leader of the party. A few days later, on July 26th, 1943, Vittorio Emanuele officially dismissed Mussolini as prime minister, and Mussolini was arrested immediately. Italy signed an armistice agreement and then fought Nazi Germany with the allies.
When Hitler learned that Mussolini had been dismissed, he immediately sent Rommel to lead the German army into northern Italy and forcibly disarmed the Italian army with Albert Kesselring's troops already in Italy. On September 3rd, the Kingdom of Italy secretly surrendered to the Allies. On the same day, British general Montgomery led his troops across the Messina Strait and landed in Italy. On September 8, Italy and the allied forces stopped fighting. 10 In September, Rommel captured Rome, the capital of Italy, and took control of Italy far south of Naples. On September 13, Hitler sent Otto Skorzne to lead paratroopers to raid Mussolini's detention place and rescue him with a glider. On September 23, Mussolini announced the establishment of the Italian Social Republic in Salo, a small town in northern Italy, and became his own leader and foreign minister to compete with the government of the Kingdom of Italy in the south. Shortly after the founding of the Italian Social Republic, it was forced to sign an agreement with Germany to cede South Tyrol and Trieste, and agreed that Germany could occupy Venice at an appropriate time. 1944 65438+ 10/01day, Mussolini shot and killed Chano and other fascist party leaders who voted against him in Verona, further losing his support. After that, he relied almost entirely on the German army. On June 4th, the Allies occupied Rome. Since then, due to the preparations for the Normandy landing, the allied forces temporarily stopped their large-scale attacks in Italy, which enabled Mussolini's government to survive. During this period, the Mussolini regime carried out a massacre in northern Italy. According to post-war statistics, during this period, more than 72,000 people were slaughtered, about 40,000 people were amputated, a large number of Jews were sent to concentration camps, and a large number of women and boys were raped or sodomized. Crazy rule triggered large-scale resistance, and guerrillas were established one after another. 1in April, 945, the allied forces launched a large-scale offensive on the Italian battlefield. On April 23, the allies arrived in the Po River and captured 30,000 Germans. Mussolini's rule collapsed, the government of the Republic was dissolved and the leaders fled. On April 26th, the Allies occupied Verona, and on April 27th, they occupied Genoa. On April 28th, Mussolini and his wife were captured and shot by guerrillas on the shores of Lake Como, and their bodies were immediately transported back to Milan for public display. Vittorio Emanuele's son Umberto II was forced to abdicate in 1946, and Italy officially became the present Italian Republic after the referendum held on June 2.