Edit the introduction of this paragraph.
. Huangmei Opera, formerly known as "Huangmei Tea-picking Tune", originated in the early Tang Dynasty and was a folk opera formed in Huangmei and the neighboring areas of Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in the late18th century. Around Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, Huangmei Opera originated and spread in Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces, including tea picking tune, Jiangxi tune, Tongcheng tune and Fengyang tune, which were all influenced by Qingyang Huangmei Opera.
The influence of the tune emblem, combined with folk arts such as Lianxiang, stilts and dry boats, gradually formed some operas. After a period of development, on the basis of absorbing the performance contents and forms of "Luohanzhuang", Qingyang tune and Huizhou tune, a repertoire with a complete story is produced. In the process of the transition from small drama to this drama, a performance form called "string drama" appeared by old artists. The so-called "string play" refers to a group of small plays that are both independent and interrelated. Some of these plays are "strung together" by events, and some are "strung together" by people. The story of "cross-dressing" is richer than that of a small play, and the characters appear in it have also broken through three small areas: Clown, Xiao Dan and Xiao Sheng. Some old roles in the play need to be played by Zheng Dan, Lao Sheng and Lao Jiao. This created conditions for the production of this play. In terms of repertoire, the play is known as "36 major plays, 72% off small plays". The play mainly shows the people's dissatisfaction with class oppression, the disparity between the rich and the poor and their yearning for a free and beautiful life. For example, buckwheat story, Gao, Tian Xianpei and so on. In the play, there are many fragments of rural laborers' life, such as ordering barley, spinning cotton yarn and selling buckets. After liberation, a number of traditional plays, such as Fairy Descent, Xu Woman, Luo Afraid, Zhao, Mother's Tears, and Three Searches for the State House, have been adapted successively, and the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, Lost Punishment, Yutangchun, Modern Drama, Spring Blossoms, and Modern Drama have been created. Among them, A Fairy Match: Two Birds in One Tree, Female Ma Xu, Yutangchun, Cowherd and Weaver Girl have been put on the screen one after another, which has had great influence at home and abroad. Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Zhang Hui, Huang Xinde, Wu Qiong, Malan and Han Zaifen are famous Huangmei Opera actors. Huangmei Opera has become a famous drama deeply loved by the national audience. Huangmei Opera has a history of more than 200 years. In the early days, it was called Huangmei tune, which was a kind of folk art of "singing and enjoying oneself".
Edit the title and source of this Huangmei opera.
(Quoted from the research article of Mr. Wu, a famous theorist of Huangmei Opera): Huangmei Opera
Huangmei Opera has two big cavity systems-coloratura system and Pingci system. The coloratura system is born out of folk songs and belongs to Qupai style. The system of Pingci originated from Gao Qiang, Tanci, Luohanzhuang, Daoqing, Chuiqiang, Hui Diao and Peking Opera, and belongs to Banqiang. These two cavity systems are rooted in the cavity soil in Anqing area. On the basis of learning from Kunqu Opera, Peking Opera and Huizhou Opera, the performance form of Huangmei Opera has gradually formed its own style. Among the early Huangmei opera practitioners, the old Huangmei opera artists with achievements and historical records are all from Anqing area. Such as Cai Zhongxian (from Wangjiang County), Hu Puya (from Taihu County), Hong Haibo (from Qianshan County), Ye Bingchi (from dongzhi county), Qian Shuangyin (from Huaining County), Long Kunyu (from Wangjiang County), Cheng Jishan (from Guichi County) and Cha (from Huaining County). Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Huangmei Opera was conducted without the intervention of literati, and most of the traditional plays in this number were transplanted to Qingyang Opera, Yuexi Gaoqiang Opera, Peking Opera and Huizhou Opera. Through the above discussion on the formation of Huangmei Opera's vocal cavity, the tracing of repertoire accumulation, the tracing of the relationship between actors and teachers, and the overall grasp of the historical evolution and development of Huangmei Opera, we have a clearer understanding of the development of Huangmei Opera. Huangmei Opera originated in Anqing, where it was born, grew and prospered. The vocal cavity system is an important symbol of a drama. The formation of any drama and the vocal cavity system belonging to this drama have a process of continuous absorption, reference, integration, sublation, transformation, circulation, continuous adaptation to the aesthetic needs of the audience, and difficult and complicated accumulation and creation. In this process of continuous maturity, there must be one or more musical materials related to this drama, such as cultural background, humanistic environment, aesthetic trend and life customs, which are important nutrients of this drama, thus accelerating the formation of this drama.
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The origin of Huangmei Opera can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. According to historical records, as early as the Tang Dynasty, Huangmei tea-picking songs were very popular, and after the development of folk songs in the Song Dynasty and the influence of zaju in the Yuan Dynasty, the embryonic form of folk opera was gradually formed. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the opera style in Huangmei County was more prosperous. During the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, Zeng Weilun, the magistrate of Huangmei County, recorded that "October is a rural opera" in On Huangmei Feng Jiao. In the ninth year of Daoguang reign in Qing Dynasty, in Biejilin's Poem of Asking Flowers and Waterfront, a description of Zhi Zhu's ci is even more incisive: "There are many rice and sunflowers in Yinshan, and waves are caught in Taibai Lake. In the event of this year's club owner, the villages sang tea-picking songs. " Huangmei Opera
The early development stage of Huangmei Opera is from the late Qing Dynasty to around the Revolution of 1911. Huangmei Opera, formerly known as Huangmeidiao or tea-picking opera, is a folk drama formed in the adjacent areas of Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in the late18th century. One of them gradually moved eastward to Anqing, Anhui Province, and combined with local folk arts, sang and spoke in the local language, forming its own characteristics, called "Huaiqiang" or "Huaidiao". This is the predecessor of Huangmei Opera today. Huangmei Opera has experienced four historical stages from its emergence to its development: one-man show, three plays, three hits and seven songs, and orchestral accompaniment. The first three stages were completed in Huangmei, Hubei Province, which provided sufficient preconditions for the final formation of Huangmei Opera. The period from Kangxi, Qianlong to Guangxu in Qing Dynasty was an important historical stage for the formation and development of "Three Strings and Seven Singing". At this stage, the accumulation of traditional plays, aria and performing arts and the wide spread of traditional operas have been fully practiced. During this period, the traditional repertoire was very rich, and artists could perform more than 200 kinds of dramas and operas, commonly known as "Big Ben 36, ditty 72". Many of them are based on the true story of Huangmei, such as Gao Jingcheng, Gao Bafei, Mercy and Compassion, Crossing the Boundary Ridge. In terms of repertoire, it is known as "36 major dramas, 72% off small dramas". The play mainly shows the people's dissatisfaction with class oppression, the disparity between the rich and the poor and their yearning for a free and beautiful life. For example, The Story of Buckwheat, Guan, Tian Xianpei, etc. Traditional Chinese operas mostly show the life segments of rural laborers, such as ordering barley, spinning cotton yarn and selling buckets. Huangmei Tea Picking Tune, Jiangxi Tune, Tongcheng Tune and Fengyang Tune, which originated and spread in Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi, were influenced by local operas (Qingyang Tune and Huizhou Tune) and combined with folk arts such as Lianxiang, stilts and dry boats, and gradually formed some operas. Further development, it absorbed the performance content and forms of folk art form "Luohanzhuang" and Qingyang tune and Huizhou tune, thus producing a complete story. There is also a transitional form from small play to this kind of play, which is called "string play" by old artists. The so-called "string play" is a group of small plays that are both independent and interrelated, some of which are "strung" by things and some are "strung" by people. The story of "cross-dressing" is richer than that of a small play, and the characters appear in it have also broken through three small areas: Clown, Xiao Dan and Xiao Sheng. Some old roles need to be played by Zheng Dan, Lao Sheng and Lao Ugly. This created conditions for the production of this play. In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), it was recorded in Susong County Records that "the city is in the southwest, bordering Huangmei, and Meihua is good at performing tea-picking operas, also known as Huangmei Opera." The name "Huangmei Opera" was first put forward.
Edit this paragraph to develop.
1. Anqing Huangmei Opera
The development history of Huangmei opera
Huangmei Opera is the main local opera in Anhui Province. Huangmei Opera is also performed in Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Taiwan Province and Hongkong.
Professional or amateur Huangmei Opera performance groups are very popular. Huangmei Opera, formerly known as "Huangmei Tune", is a folk opera formed in Huangmei in the neighboring areas of Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in the late18th century. One of them gradually moved eastward to the junction of Tongcheng and Anqing, Anhui Province, and combined with local folk art, sang and spoke in the local language, forming its own characteristics, known as "Huaiqiang" or "Huangmeidiao". This is the predecessor of Huangmei Opera today. The name "Huangmei Opera" was officially put forward for the first time in Susong County Annals (192 1) published in 0/0. The development history of Huangmei Opera can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage, from Qing Qianlong to around the Revolution of 1911. Tea-picking tunes, Jiangxi tunes, Tongcheng tunes and Fengyang tunes, which originated and spread to Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi, were influenced by local operas (Qingyang tunes and Huizhou tunes) and combined with folk arts such as Lianxiang, stilts and dry boats, and gradually formed some small operas. Further development, it absorbed the performance content and forms of folk art form "Luohanzhuang" and Qingyang tune and Huizhou tune, thus producing a complete story. There is also a transitional form from small play to this kind of play, which is called "string play" by old artists. The so-called "string play" is a group of small plays that are both independent and interrelated, some of which are "strung" by things and some are "strung" by people. The story of "cross-dressing" is richer than that of a small play, and the characters appear in it have also broken through three small areas: Clown, Xiao Dan and Xiao Sheng. Some old roles need to be played by Zheng Dan, Lao Sheng and Lao Ugly. This created conditions for the production of this play. The second stage is from the Revolution of 1911 to 1949. At this stage, Huangmei Opera gradually moved towards professionalism, and stepped onto the urban stage from the rural grass-roots team. After Huangmei Opera entered Anqing, it was combined with Beijing Opera, and was influenced by Yue Opera, Yang Opera, Huai Opera and Pingju Opera from the north in Shanghai. Great changes have taken place in both content and form. A number of new plays have been arranged and transplanted, including the series Wen, Hong Bi Yuan, Gorgeous Garden and The Tale of Bees. In music, the traditional singing method has been reformed, which reduces the empty talk in the old cavity, makes it bright and smooth, and makes the audience easy to understand the singing content. Cancel the help and try to accompany Hu Qin. In terms of performance, it absorbed and integrated the procedural movements of Peking Opera and other brother operas, enriching the means of expression. Others, such as clothing, make-up, stage setting, etc., have also developed compared with rural areas. The third stage is 1949. From 65438 to 0952, Huangmei Opera artists performed plays such as "Beating Pig Grass" and "Blue Bridge Club" in Shanghai. For decades, a large number of actors have been trained. Besides Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang and other artists of the older generation have made outstanding achievements in the singing art of Huangmei Opera, Ma Lan, Han Zaifen and other young and middle-aged actors have also shown their heroic roles on stage, screen and TV screen, attracting the audience's attention. Yan Fengying and Wang Shaofang co-starred in A Match Made in Heaven, which was made into a movie twice and caused a sensation at home and abroad.
The Artistic Features of Anqing Huangmei Opera
In terms of repertoire, it is known as "36 major dramas, 72% off small dramas". The play mainly shows the oppression of the class by the people at that time and the polarization between the rich and the poor in Huangmei Opera.
The disparity in reality and the yearning for a free and beautiful life. For example, The Story of Buckwheat, Guan, Tian Xianpei, etc. Traditional Chinese operas mostly show the life segments of rural laborers, such as ordering barley, spinning cotton yarn and selling buckets. After liberation, a number of traditional plays such as Fairy Descent, Ma Xu, Luo Afraid, Zhao, Mother's Tears, Three Searches for the State House have been adapted successively, and a number of dramas such as Cowherd and Weaver Girl, Historical Drama, Modern Drama and Spring Blossom have been created. Among them, Fairy Descent, Female Xu and Cowherd and Weaver Girl have been put on the screen one after another, which has had a great influence at home and abroad. Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Wu Qiong and Malan are famous actors in Huangmei Opera. Huangmei opera mainly includes coloratura and pingtan. Coloratura mainly plays small plays, full of life and folk songs. The main lyrics in the original drama are often long descriptions and lyricism, with rich charm, such as flowing water.
2. Huangmei Opera in Hubei Province
The development of Huangmei Opera in Hubei today is closely related to a slogan put forward by the provincial party committee and government 18 years ago, that is, "Please bring Huangmei Opera back to your parents' home". Under the guidance of this slogan, Hubei Province has done a lot of work around revitalizing Huangmei Opera. Hubei Huangmei Opera Theatre was established; Some Huangmei opera actors were hired from Anqing, Anhui; Most Chu Opera and Han Opera Troupes in Huanggang have been changed into Huangmei Opera Troupe. Huanggang Art School was established to train reserve talents for Huangmei Opera. Two plays, Yu Laosi, Zhang Ernv and Yinsuo Complaint, which were created in Huanggang, have been performed in Beijing 14 times and have been well received by the audience. From 65438 to 0995, the large-scale modern drama "Unfinished Love" and costume drama "Double Down the Mountain" created by Hubei Huangmei Opera Theatre won excellent performance awards at the Second National Huangmei Opera Art Festival held in Anhui Province, and the leading actors Yang Jun and Zhang Hui won performance gold medals. Unfinished Love also won the Wenhua New Drama Award, the Wenhua Director Award and the Wenhua Music Creation Award in the 5th China Arts Festival. In order to improve the overall artistic level of Huangmei Opera, Hubei Provincial Department of Culture and Huanggang Municipal Government decided to hold Huangmei Opera Art Festival every three years. After the promotion and tempering of the five arts festivals, excellent repertoires such as Winter Goes to Spring, Please Let Me Be Your Bride, Spring Comes to Jiangwan and Biography of Brother Chun have been created, and a number of young Huangmei opera stars such as Guo Huayang, Zhou Hongnian and Duan have been trained.
Edit the historical evolution of this paragraph.
Huangmei Opera is a kind of drama gradually formed and developed from folk songs, yangko, tea songs, tea-picking lanterns and Hua Gutiao, from rural areas to cities. His origin can be traced back to the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, but it was not until modern times that a complete drama was formed. During this period, he absorbed the essence of many sister arts, such as Han opera, Chu opera, Gao Qiang, tea-picking opera and Beijing opera, and gradually improved himself and became a famous drama. When talking about this famous drama, we can't help but notice that the group performing this drama has also experienced such a long development process. It is also gradually improved from scratch, from small to large, from simple to complex. It can also be said that the formation and development of Huangmei Opera and his performing groups are complementary. Throughout the performance activities of Huangmei Opera, from amateur to professional, it can be roughly divided into four stages.
(1) is in the embryonic stage.
Only performers, no performing groups. During this period, Huangmei Opera was performed and sung in the Wanjiang area of Susong and Huaining (now Anqing). Only some farmers and handicraft artists, such as bamboo carpenters, weavers and tailors, combine folk songs such as mountain songs and tea songs with folk songs such as boat and dragon boat at temple fairs or during Chinese New Year holidays. They are led by one person, and the volunteers are linked together. In their spare time, they are free to combine and complete the singing. And this combination, and last time, is not necessarily the same. This kind of performance and singing is purely for self-entertainment, having fun with others, not a career as a means of making a living. Therefore, the early Huangmei Opera has not yet formed a real performing group.
(2) Early performance activities
When Huangmei Opera, a relatively fixed amateur or semi-professional club with few staff, developed from singing folk songs, tea songs, tea lanterns and Fengyang Hua Gutiao to singing two or three plays with simple storylines, singers could not sing at will as before. Because it is a drama performance, there must be procedures and requirements for rehearsals, costumes, props and other dramas, and there is not enough spare time. In addition, this kind of performance may become professional or semi-professional performers, and they will naturally form a group. This led to the relatively fixed Huangmei Opera Troupe in the early days, which is now called the Performance Troupe. During this period, some teams are short-term, some are seasonal, and they are basically amateur or semi-professional. Most of them have no fixed class location, loose internal structure, incomplete organizational structure, no strict discipline, and people are free to enter and leave. There are only two plays (Xiaosheng, Xiao Dan) and three plays (Xiaosheng, Xiao Dan, Clown), so there are very few people in the team, just seven or eight people. The so-called "seven busy and eight busy", therefore, in the middle stage of Huangmei Opera, some relatively fixed amateur or semi-professional performance groups with few personnel appeared.
(3) Late performance
Class clubs have developed rapidly, becoming formal and fixed, with more scenes and various transactions. Huangmei Opera from rural to urban areas is eclectic and has developed into a relatively complete and mature drama. In addition to acting two small plays and three small plays, it also absorbed the big plays of Qingyang Opera and Chu Opera. Performing a big drama requires the class club to be relatively stable and have the ability to perform a big drama. Therefore, during this period, fixed professional class clubs appeared one after another. In order to make a living, run a business and ensure income, this professional performance group has to constantly renovate its repertoire, and its performances should also have a certain quality. The number of people has increased, the business is complete, and the stage art (suitcases, curtains, props, knives and guns) has also developed. The team is not so loose. In terms of organization and management, there are squad leaders and full-time staff to contact performances and manage life, and the mobility has also increased (the so-called "running the dock"). This kind of professional performance group appeared in the Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, such as the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857). In winter, the Solstice, Duo Long and Bao Chao of the Qing army were sealed in Susong, and they wanted to "put on a flower drum play for the theater, and invite battalion commanders from all walks of life to get together with the literati". (Susong County Records) The ancient painting drama mentioned here is Huangmei Opera. This account illustrates two problems: First, Huangmei Opera watched by Duo Long A and Bao Chao may be a regular professional club with a good lineup and a certain performance quality. Second, the class club entered the theater. Unfortunately, the name of the class club and other activities are not recorded in this account, so some people say that he may also be a non-professional team. However, after Guangxu, a large number of professional classes of Huangmei Opera appeared in Yuexi, Susong, Buried Hill, Taihu Lake and Huaining. In the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), Peng Honghua, a bricklayer in Tongcheng, named Peng, organized a Huangmei Opera Troupe to perform in the countryside of Huaining, called Peng Ban. Around the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), Wang Hongyuan was promoted to the same level in Yuexi Group. In the 1920s and 1930s, Huangmei Opera professional clubs developed a lot. Except in western Anhui, Jiangbei and Jiangnan, Huangmei Opera clubs were established in dongzhi county, Qingyang, Guichi, Tongling and even Huizhou. In the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926), Zhang founded "Zhang Hanban" (also known as "Companion Class") in Yuexi. In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), Tan Huaizhu set up "Tong Le Tang" in the East, also known as "Huaizhu Class" and "Tan Jiaban". In the twenty-seventh year (1938), Wang Zilin founded "anti-construction class" in Susong, also known as "Wang Zilin class". During the Anti-Japanese War, this team performed in the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War to publicize the Anti-Japanese War and save the country. In the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1946), Gui Chunbai and Gui Yuee formed the "Spring Moon Class" in Tongling. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, this kind of separation and reunion, reunion and reunion, reunion and reunion became more active. 1932, Ding Yongquan and his artists led a team into Anqing City, ending the history that Huangmei Opera was only performed in rural areas. Since then, other class clubs have followed suit and entered various cities and counties in Anhui. Generally speaking, the later Huangmei Opera performance groups were more formal and fixed, with more performances, more industries, more popular areas and more rural areas.
(4) Recent performance activities
Huangmei Opera, a professional class club transformed into a professional troupe managed by the government, 1932 entered the city and liberated the whole country. In the past 20 years, from Anqing, the capital of Anhui Province at that time, to the neighboring counties in the south of the Yangtze River, Tongling, Qingyang and Guichi, there were class activities of Huangmei Opera. From 65438 to 0949, after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the cultural undertakings management department of the people's government reorganized artists by organizing study and training, and put them under the leadership of the government, so that they could study and perform better. For example, in Anqing City, Ding Laoliu (played by Ding Yongquan), his son Ding Zicheng, his daughter Ding Cuixia, his daughter Pan Wangjingxuan, and his brother and sister transferred from Beijing class later formed a "People's Theater" (the theater at that time was actually the People's Theater). Soon, Yan Fengying returned to Anqing and participated in the "Lequn Theatre" (later changed to "Victory Theatre" and moved to the new address of the former archway). Another example is the "Class 123" formed by Gui Chunbai and Gui Yuee, which was changed to "Tongling Xinmin Troupe" by the government in Tongling. Around this time, the counties under the jurisdiction of Anqing area and the counties in the south of the Yangtze River formed a professional Huangmei Opera Troupe with mobile professional class clubs and sporadic artists as the main body. For example, Hu Yuting, an artist from Wangjiang County, and Li Guilan, an artist from Huaining County, moved from Jiangbei to Zhide and established the Zhide Popular Troupe. Chen Guorong, director of Tongcheng Cultural Bureau and Huangmei Opera artist, and Yan Yunlin, an amateur singer, formed Tongcheng People's Troupe. Wangjiang County is a performance group composed of semi-professional Pavilion Troupe and amateur backbone, Wangjiang Mobile Drama Club, which makes the original "pier running" situation relatively stable, basically performing activities and performances in a county, and there are also many fixed theaters. The performance conditions have been greatly improved, and the "grass terrace" and "beach" have been separated. The most important thing is that under the leadership and support of the government, we can operate independently and our economic income is guaranteed.
Edit this paragraph, the originator of Huangmei Opera.