Wang Anshi (102 1 year-1086 May 2 1 day), named Mid-Levels, was named Jing Guogong. Han nationality. Linchuan (now Dengjiaxiang, Jinglu, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province) was an outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, and was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are Wang Linchuan Collection and Linchuan Collection.
Wang Anshi has made outstanding achievements in literature. His poem "Learn from Du Fu's thin and bitter songs" is good at reasoning and rhetoric, and is good at using allusions. His style is vigorous, alert and delicate, and there are also works with deep feelings. The portrait of Gong Jing in Shangchi, Dongxiang, Wang Anshi's hometown, contains the collected works of Mr Linchuan. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the prison officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. Xi Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike, and died in Zhongshan, posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), also known as Wang Wengong. Its political reform had a far-reaching impact on the social economy in the late Northern Song Dynasty and had the characteristics of modern reform. Lenin praised him as "1 1 century China's great reformer". Together with "Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and Ceng Gong", they are called "Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
[Edit this paragraph] Political activities
In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Wang Anshi took the fourth place as a scholar, and successively signed books for Huainan (Yangzhou), Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang), Zhou Shu (now Buried Hill, Anhui) and other places to pass the verdict. He was transferred to Kaifeng as a judge of the animal husbandry department, and then transferred to Changzhou to raise officials and businessmen on Jiangnan East Road, which was called the Third Division. Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and not fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, Wang Anshi called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book Yan Hong Shu written by Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong in the third year of Jiayou (1058) in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Take the example of Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Longji who only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, and finally fell down. Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, and shouted: "If the ancient times are accurate, the world can be peaceful and chaotic, and don't rush to today when possible", demanding immediate reform of the written law; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with young Song Shenzong, which won Song Shenzong's appreciation. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a consultant in politics, and was promoted to prime minister the following year, and began to vigorously carry out reforms.
The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, expounded the relationship between politics and financial management, and pointed out that "politics is the principle of financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before Wang Anshi came to power, he thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problem be solved: "The wealth of the world is born with the strength of the world, and the wealth of the world is taken from the expense of the world." After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. He once pointed out: "Those who do nothing today are short of money, so I put financial management first", while "financial management is urgent for farmers, and farmers are eager to get rid of hardships, restrain mergers and promote agriculture". In this reform, Wang Anshi put the development of production in the first place as the top priority. In Wang Anshi's view, in order to develop production, the first thing is to "relieve (laborers) suffering, restrain mergers and take pleasure in agriculture", mobilize the enthusiasm of laborers, and bring those idle people back to the front line of production. Harvest depends on people, not on the sky. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-down reforms nationwide. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, exemption from labor, fair loss, easy market, exemption from money and mining tax system, and carried out extensive social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts, commerce and from rural areas to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, such as Zhou, Yi Shu and Poetic Art written by Wang Anshi himself, have provided new teaching materials for school education reform.
Wang Anshi's reform was deeply appreciated by Zongshen. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a political consultant, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously carry out reforms and carry out political reforms. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved well. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural areas to cities, and launched a wide range of social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of the big landlords and bureaucrats, and Empress Dowager Cixi, the royal family and the conservative literati joined forces to oppose the political reform. So in the seventh year of Yexining (1074), Wang Anshi went on strike for the first time. See you next year. Wang Anshi can't get more support after the resumption of the phase and can't carry out reform. In the ninth year of Xining (1076), he resigned as prime minister for the second time and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.
Wang Anshi's reform in the Northern Song Dynasty was carried out during the Xining period in Song Shenzong. In the first month of the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Song Shenzong Zhao Yong ascended the throne. Zongshen is determined to innovate. In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Wang Anshi was called to Beijing to carry out reforms and establish a system to enrich Qiang Bing and change the current situation of poverty and weakness.
Wang Anshi established a new organization to guide the reform-the third department of laws and regulations. After the cancellation of the Planning Department, Sinong Temple presided over most of the political reform affairs. Lv Huiqing, Ceng Bu and other countries participated in the drafting of the new law. These new laws can be roughly divided into the following aspects according to their contents and functions.
Restrict businessmen
The policies to supply national needs and restrict businessmen are mainly equal loss method, market exchange method and exemption method.
Equal loss method
In July of the second year of Xining, the loss sharing law of Huai, Zhejiang, Jiang and Hu was promulgated. By sea, we can grasp the financial situation of the Sixth Road, consider the annual supply situation and the materials needed by the capital, and then "change convenience into easy purchase" according to the principle of "moving expensive is cheap, and using near is easy to go far" and store it for later use, so as to save the price and the labor cost of transshipment. Equal-loss method captures some interests of wealthy businessmen, and at the same time slightly reduces many extra burdens of taxpayers.
Yi Shi Football Association
In March of the fifth year of Xining, the Chengyi Law was promulgated. Establish urban services in Kaifeng. According to the market situation, the municipal easy service determines the price, purchases unsalable goods and sells them when the market needs it. Vendors can borrow money or buy goods on credit from the municipal simple service office. Later, Kaifeng e-commerce, as the general organization of e-commerce, was promoted to the capital of e-commerce. The market change law has played a role in limiting the monopoly of the market by big businessmen, and also increased the financial income of the court.
Tax exemption method
In July of the sixth year of Xining, the exemption law was officially promulgated. According to the exemption law, shops in all walks of life pay the exemption amount to e-commerce every month according to their profits, and no longer supply physical objects or manpower to the government in turn.
Increase agricultural output
Policies to adjust the relationship between feudal countries, landlords and farmers and measures to develop agricultural production include young crops law, conscription law, land equalization tax law and farmland water conservancy law.
Young crop method
In September of the second year of Xining, the Young Crop Law was promulgated. It is stipulated that the grain stored in Changping and Guanghui warehouses should be based on money. When the food price is high, it is sold at a price lower than the market price, and when the price is low, it is purchased at a price higher than the market price. The accumulated cash is divided into two periods every year, that is, the first month and May, when sowing is needed and summer and autumn are immature, and farmers borrow money and goods from the government on a voluntary basis. After the harvest, with the summer and autumn tax, the interest will be increased by two or three tenths to return the food or cash. The Young Crop Law keeps farmers from being exploited by the usurers of the "merger house" at inappropriate times, so that farmers can "keep pace with the times".
Financing mode
Xining was promulgated and implemented in four years. The conscription law (exemption law) stipulates that state and county governments should pay for military service. States and counties expect that the annual employment expenses will be shared by families according to their level. The law of supporting service makes rural residents who used to serve in turn return to their hometowns to farm, and farmers who used to enjoy the privilege of exemption from service have to pay service money, which increases the government's income.
Square field average tax law
Xining was promulgated in the fifth year. Tian Fang's tax equalization law stipulates that every September, county officials should measure the land and test the fertility of the land, which is divided into five grades and the tax amount is stipulated. After the measurement is completed, the land hukou post will be issued in March of the following year as a "land sign". The division of property, the sale and division of land are all based on the field now measured, registered by the government and issued with title deeds. Restrict bureaucratic landlords from annexing land and concealing land property and population.
Farmland water conservancy law
Xining was promulgated in the second year. The treaty encourages all localities to reclaim wasteland, build water conservancy and build dikes, and the beneficiary households will invest in the project according to their grades. Under Wang Anshi's advocacy, an upsurge of "four parties vying for farmland water conservancy" was formed for a while. While harnessing the Yellow River, Zhanghe River and other rivers in the north, a large number of "silt fields" have been deposited along several rivers and canals, turning barren land into fertile fields.
Stabilize feudal order
Measures to consolidate the feudal ruling order, rectify and strengthen the army include Sun Tzu's Art of War, Armor Law, Horse Protection Law and the establishment of military equipment supervision.
The general art of war
As a "Qiang Bing" measure, on the one hand, Wang Anshi streamlined the army, eliminated the old and the weak, and merged the barracks, on the other hand, he also practiced the art of war. From the seventh year of Xining, military attaché s with higher martial arts and more combat experience were selected for special training in the north. The implementation of Sun Tzu's art of war will enable soldiers to know their generals and practice their soldiers, thus improving the combat effectiveness of the army.
Jiabao method
Xining was promulgated in three years. Rural households everywhere, regardless of the main household or the customer, have one guarantee for every ten (later changed to five), five guarantees and one guarantee, and ten guarantees and one guarantee. Where there are more than two people at home, one person will protect Ding. During the slack season, gather for military training in Baoding; Patrol in turn at night to maintain law and order. Garbo law can not only enable the able-bodied men all over the country to receive military training and join the regular army, thus saving a lot of national military expenditure, but also establish a strict security network according to Garbo, organize the people of the whole country and stabilize the feudal order.
revamp the educational system
Reformers such as Wang Anshi also reformed the imperial examination system, reorganized schools at all levels, and trained needed talents for the society.
The influence of political reform
Wang Anshi's reform aimed at "enriching Qiang Bing", and it took nearly 15 years from the implementation of the new law to its abolition by the old school. During this period, after the implementation of each new law, it basically achieved the expected results, limiting the activities of powerful mergers and usurers, reducing some privileges of middle and upper-level officials and the royal family, while rural landlords and farmers reduced some obligations and tax burdens. Feudal countries also strengthened their rule over direct producers and increased their fiscal revenue. The new law more or less violated the interests of middle and upper-level officials, royalty, tycoons and usurers, and was eventually abolished.
[Edit this paragraph] Literary achievements
Wang Anshi is not only an outstanding politician, thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first. He opposed the vague and powerless style of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Quincy School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, there are still sculptures. Sincerity is ingenious and elegant, and need not be smeared; If you apply it, you don't have to be smart and flashy. It should be application-oriented and painting-oriented. "It is precisely because Anshi regards the concept of" application "of" serving the world "as the foundation of literary creation that his works reveal many drawbacks, reflect social contradictions and have a strong political color. Linchuan Collection, Linchuan Collection and Mr. Linchuan Song are now preserved.
Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is energetic, concise and extraordinary. Most of his papers appear in the form of books, tables, notes and prefaces. Explain political opinions and opinions to serve reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. Long articles are horizontal but not concise, short ones are broken but not detailed. Quotations from Emperor Ren Shang is a masterpiece advocating social change. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the diplomatic dilemma of internal troubles and foreign invasion in the Northern Song Dynasty, it put forward a complete political reform proposal, which showed the author's progressive thought of "ruling the country from the people's diseases". "Nothing happened in this century", while describing and explaining the peaceful situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, pointed out sharply the social problems that were at stake at that time, expected the Sect to make political achievements, and thought that "the promising day is today". It played the prelude to the New Deal that began in the second year. Answering Sima Zhi's remonstrance, he refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law invaded officials, caused trouble, demanded benefits and refused to remonstrate. It is short and clear, and its wording is appropriate, which reflects the author's firm and principled statesmanship. An Shi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, excellent in thinking, thorough in reasoning and concise in language. "It only takes one or two sentences to wipe out a large number of others" (Liu Xizai's Art Outline). Text outline), with strong generality and logic. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of Anshi's essays, such as GunShuo, Reading Biography, Biography of Book Assassin, Shang, etc., are well-known, with strong comments on characters, sharp writing style and rich feelings, giving people a fresh and clear feeling. He also has a part of landscape travel prose: "The Rise and Creation of Chengkeng Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; A trip to Baochan Mountain not only records a trip, but also is very meaningful. The two are closely and naturally combined. Even if the abstract truth is vivid, it adds ideological depth to the specific notes and makes the layout flexible and tortuous.
Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into early and late periods, with obvious differences in content and style. "Gong Jing was not very confident, so the poetic language was just what he wanted, and he was no longer more restrained ... Later, he was a group of shepherds who made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song people and used it for reference. In his later years, he began to have a deep and unpretentious interest" (Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua). The early poems are good at reasoning and have obvious tendencies, involving many important and sharp societies. The problem noticed the sufferings of the lower classes and made an unfair voice for them. Feelings, mergers, reinforcements, etc. Describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm to the country and people caused by the annexation of land by big landlords and businessmen, and put forward the suggestion of "elite soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people being oppressed by the rulers at that time. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of selecting scholars by poetry and fu, and demanded the use of talents who can help the country through the world; The new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the enthusiastic reform of Yuan Ri and Song Yuanfeng; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc. By evaluating the merits and demerits of historical figures, their new viewpoints and progressive significance are expressed. An Shi's seclusion in his later period brought about changes in his poetry creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems, expressing a leisurely interest. But artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, vulgar and unbearable, every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks." Poems such as The Story of Poems in the Back of the Mountain, Boating in Guazhou, Flowers on the River, Plum Blossoms and Mr. Yin's Wall in the Book Lake are carefully observed, exquisitely carved, with distant and fresh artistic conception, showing praise and love for the beauty of nature, which has always been told by people.
As far as the poetic style is concerned, Anshi's ancient poems mostly use classics and arguments, but like Qu and Taoyuan Xing, they have novel ideas, rich feelings and rich imagination. Rhyme, on the other hand, is steady and appropriate, but sometimes it is inevitable to lose too much carving. Five musts and seven musts are especially famous. "Wang Banshan has many styles and is good at quatrains" (Hanting Poem) and "Gong Jing's quatrains are amazing in the world" (Boat House Poem). His poems have great influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Gong Jing Style" (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang).
Wang Anshi wrote about twenty poems today. Although he is not a famous poet, his "works are thin and elegant, washing away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" (Liu Xizai's "Art, Ci and Qulue"). The word "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia" reveals the decadent life of the ruling class in the Six Dynasties by describing the magnificent scenery and homesickness of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and is known as the swan song of ancient times. Coupled with Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman's Passion" and "Qiu Lai's Unique Scenery", Su Dongpo's bold voice was opened, which had a good influence on later ci circles.
From the literary point of view, Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, An Shi's literary thought overemphasizes "practicality" and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are also some poems about Buddhism, which are obscure and dry, but they are also a star in the history of China's poetry.
Wang Anshi's poems
Collected works of Mr. Linchuan
Words: "Guizhixiang Jinling Nostalgia" Huanxi Shannanxiangzi fisherman ao Bodhisattva full of Guizhixiang led Bodhisattva to a thousand years old injury.
Poetry: "Plum Blossom" Fei Ming, Qu Er, Shang Yin, Mr. Bi Yuanri, boarded Feilai Peak, Guazhou and Xue Zhaoming, and lost a game of poetry in Gexi Post, Beishan.
Guizhixiang Jinling Nostalgia
This is the late autumn in the ancient country, and the weather is very early.
Thousands of miles are like a river, like clusters of Qingfeng.
Sail back to the sunset, with the west wind on your back and the wine flag tilted.
The colorful boat is cloudy, and the Milky Way heron rises, which is difficult to draw.
Miss the past, compete for prosperity, sigh outside the door, and sorrow and hate come one after another.
Throughout the ages, it is shameful to rely on height.
The past of the Six Dynasties is like running water, cold smoke fades and grass turns green.
Today, business women are still singing, and "backyard" is a heritage.
Huanxisha
A hundred acres of atrium is half covered with moss, and the white water in front of the door is lingering. How many people can come to Aixian?
The cloister in the small courtyard is quiet in spring, and there are two or three apricot trees in Shantaoxi. For who? For who?
Nanxiangzi
Since ancient times, the empire has flourished. This is a dream for 400 years. It's sad. Kim's clothes are ancient dust.
Swim around the water and try your best to go upstairs. Mo Wen, a former leisure gentleman, turned around and the Yangtze River flowed freely outside the sill.
Yujiaao
The small bridge on the flat river bank is surrounded by thousands of flowers and plants. There are some windows in the hut. Before the dust comes, there will always be a spring breeze to clean it.
Sleeping in the afternoon is like getting up early and listening to chickens crow. It suddenly occurred to me that an old friend is always old today. I am greedy for dreams, but I forget Handan Road.
Bodhisattva is beautiful
A few huts are idle by the water, and light shirts and short hats are hung on the willow branches. What dynasty is it today? Look at the redundant stone bridge.
But tonight's new moon is lying on the top of the tree. I drank a cup of drunk wine at noon until I woke up that night. What's the most important? One or two orioles.
Qian Qiu Suiyin
Don't pavilion cold anvil, lonely city painting angle, a school of autumn sound into the boundless.
Oriental geese walk from the sea, while southern geese fall into the sand.
Typhoon Zhu, just like yesterday.
Helpless bound by some fame and fortune! Helpless by it!
Unfortunately, romance is always idle! At the beginning,
Now you've missed my date with Qin Lou. The dream has stopped. When you wake up, think again.
Bodhisattvas choose poems from different poets to form a poem.
Begonia hair is always close to the water and the moon comes first. Do you know what the flowers here look like? The cool moon turns white one after another, and the fragrant wind smells from the other side.
The yellow bird is close, and the sound on the other side is corresponding. Sit on the raspberry moss and have a glass of red wine.
Chinese plum
There are some plums in the corner, and cold ling opens them alone.
I knew from a distance that it wasn't snow, because there was a smell coming.
Two songs by Fei Ming
one
When Princess Ming first left the Han Palace, her eyes were moist.
There's nothing Wang can do about it.
When you come back, you will complain about Dan Qing's hand. I've seen it in my life.
I couldn't understand the meaning, so I killed Mao Yanshou for nothing.
Go and know it, don't return, pity the Han palace clothes;
Send a voice to ask Sanan, only geese fly every year.
Wan Li, a family member, sent a message. Fortunately, Mo Xiang remembered being in the felt city.
Don't you see that Nagato and Gillian are very close? There is no difference between north and south in life.
Secondly,
Princess Ming first married Hu Er, and all the carpets were Hu Ji.
Erotic language has no place to live, and it spreads to pipa.
The golden pole stirred his hand and tried to persuade Hu to drink.
The maid-in-waiting in the Han palace wept, and the pedestrians on the sand looked back.
Hann is shallow and deep, and he has known each other all his life.
Poor Qingling is gone, and still has the strings of mourning music.
Shang Yang
Since ancient times, people have been driven by honesty, and a word is more important than gold.
Today's people must be Shang Yang, who can make politics imperative.
Book Lake, Yinxian County, Bi Sheng
Grass eaves are long and quiet without moss, and flowers and trees are planted by hand.
One water protects the field and surrounds the green, and two mountains send green.
The first day of the lunar month
The roar of firecrackers, the old year has passed; The warm spring breeze ushered in the New Year, and people happily drank the newly brewed Tu Su wine.
Thousands of families always trade new peaches for old ones.
chess
Don't disturb the truth with drama, you can win with me.
After the war, two piles were divided into white and black, and one pile was a loss.
Dengfeilai peak
Fly to the top of Chihiro Tower, hear the cock crow and the sun rise.
As written in a China poem, we are not afraid of dark clouds covering our sight, because we are already on the top of the mountain.
Berthing Guazhou
Jingkou and Guazhou are just separated by a water, and Zhongshan has only a few heavy green mountains.
The gentle spring breeze turns green again, but, moon in the sky, when can you take me home?
Playing chess with Xue Zhaoming, I lost a plum blossom poem.
Fahua looks for spring and likes to see Mei, which is a pile of snow on the road.
Fengcheng Nanmo remembers its year, and it is difficult to come with the post.
Spring night
The golden stove is full of lingering fragrance, and the breeze is cold.
Spring bothers me that I can't sleep, and the moon moves the railing.
Beishan
Beishan lost its green color and went straight to the pond.
Counting the fallen flowers because I have been sitting for a long time, I found that the grass is already late.
Ge xiyi
The moon is in a daze, and Yi Deng shines on the autumn bed.
Feel the wind and dew early when you are sick, and I don't know how long the mountains and rivers are.
I feel generous when I am old, but I feel sad when I look at the world.
Cicada is even more confusing to pedestrians' ears, holding semi-yellow sparse tung leaves.
Show it often.
It is not easy for teenagers to leave, but it is a pity to meet again when they are old.
Fur cups and plates are for laughter, and dim light is for life.
Three years of self-pity for the lake and the sea, a thousand miles in the dust and sand.
I want to know when the later period is, and I want to see Yan Nanzheng when I deliver the book.
Late steps in Zhongshan
Light rain, light wind, fallen English flowers, as thin as snow and as flat as sand. Jiangcun Road, Park Hedgehog Bamboo House, when I saw Yicheng selling restaurants.
Gudong
Heaven is naturally dense and lonely. Ling Xiao is indomitable, humble and polite.
Old roots are strong, and the sun is more cloudy. Think about it tomorrow. I want to play the banjo.
Xie Gongdun
Pay all the expenses? What's the shame?
New Year's Eve
The moon reflects the forest pond, and the wind laughs and cools. Look down at the green net and stand in the fragrance. Take the young to find the new, help the poor and set sail. After a long time, cherish the streamer at the end of the year.
Mountain travel
Write the shallow scenery clearly and wear the green shade. All flat heads are Chu, and long ears are Wu Yin. The twilight is beautiful, and the cold spring is still good. Who agrees with this true meaning, tired birds also search.
Shang Zhong Yong
Fang Zhongyong, a native of Jinxi, is cultivated in the world. Zhong Yongsheng lived for five years and didn't understand books and tools. Suddenly he cried for it. The father, on the other hand, borrowed from the side and approached it, that is, four sentences of books and poems, which were named after themselves. His poems were written for adoptive parents and families and passed down to a scholar in a township. Nature refers to things as poetry, and its arts and sciences are considerable. People in the city are very surprised. They are a little nicer to their father or beg with coins. My father's interest is natural, and he will always pay tribute to the city people and let him be ignorant.
I've been listening for a long time. In Ming Dow, it has been twelve or thirteen years since our ancestors went home and saw them at my uncle's house. To write a poem, you can't call it the smell of the past. After another seven years, I returned to Yangzhou and asked my uncle how he was. He said, "Everyone has left."
The prince said, "Zhong Yong's understanding is also an act of God. It is also blessed, far more virtuous than talents. If a chess piece is owned by everyone, it will not be influenced by others. He is a man who receives heaven, so he is a saint, and he who does not receive heaven is for all; Today, if my husband doesn't accept the day, he will fix everyone and don't accept it. Is it just for everyone? "
On the Portrait of Wei Jia Gong Dan
The hero Xuanhe was in the Three Dynasties, and he helped Han Tiao calmly by means of tactics.
Confucianism served as prime minister early, and the crown was inserted into the mink.
After opening the Six Pagodas, the refugees recovered and the Ganling rebellion disappeared.
A portrait is still empty, and I know the weather vane here in those days.
-Quoted from Nanpi County Records, p. 775.
Poetry criticism
As far as the poetic style is concerned, Anshi's ancient poems mostly use classics and arguments, but like Qu and Taoyuan Xing, they have novel ideas, rich feelings and rich imagination. Rhyme, on the other hand, is steady and appropriate, but sometimes it is inevitable to lose too much carving. Five musts and seven musts are especially famous. "Wang Banshan has many styles and is good at quatrains" (Poems in a Cold Hall on the Country) and "Poems on the World are wonderful" (Poems on a Boat). His poems have great influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Gong Jing Style" (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang).
In Jinling, there are more than 30 people who send osmanthus fragrance, but Wang is the swan song. Dongpo saw it and sighed, "This old man is a wild fox!" Write: "It's late autumn and the weather is still early. Thousands of miles are like a river, like clusters of Qingfeng. Sailing towards the sunset, leaning against the west wind and leaning against the wine flag. The colorful boat is cloudy, and the heron rises to the milky way, which is difficult to figure out.
Miss the past, compete for prosperity, sigh outside the door, and continue to hate. Throughout the ages, depending on the level, share weal and woe. The past of the Six Dynasties flowed with the water, and the cold smoke faded the grass. Today, business women still sing from time to time, leaving a legacy in the backyard. "Among them, many of them are written on the road of political reform to motivate themselves.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation
There are many different comments on Wang Anshi's political reform in history. During the Northern Song Dynasty, opponents criticized it by modifying history. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the reform was characterized by the method of compiling history, and it was pointed out that Wang Anshi's reform led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty (it is said that the Southern Song Dynasty court wanted to shirk the responsibility of the royal family). Later generations made such judgments on its reform based on this, so that there were special satirical articles in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
However, there are also scholars in Wang Anshi's hometown who argue because of their fellow villagers, such as Lu Jiuyuan.
Since modern times, unprecedented changes have taken place in China, and the call for reform is increasing. Therefore, Wang Anshi's reform began to be positively evaluated. The main figures are Liang Qichao and Yan Fu, and Liang Qichao's Biography of Wang Anshi. He said: "If you want to be perfect in three generations, only the public can be it ... If you don't stand out, you will be criticized by the world and won't let the world down." Starting from the needs of social reality, they call for the spirit of reform. Later, there were more and more studies on Wang Anshi's political reform, and it was not popularized until the Republic of China.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Anshi was mainly evaluated from the perspective of class, and then this method was gradually abolished, and his reform was viewed from the perspective of specific interests. The main researchers are SJGH and Deng Guangming.
Overseas, Huang Renyu, a Chinese-American historian, believes that many of Wang Anshi's reforms involved large-scale commercial and digital management in China at that time, but they failed because of the lack of bureaucratic culture and related technical capabilities at that time.
In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi began to implement the new law and adopted a series of reform measures. The following year, Sima Guang wrote a long letter of more than 3,300 words to Wang Anshi, listing the disadvantages of implementing the new law and demanding that Wang Anshi abandon the new law and restore the old system. "Reply to Sima's suggestion" is Wang Anshi's reply: "If I really blame myself for being in office for a long time and failing to help the people, then someone will know the crime. If you say that you should do nothing today, just do what you did before, it is beyond anyone's knowledge. " The so-called "don't be afraid of clouds to cover your eyes, you are at the highest level." It is a portrayal of Wang Anshi.