From June in the first year of Gan Yuan (758) to autumn in the second year of Gan Yuan (759), Tang Suzong joined the army and served as the secretariat of Huazhou. Du Fuyuan was appointed as the right-hand man of the DPRK. Because of his outspoken admonition, he angered powerful people and was demoted to Huazhou (now Huaxian County), where he was responsible for sacrifices, ceremonies, schools, elections, medical care and examinations. It is also called "Da Du Li" together with Li Bai, a poet.
After arriving in Iowa, Du Fu was very depressed and upset. He often goes to Zhengxian Pavilion on the Xixi River (near the old viewing platform in Xinglin Town today) to relieve his worries. In his poems, such as Tizhengting, Bitter Story of Early Autumn, Independence, and Skinny Horse Travel, he expressed his sigh and resentment at those who were frustrated in their official career, indifferent in the world and treacherous.
Despite personal misfortunes, Du Fu always cared about the country and the people. During the An Shi Rebellion, he observed the development of the current situation, during which he wrote two articles: Guo Ruhua's situation of destroying the residual crown and Five Questions about the state examiners in 2000, offering suggestions for eliminating the An Shi Rebellion and considering how to reduce the burden on the people. When the soldiers and horses of Li, the main force of the rebel army, passed through Huazhou, they wrote a poem "Two Kansai Soldiers Going to Guanzhong for Standby" to express their patriotic enthusiasm.
At the end of the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou to visit relatives in Luoyang and Yanshi (both in present-day Henan). In March of the following year, the battle between Tang Jun and Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan Province) broke out and Tang Jun was defeated. On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu was deeply touched by the endless disasters brought by the war and the patriotic behavior of people who endured humiliation in the war. He wrote immortal epics-three officials (Xin 'an official, Shihu official, Tongguan official) and three farewell (newly married, resigned, homeless).
In the summer of 759, in the second year of Gan Yuan, there was a drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote Summer Sigh and Summer Night Sigh, lamenting the sufferings of China refugees.
After beginning of autumn this year, Du Fu felt sad about the dirty politics, gave up his secretarial position in Huazhou to join the army, and went to Qin Zhou in the west (now Tianshui, Gansu).
Du Fu wrote more than 30 poems during his tenure in Huazhou.
Du Fu and Li Bai are called "Du Li". In order to distinguish them from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, namely "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li", and Du Fu is often called "Old Du". Du Fu and Du Mu are distant relatives, both descendants of Du Yu, the general who destroyed Sun Wu in Jin Dynasty (Du Fu was Du Yu's twentieth grandson). Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" because of his gloomy poetic style and his concern for the country and the people. Although Du Fu was not known to the world at that time, his works eventually had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature through the research of later generations [2]. About 65,438+0,500 of his poems have been preserved, and his collection is Du Gongbu. His influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "Poet Saint" by later generations.
The core of his thought is Confucianism. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. Study and travel before the age of thirty-five. During the Tianbao period, he went to Chang 'an and had no way to join the army. After ten years of hardships, he won a small position in which you Wei led Cao to join the army. After the An Shi Rebellion (An Shi Rebellion, Shi Siming Rebellion) broke out, he went into exile and was captured by the rebels. After getting out of danger, the official got a left pickup truck. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went west. Finally he went to Sichuan and settled in Chengdu. He once played Yuan Wailang in Jiannan Our Time Yanwu, so he was also named Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward, staying in Kuizhou for two years and leaving the gorge. Wandering in Hubei and Hunan, he died of poverty and illness.
Du Fu was a great realistic poet and world cultural celebrity in Tang Dynasty. Experienced the process from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, compared with the poet Li Bai, Du Fu is more concerned about the country and the people and sympathizes with the hard life of ordinary people. Du Fu was the foreign minister of Zuo Shiyi and the proofreading department, so he was later called Du Gongbu.
His poems are good at antique and rhythmic poems, and have various styles. He accurately summed up his work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", mainly focusing on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and his poems mostly involved social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflect the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time, so they are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down from generation to generation, such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Du Gongbu Collection. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems were the most widely circulated in the Tang Dynasty, and he was one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Du Fu and Du Mu are distant relatives, both descendants of Du Yu, the general who destroyed Sun Wu in Jin Dynasty (Du Fu was Du Yu's twentieth grandson). Du Fu's distant ancestor was Du Yu, a famous soldier in Jin Dynasty. The position that great-grandfather Du once held. My grandfather was Du, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. He was an official and a food department, and he had his own autobiography. Father Du Xian holds the position of Fengtianling. Du Fu traveled in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei and Shandong in his youth, and met Li Bai twice, forming a profound friendship.
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis and refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. Du Gongbu has been handed down from generation to generation.
all one's life
Du Fu, the grandson of the famous poet Du Fu, was born in a family with literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. He was frustrated all his life. I only worked as a small official like Zuo Shiyi. Although he was called "the sage of poetry" and "the history of poetry" by later generations, he did not get people's attention at that time in the Tang Dynasty. There is a poem "The Play is Six quatrains (Part II)" written by "Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty": "Wang Yang and Luo Lu are contemporary, but frivolous; Second, Cao's name is ruined, and he does not waste rivers and mountains. " Among them, there are many poets' self-comparisons. Du Fu's experience and poetry creation can be divided into four periods:
1. Reading roaming period (before 35 years old)? The so-called "dissolute Zhao Qi, Qiu Ma is quite sober and crazy".
In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (at the age of 20), he began to roam in wuyue, returned to Luoyang five years later, and then Du Fu roamed Qi and Zhao. Later, I met Li Bai in Luoyang, and the two met and hated each other late, forming a profound friendship. Then I met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to qi zhou. After breaking up, they met on East Road respectively. This is the last time that "Shi Xian" and "Shi Sheng" met.
Second, trapped in Chang' an period (35 to 44 years old)
During this period, Du Fu took the exam in Chang 'an for the first time and came last. Li, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, even told Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty that no one in the ruling and opposition parties was successful. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. He lived a life of "grabbing the rich door in the morning, dressing up the horse dust at dusk, throwing a cup of cold roast and hiding sadness everywhere". Finally, he got the position of right-back leading Cao Cao to join the army (mainly a small official guarding war weapons and treasury keys). During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an. Xuanzong held three successive festivals from 75 1 the eighth day of the first month to 10. Du Fu took this opportunity to write three poems, and Xuanzong wrote a collection of sages to be made, but it was not reused.
Third, the period of being trapped as a thief (45 to 48 years old)
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled in Zhangzhou and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope and Love for the Head of the River. Later, he fled to Fengxiang to cheat and made a collection. Because of this suggestion, Prime Minister Fang Yi was demoted to join the army. (Fang Yi is a typical intellectual, but unrealistic. He fought against the rebels and adopted the Spring and Autumn Array, which resulted in a crushing defeat. Du Fu began to clean up the remains of Zuo and wrote that Fang Fang was innocent, so he was angry and wanted to find fault. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Four, the southwest wandering period (48 to 58 years old)
With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled with his family, passing through Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and lived a relatively stable life in Chengdu. When he entered the DPRK, the warlord in the middle of Shu rebelled and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. After Yanwu filmed Our Times in Chengdu, Du Fu went to Yanwu and Yanwu died. He drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, drifted to Hubei and Hunan, and died on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Broke the Straw Shed, Shuxiang, Yellow River Banks Recovered by the Imperial Army, Gordon, Moon Landing Building and many other famous works. One of the most famous poems is: "An De Wan Lou, all the poor people in the world are happy." And the "leaves fall like waterfalls, and I think the long river always rolls forward" in "To the Top" is a swan song.
death of du fu
For many years, the biggest question Du Fu left for future generations was the cause of his death.
The literary and historical circles have put forward five theories about Du Fu's death, each holding its own word, which is thought-provoking.
First, the theory of death
Looking through Du Fu's biographies of Mo Lifeng and Tong Qiang, the book says: "Winter came and the poet fell ill. I got sick on the boat to Yueyang. ..... a superstar has fallen in this infinite loneliness. " (Tianjin People's Publishing House 200 1, 1, page 3 16).
Second, drowning.
This theory originated from Addendum written by Du Fu in the name of Li Guan in the Tang Dynasty. After this statement was put forward, scholars of all ages later refuted it and clearly pointed out the "hard injury" in this passage. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty died in the first year of Baoying in 762 AD. How could he be granted the death of Fu in Du Zimei in 770?
Third, drown to death.
This theory originated from the statement that "three sages (Qu Yuan, Li Bai and Du Fu) are one water" in Du Zimei's tomb written in the name of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty. Huai Sha three people out of the sink, this is obviously a kind of imagination without any basis.
Fourth, died of food poisoning.
Guo Moruo, a famous modern scholar, put forward this statement, which is also speculative, and there is almost no literature as the basis of pure personal literature creation.
Five, died of indigestion
This statement is more credible. Du Fu's death is closely related to hunger. After leaving Sichuan, Du Fu lived in Hunan. He was hungry for nine days because of the sudden flood. The local county magistrate rescued Du Fu by boat and entertained him with beef and white wine. Du Fu, who had a rare gluttony for a long time, suffered from indigestion.
Du fu family
[wife]
At the age of 30, Du Fu temporarily interrupted his roaming between Qilu and returned to Luoyang. He built the Luhun Villa under shouyangshan in the northwest of Yanshi County, and then married the daughter of Yang Yi, a farmer in hongnong county (the first year of Tianbao was changed to Lingbao County). Sinong Shao Qing is the deputy minister in charge of agriculture and finance. He is suitable for the Du Fu family who has been an official for generations. His wife is ten years younger than him. She must be a sensible, intelligent and virtuous woman. It's a pity that Du Fu didn't make a biography of his beloved wife. Even we don't know the name of Mrs. Yang, but she is mentioned in many places in Du Fu's poems. Although she is only a few words, we can't help admiring the great woman behind this poet.
[children]
He has two sons, Wen Zong and Zong Wu, and a daughter, Feng Er.
personal influence
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He was the pioneer of the poetic style of Han Yuefu, and his Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis and refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage.
Du Fu (AD 7 12- AD 770), with beautiful words, often claimed to be young and old at night in his poems. He was born in Gong County (now gongyi city, Henan Province) to a landlord family. His grandfather Du was a famous poet in the era of Wu Zetian, and his father was a Yanzhou county magistrate, so he also enjoyed the privilege of not paying taxes and refusing to perform military service. But his life is very difficult.
He began to recite poems at the age of seven, and "reading thousands of books" and "secretly reading thousands of books" prepared sufficient conditions for his creation.
At the age of twenty, he started to travel south to wuyue and then to Zhao Qi. After ten years' intensive tour, he enjoyed the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, which not only enriched his life, but also broadened his vision and mind, which made his early poems have a strong romantic color.
In the fifth year of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (AD 746), Du Fu, 35, came to Chang 'an. The following year, he took the imperial examination of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Because of the treacherous court official Li, none of the candidates were admitted. Since then, there is no way to make progress and live a humiliating life of "rich in the morning and fat at night". This also enabled him to see the sufferings of the lower class and the evils of the ruling class, and thus wrote realistic masterpieces such as Garage Shop, Two Roads, and Going to Fengxian to pay homage.
It was not until the fourteenth year of Tianbao (AD 755) that he got the position of "You Wei led the government soldier Cao Shenjun" and was responsible for guarding the armory warehouse. In the same year, "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, and Du Fu was visiting relatives in Fengxian (Pucheng, Shaanxi). In the second year, he settled down in Qiang Village, Fuxian County (Shaanxi Province) and went to Su Zong, who acceded to the throne in Lingwu (Gansu Province). On the way, he was captured by the rebels and taken to occupied Chang 'an, during which he witnessed the killing and looting atrocities of the rebels and the suffering of the people. It was not until April of the second year of Zhide (AD 757) that he ventured to Fengxiang (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), the temporary residence of Su Zong, and was awarded the left photograph. Soon after, because he helped save the house, he was demoted to join the army as secretary of Huazhou. Since then, he has been repeatedly denounced and has a deeper understanding of the sufferings of the people. The social reality he heard and witnessed provided materials for his creation of "Spring Watch", "Ai Jiang Tou", "Northern Expedition" and "Three Officials and Three Farewells", which made his poems reach the peak of realism.
"I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far." In 759 AD, he abandoned his official position, moved his family to the west and finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yanwu and others, he built a thatched cottage in the west of Huanhuaxi, named Du Fu Cottage, also known as Huanhuacao Hall. Later, it was recommended by Yanwu as the festival capital, and the whole family lived in fengjie county, Sichuan. Two years later, I left fengjie county and moved around Jiangling and Hengyang. In the fifth year of Tang Daizong Dali (770), the poet died on a boat in Xiangjiang River. In his last eleven years in southwest China, although he lived a different life, he wrote more than 1000 poems, such as Autumn Wind Broken Cottage, Yellow River Banks Recovered by Imperial Army, Autumn Prosperity, Sui Yanxing and so on.
Du fu's thought
The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and his poetic style is gloomy and frustrated, worrying about the country and the people. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, exposed and criticized the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and was even willing to make sacrifices to save their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, with the most ordinary people as the protagonist, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu themes and created many new Yuefu themes, such as the famous Three Officials and Three Farewells. After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book (volume 190).
Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals.