Jean-Henri casimir Fabres is a French entomologist, animal behaviorist and writer. Known by the world as "hippo in insect world" and by the French as "Vergilius in insect world". Born in a farmhouse in Saint Leon, Provence, southern France. In the following years, Fables spent time with his grandparents in Malaval, not far from the village. At that time, he was attracted by lovely insects such as butterflies and slugs in the country.
1829, Fabres returned to St. Rennes to start school, but that childhood has been deeply engraved in his heart.
1833, fabrice's family came to rodez, and his father made a living by running a coffee shop.
1837, the family moved to Toulouse. Fables entered the seminary in Toulouse, but dropped out of school, went out to make a living, worked on the railway and sold lemons in the market. Later, he passed the selection examination of avignon Normal School, won a scholarship, and obtained a diploma from an institution of higher learning after three years' study. After graduation, Fables, then 19 years old, began his teaching career in Cabentra. His course was the history of natural science.
1849 was appointed as a physics teacher in ajaccio, Corsica. The beautiful natural scenery and rich species on the island ignited his enthusiasm for studying animals and plants. Le Quinn, a botanist in avignon, taught him knowledge. After that, he followed Mocan-Tang Tong to collect flowers and plants everywhere. This knowledgeable tutor laid a solid foundation for Fabres to become a naturalist and embark on the road of scientific research.
1853, fabrice returned to the French mainland, was hired by a school in avignon, and moved his family into a simple house in the Rue Saint Dominique.
1857, he published "Observation on the Habit of Ophiuchus argus", which corrected the wrong view of Leon dufour, the founder of entomology at that time, thus winning the praise of French research institute and being awarded the experimental physiology prize. During this period, Fabers also devoted himself to the study of natural dye madder or alizarin. At that time, the red color on French soldiers' trousers came from madder powder.
In 1860, Fabres obtained three patents for this kind of research. Later, Fables was invited by Victor Durui, Minister of Public Education, to take charge of the organization and teaching of an adult night school, but his free teaching method caused some people's dissatisfaction. So he quit his job and settled in Orange with his family for more than ten years. In this decade, Fabres completed the first volume of ten volumes of Insects. During this period, he and his friends went to Wandu several times to collect plant specimens. In addition, he also got to know the British philosopher Mill, but Mill died young, which made their previous plan "Vascruz Vegetation Grand View" die. At the same time, a great misfortune befell Fabres: he had six children, and Jules, the only son who shared the same interests with his father and loved observing nature, died at the age of sixteen. Since then, Fables has dedicated several plants he discovered to Jules who died young to express his memory. The study of fungi has always been one of Fables' hobbies.
1878, he wrote many wonderful academic articles on the theme of Vacruzzi's fungi. He also made a detailed study of Kuaizi and described his fragrance in detail. Gourmets claim that they can taste all the flavors described in his works from real chopsticks.
From 65438 to 0879, fabrice bought a barren stone garden in Ang, cellini, and lived there until his death. This is a barren land, but it is the favorite land of insects. In addition to living for his family, there is also his study, studio and testing ground, which can make him concentrate on quiet thinking and devote himself to various observations and experiments. It can be said that this is the world he has always dreamed of. It was here that Fabres finished the last nine volumes of Insects while observing and experimenting, while sorting out the observation notes, experimental records and scientific notes of insects in the first half of his life. Today, this former residence has become a museum, quietly located in a botanical garden with strong Provence style.
Fabers insisted on self-study all his life, and successively obtained bachelor's degree, bachelor's degree in mathematics, bachelor's degree in natural science and doctor's degree in natural science. He is proficient in Latin and Greek and loves the works of Horace, an ancient Roman writer, and Virgil, a poet. He almost taught himself painting and watercolor painting, and many of his exquisite illustrations of fungi were praised by the Nobel Prize in Literature winner and French poet Frederic mistral. In his later years, Fabres's success in insects earned him the reputation of "Homer of Insects" and "Poet of Science", and his achievements were widely recognized by the society. Although fabrice has won many scientific titles, he is still as simple, shy and humble as ever, and leads a poor life. His talent was admired by scholars at that time, including British biologist Darwin, Belgian playwright maeterlinck, Nobel Prize in Literature winner of 19 1 1, German writer Jung, French philosopher Bergson, poet Malamei, Provence writer Roumani, and so on. Because Fables' experiment was accurately recorded in Insect Tales, which revealed many secrets of insect life and habits, Darwin called Fables an "imitative observer". When he lived in Cerini, many scholars and writers visited him in succession. Fabres had received Pasteur, British philosopher Mill and other scholars in his own residence, but his correspondence with them was not frequent. Victor Durui, Minister of Public Education, recommended Fable to Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, who awarded him the Medal of Honor. French politician Raymond Poincare paid tribute to him by making a detour through Cerini. Fabres's works with multiple identities are varied: as a naturalist, he left many academic works on animals and plants, including Madder: Patents and Papers, Animals in avignon, Cuckoo, Mushrooms on Olive Trees, Grape Root Aphids and so on. As a teacher, he has compiled many textbooks of chemical physics. As a poet, he wrote many poems in Provence in southern France, and was affectionately called "Gadfly Poet" by the local people. In addition, he translated the works of some Provencal poets into French. In his spare time, he also creates some ditties with his small mouth. However, among Fabres's works, Insect is the longest, the most important and the most widely known one. This work not only shows his talent and literary talent in scientific observation and research, but also conveys his humanistic spirit and incomparable love for life to readers.
[Edit this paragraph] Fables as a child.
1823 65438+February 2 1 Born in Sa Wang Lei, an ancient village in the Lunag Mountains in southern France, the teacher in the village named him John Amway. Father Antonio (born in 1800) and mother Fekval (born in 1805).
1825 (two years old) My brother Franti lick was born.
1827 (3 years old) was fostered with her grandparents in Malabang village from 3 to 6 years old because her mother had to take care of her younger brother. This is a big farmhouse with many older children. He is a child with strong curiosity and memory. He once proved that light can be seen by his eyes and traced the insect singing in the leaves to dew. I like listening to grandma's stories before going to bed, but on cold winter nights, I often sleep with my sheep in my arms.
1830 (6 years old) returned to Sa Wang Lei village and entered the private school run by Teacher Lika. In class, pigs and chickens often run into the classroom for food. Write down the letters A, B, C ... from animal books, and become interested in insects and grass, and find the nest of the black-throated owl, and get the blue eggs in the nest. Under the persuasion of the priest, the eggs were put back in their original places. In order to increase the family income and help to look after the ducklings, they are responsible for rushing to the swamp for stocking, so as to discover the creatures and minerals such as crystals and mica in the swamp.
1833 (9 years old), the whole family moved to Rhodes town. My father made a living by running a coffee shop, and entered Wang Li College as an assistant for Wang Mi's retirement ceremony without paying tuition. When I was a student, I studied Latin and Greek, and I liked reading the poems of the ancient Roman poet Vilkki Reese.
1837 (13 years old), my father failed to run a coffee shop and his family moved to Torres. Enter Eskil Theological Seminary.
1838 (14 years old), my father's business failed again, moved to Mombelli, opened another shop, left home alone to sell lemons and became a railway worker. I once spent more than a day's salary buying Rubl's poems and taking them to vilen to read. Knowing all kinds of insects is my greatest pleasure. I felt very happy when I first caught the European cloud gill beetle.
Karban's Torah era
1839 (15 years old) was admitted to yaweinong normal school as the first public student. Accommodate at school. Because the content of the class is too boring, I often spend my self-study time observing the stings of wasps, the fruits of plants or writing poems. On Mount Ray sager, I first saw the sacred dung beetles trying to push dung, and I was deeply moved.
1840 (16 years old) was scolded by the teacher for his poor grades. He completed three credits in two years and studied natural history, Latin and Greek freely for the rest of the year.
1842 (18 years old) After graduating from normal school, she became a teacher in Karban Tora Primary School with an annual salary of 700 francs. She was praised for her enthusiasm for teaching. My father failed in business and moved from Montpellier to Bordeaux.
1843 (19 years old) In the field investigation practice class, the students learned about the wallflower bee. It is also because of this kind of bee that I began to read Chronicles of Arthropods written by Blanche and Leomir, and I fell in love with Entomology.
1844 (aged 20) married her colleague Mary van Yael (aged 23). Study mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc. On your own. My father's coffee shop is closed again, and he is temporarily working in Karban Tora Tax Bureau.
1845 (2 1 year), the eldest daughter Elizabeth was born.
1846 (aged 22) Ai Lisha Bate passed away. Passed the mathematics entrance examination of Mombelli University. My brother Franti Lick became a primary school teacher.
1847 (aged 23) obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Mombelli University. The eldest son John was born.
1848 (at the age of 24) received a bachelor's degree in physics from Mombelli University.
John, the oldest male, died young. I really appreciate Tosnell's works about birds. I hope to teach in a university, but I have no chance.
Corsican era
1849 (25 years old) works as a physics teacher in Ajegsio National High School in Corsica, with an annual salary of 1800 francs. Facing the rich nature of Corsica, I began to study animals and plants. Besides, he is also very keen on mathematics. Climb every mountain in Corsica with botanist Lucia and collect plants.
1850 (26 years old), the second daughter Andrea was born.
185 1 year (27 years old), Monken Tatton, a professor of natural history at Toles University, came to Corsica. Tatton dissected the snail and showed it to Fabres. He discovered his excellent qualifications and urged him to study natural history hard. Since then, his interest has shifted from mathematics to natural history, and he decided to become a naturalist. At the end of the year, he returned to avignon to recuperate because of a fever. Lucia died suddenly in Corsica.
1852 (28 years old) returned to Ajegsio Middle School after recovering from illness.
Yawennong era
1853 (aged 29) became a physics assistant in avignon Normal School (later transformed into Lise Abenius National High School), with an annual salary of 1600 francs. Three daughters Alia were born.
1854 (aged 30) obtained a bachelor's degree in natural history from Toles University.
After reading a paper written by Ryan dufour about hunting bees-yellow-waisted native bees, he decided to study insect ecology. His potential is like lit firewood, burning, studying tumor bees hunting weevils on the cliffs of Tora, Karban, correcting dufour's mistakes and publishing more in-depth papers.
1855 (3 1 year), four daughters, Claire, were born, and successively published some plant-related papers such as Observing the Flowers and Fruits of Pea Tree Plants in scientific journals.
1856 (32 years old) won the experimental physiology award of French bachelor's college for his research on tumor-bearing bees. Continue to study insects such as high-nosed bees and short-winged turnips, but because of the hardships of life, the research time is not much. Part-time tutor, tutor and other positions, began to study the extraction of dyes from madder.
On May 2,1,1857 (33 years old) found the larvae of short-winged turnips in the nest of striped bees, and published the paper "The Transformation of Turnips" and the paper on plants.
1858 (34 years old) learned that it is impossible to become a university professor without property and devoted himself to the research of madder dyes.
From 65438 to 0859 (at the age of 35), Darwin praised Fabres as a "rare observer" in his book On the Origin of Species.
The second male Jules was born. Curator of Rukia Museum. Inspector De Luyi visited and got to know botanist Duracole, then met British economist Miller who lived in avignon, and became a plant lover.
1862 (38 years old) The book of primary school was published by Anjie. I know Della klapp, president of Paris Press, and he encouraged me to write easy-to-understand scientific books.
1863 (39 years old), gave birth to three men, Amir, and Deleuil became the Minister of Education.
1865 (4 1 year-old), Dundu Mountain was in distress, and pasteur, a bacteriologist, made a door-to-door visit to give Della klapp scientific books such as Sky and Earth.
1866 (42 years old) successfully extracted dye pigment from madder, and was hired as a professor of physics at Avignon Normal School.
1867 (aged 43) was affirmed for his contribution to Vignon, and he won the Cagnel Prize of 9000 francs.
1868 (aged 44) was awarded the Medal of Ray Wang Zi Denur, and paid tribute to Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte on the recommendation of Minister of Education Deluy. Be a lecturer in natural history and physics at night. The successfully developed madder dye will be industrialized. Shortly after the establishment of the factory, Germany completed the chemical synthesis of garlic thiamine dye, and the dream of industrialization of madder dye was dashed. The teaching method of public lectures was opposed by conservative educators and churches, so they fired the teaching staff of normal schools.
1869 (aged 45) At the instigation of conservatives, Deleuil resigned as Minister of Education.
Lan Ou JIU times
1870 (aged 46) borrowed money from Miller and moved to Lan Ou. Raising a family of seven is a heavy burden. Fortunately, popular science books are published one after another, and you can pay back the money bit by bit.
187 1 year-old (47 years old) lives a life of writing books and observing insects. This year, because of the German-French war, it was impossible to get royalties and manuscript fees on time, and life was even more difficult.
1872 (48 years old) Due to the introduction of Druai, the chemist Ma presented a microscope.
1873 (aged 49) Miller passed away. Forced to resign as director of Rukia Museum and protest to the mayor. He was awarded a silver medal by the Paris Society for the Protection of Animals, and his works in mathematics, plants and physics were asked one after another.
1877 (53 years old), the male Jules died, and three kinds of bees were named Florus native bee, Florus high-nosed bee and Florus cave bee for Jules in Latin.
1878 (54) was deeply hit by Jules' death, and his health was much worse than before. I almost died of pneumonia, but I was lucky to get through it with strong willpower.
The Complete Works of Entomology Volume 1 (The original contents include: sacred dung beetles pushes dung balls, tumor-dwelling bees catch weevils, and Langedoge cave bees catch short-winged owls, etc. ).
Alamas era
1879 (55 years old) moved because the landlord cut down two rows of buttonwood trees in front of Lan Ou's house. I found my ideal home outside Longlini village and named it "Almas" (meaning wasteland). There are many drought-tolerant and prickly plants in the courtyard of Almas, which is a paradise for all kinds of insects. On April 3rd, Insect Book 1 was published by Della klapp Publishing House. In the future, a book will be published about every three years.
1880 (56 years old) Science books are very popular, and some of them are designated as textbooks. A large number of scarab larvae were found in the dead leaves in Ulster's yard, so they began to study and observe their lives, and retired soldier Fabina served as his assistant.
188 1 year-old (57 years old) was appointed as a correspondent member (local member) of Paris College.
1882 (58 years old) The second book of insects was published. My elderly father moved in.
1885 (6 1 year-old) His wife Mary died (64 years old). Three girls, alea, are playing the role of mother and dealing with housework. Began to draw a "mushroom" picture with watercolor.
1887 (aged 63) married Josephine Doutie (aged 23) who was born in Longlini village. Became a correspondent member of the French entomological society and won the Delphi Award from the Alumni Association.
Josephine gave birth to four male Boers at 1888 (64 years old).
1889 (at the age of 65) won the Butch Delmonte Prize, the highest honor of the French Academy, and won the prize of 10000 francs.
1890 (66 years old) gave birth to five girls, Paolino.
189 1 year (67 years old) Four daughters Claire passed away.
1892 (aged 68) was awarded an honorary member of the Belgian entomological society.
1893 (aged 69) Father antonioni passed away (aged 93). I began to study the incredible ability of moths, and found that male moths can find female moths from far away because of a kind of "information divergence" from female moths, which is similar to the so-called "hormone" today. Fabers called May 6th, when moths gathered at home, "Moth Night", roasted the larvae of moths to eat, and fired cannons to test the cicada's hearing.
1894 (70 years old) was awarded honorary member of French entomological society. The habits of dung beetles, half-human dung beetles, beaked elephants and big scorpions were observed.
Anna was born in 1895 (7 1 year).
1897 (73 years old) educates three young children in Almas' home, and his wife Josephine also takes part in this class.
1898 (74 years old) The second daughter Andrea died.
1899 (75 years old) Because there are many imitations on the market, his science books are no longer designated as teaching materials, so his royalties are reduced and his life is in trouble again.
1902 (78 years old), in order to raise three young children, he began to take out royalties and manuscript fees deposited in the publishing house, and was awarded an honorary member of the Russian entomological society.
1905 (8 1 year), the French Academy awarded the Junior Award and received a pension of 3,000 francs.
1907 (83 years old), entomology was published in 10, but the sales volume was not good. Student Dr. Legro proposed to hold a celebration ceremony for the 30th anniversary of the publication of Insects, and found that Mr. fabrice's life was even more miserable than he expected.
1908 (84 years old) Thanks to the efforts of Mistola, a poet in Brobanes, Fables' contribution was affirmed and he received a pension of 1500 francs.
1909 (85 years old) Write the Entomology Volume 1 1 (Research on fireflies, cabbage caterpillars, etc. ), and the body is very weak, so I published a collection of poems. He was awarded the title of "Poet of Brobanes" by Albus.
19 10 on April 3rd (86 years old), at the appeal of Mistola, students, friends and readers were called to hold a celebration ceremony. This day was designated as "fabrice Day", and "Tales of Insects" became famous all over the world, winning the Medal of Ray Wang Zi Denur (one level higher than last time) and a pension of 2,000 francs again. He was awarded the Forest Award by stech Holm Bachelor College and received many donations from home and abroad. All thank-you letters were returned, except those donated to poor families with unknown addresses.
19 12 (88 years old) His wife Josephine died (48 years old) and was taken care of by Alia and the monastery nurse Anthony Enu. Thierry, Minister of Public Works, visited.
19 13 (89 years old) President Boancare paid a visit to pay tribute to Fabres on behalf of French nationals.
19 14 (90 years old) Emile and his brother Franti lick died one after another.
19 15 (9 1 year) In May, with the support of his family, he sat in a chair and walked around the yard for the last time. 10 years1October 7th, uremia worsened. 65438+ 10 month 1 1 passed away. On June 16, he was buried in Longlini Cemetery, and mantis snails came to see him off.
192 1 year, with the efforts of Congressman Rugolo, the government bought the Almas, preserved it under the name of "Almas Fabres", and hired Alia and Bohr to manage it.
Now, Pina Dioghi is running this place.
Fabrice's home was preserved in the form of a museum at the initiative of Mrs. Kabardino, a primary school teacher in Sa 'Wang Lei.
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