Origin and distribution
Sweet orange is native to South China and Indochina Peninsula in Asia. Chengcheng Huang Tilia was recorded in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 1 17). According to historical records, after oranges, the sweet orange of 147 1 was introduced into Lisbon from China. Since then, cultivation in Europe has become increasingly prosperous. 1493, Columbus introduced sweet oranges to Haiti. 1565 was introduced to the United States. Later, it will gradually expand planting in the American continent. Sweet orange was introduced to Africa in 1654; 1788 introduced to Australia. Sweet orange is widely cultivated, mainly distributed in 90 countries and regions in tropical and subtropical regions. Besides China, the main producing countries are the United States, Brazil, Japan, Spain, Italy, Egypt, Morocco, India, South Africa, Greece and other countries. Sweet oranges are distributed in 13 provinces (autonomous regions) in China, mainly produced in Sichuan, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Guangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei and other provinces (autonomous regions), and also cultivated in Zhejiang, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi and Anhui provinces. In the world citrus production, sweet orange accounts for the largest proportion, and the annual output accounts for about 2/3 of the total citrus production. 1988 The world citrus output was 67.398 million tons, including 64.738 million tons of sweet oranges.
Features and characteristics
The crown is medium-sized, with a round head or a semicircle. Branches are dense, young branches have horns, and there are often small thorns between leaf axils. The leaves are oval with smaller wings and shorter petioles. Flowers are medium-sized, white, solitary or racemose, with 5 sepals and petals, 20-25 stamens and a subglobose ovary. The fruit is round to rectangular, with yellowish, orange or blood red skin, tough and smooth. Some peels have obvious "willow lines" or the top of the fruit has a ring. The oil bubbles are slightly convex, the flesh is orange-yellow to blood-red, soft, juicy and fragrant. Peel and pulp are not easily separated. The core is small and full. Capsule valve 10 ~ 13, difficult to distinguish. There are many, few or no seeds, which vary with varieties, oval or oblong, multi-embryo, white. Chromosome 2n = 18, and there are triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid. Sweet orange has strong high and stable yield, and the yield per hectare in China is about 30 ~ 40 tons. Sweet orange is native to tropical and subtropical areas, so it should be warm, not cold-resistant, and more shade-tolerant, requiring fertile soil and good air permeability. Temperature is the main factor affecting the cultivation and distribution of sweet orange. Sweet oranges are mainly distributed in areas where the annual average temperature is above 15℃. -5℃ is the safe northern boundary for planting sweet oranges in China, but as a high-quality commodity, the multi-year average of extreme low temperature should not be lower than-1℃. The lowest temperature for the germination of sweet orange branches and seeds is 65438 03℃, and the optimum temperature for the growth of branches is 23 ~ 365438 0℃, and the growth stops at 37 ~ 38℃. Different varieties have different cold tolerance, and most varieties suitable for planting in South China are not suitable for low-temperature Central China. Different varieties need different annual effective accumulated temperatures for normal growth and development. The annual accumulated temperature calculated above 10℃ is 5000 ~ 6000℃ for navel orange and golden orange, and 6500 ~ 8300℃ for dark orange and Xinhui sweet orange. The shade tolerance of sweet orange is stronger than that of wide-peel orange, but it still needs better illumination to obtain high yield and high quality. Too much rain and insufficient light during flowering and small fruit period will cause a large number of flowers and fruits to fall off. Under the condition of long sunshine, sweet orange has high nitrogen utilization rate, strong growth and good fruit quality. But too much sunshine in summer and autumn can also cause sunburn. Sweet orange needs a lot of water all year round, and different varieties are formed because of its different adaptability to water. Dry subtropical zone in summer and humid subtropical zone in summer have their own adaptive varieties. The main varieties in arid areas in summer are navel orange, blood orange, navel orange, Valencia orange and Ca-denera sweet orange. The main varieties in summer wet area are China and Japanese varieties, as well as hamlin sweet orange, Parsons brown sweet orange and pineapple sweet orange. These two areas are suitable for summer orange, ruby blood orange and umbilical cord blood orange.
The relative humidity of air is the key to the success of navel orange introduction. There are three ecological types of navel oranges in the world: strains with low or moderate humidity (relative humidity of 50-60%), such as Washington navel orange, Thomson navel orange, Fengjie 72- 1 navel orange (Sichuan) and so on; High humidity (relative humidity 80%) strains, such as Datou, Dream, Meishan Shaohe Huaqi (Sichuan), etc. Intermediate strains, such as Robertson navel orange, yew, Carter, etc. Robertson navel orange performed well in Sichuan, with a yield of 22.5 tons per hectare. Sweet orange has wide adaptability to soil and can be successfully cultivated in various types of soil. It has a wide range of adaptability to soil pH, and can be planted in the range of pH 5.0 ~ 8.5, and the deep, loose and fertile soil with pH 6.0 ~ 6.5 is better.
principal item
Among citrus, sweet orange is the most abundant variety, and there are more than 400 excellent varieties all over the world. According to the climate adaptability, there are varieties suitable for summer dry subtropical zone (Mediterranean climate type), varieties suitable for summer wet subtropical zone (Pacific climate type), and two varieties suitable for both climates. According to maturity, it can be divided into early, middle and late maturity. Generally divided into ordinary sweet orange, navel orange and blood orange.
Common sweet orange
(1) Xinhui orange (slippery). Originally from Xinhui, Guangdong, China. Xinhui, Guangzhou and southern Guangxi are more cultivated, and other citrus producing areas in China have also introduced them. The tree is medium in potential and relatively open. The leaves are oval with tapered ends. The fruit is small, rectangular or nearly round, and the top of the fruit is often printed with rings. The weight of single fruit is 96 ~130g. The peel is orange-yellow to orange-red, thin and smooth, and the oil cells are small for life. The flesh is light yellow, with little juice, sweet taste and excellent quality. 10 ~ 15 capsules per fruit. Sugar content 1 1 ~ 15%, acid content 0.25 ~ 0.5%, soluble solids content 13 ~ 16%. 165438+1expires from late October to mid-February. The yield is above average, and it is slightly resistant to storage. This variety requires high accumulated temperature, and performs well in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian, but its quality declines in the north. 2 dark orange. Originated in Xinhui, Guangdong, mainly produced in the suburbs of Guangzhou. Introduced from Guangxi, Fujian and Sichuan. The tree is similar to Xinhui orange. The fruit is spherical to oblong (as shown in the figure), the surface of the fruit is not obvious, and the top of the fruit is often ringed, and the weight of a single fruit is 120 ~ 150g. The flesh is sweet and juicy, and the quality is excellent. Each fruit has more than 10 seeds. Sugar content 1 1 ~ 13%, acid content 0.5 ~ 0.9%, soluble solids 1 1.5 ~ 13%. High and stable yield, strong adaptability, is one of the main developed famous varieties in Guangdong. 1982 Guangdong Fruit Research Institute and other units have selected a new variety of high-yield dark orange from its seedlings, which has the characteristics of fast growth, early fruiting, high and stable yield, large fruit and high sugar and acid content. Under the same management conditions, the yield of sweet orange was increased by 15 ~ 30% compared with the common sweet orange varieties popularized in Guangdong. ③ Perfume orange (leaf orange, lime). Originated in the Pearl River Delta of China. Mainly produced in Guangzhou and Xinhui, but also cultivated in other parts of Guangdong and some provinces. The tree is strong and open, with dense branches and thorns. The leaves are oval, with wide base, obvious wings and light color. The fruit is large and nearly oval, and the weight of a single fruit is124 ~170g. The peel is orange-yellow to orange-red, with prominent oil bubbles. There is no printing ring on the top of the fruit. The pulp is orange, tender and juicy, sweet and sour. More than 10 seeds per fruit. Sugar content is 9 ~ 1 1%, acid content is 0.7 ~ 1. 1%, and soluble solids 10.5 ~ 13%. 165438+1ripens from late October to early February. Fruits have the function of post-ripening, which can be left for picking around the Spring Festival. After harvesting, the quality of fruit hanging or storage is better. There are three strains of this variety: perfume orange, red orange and water orange. The yield of orange is high and the quality is good, but the yield of red orange is low, and the economic value of water orange is not great. Four snow oranges. Shantou, Guangdong Province is a native (also a major producing area), which is cultivated in Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces, and also in Sichuan, Guangxi and Zhejiang. The tree is very strong, with slender branches and occasional small thorns. The leaves are oval and the wings are not obvious. The fruit is round or rectangular, and the weight of a single fruit is135 ~187g. Oil bubbles are small, life-long or slightly prominent. The pulp is soft and juicy, sweet and sour, and fragrant. Each fruit has 5 ~ 10 seeds. It contains sugar10 ~1%,acid 0.6 ~ 0.9% and soluble solids 10 ~ 13.5%. 111expires from the middle and late October to 65438+February. Citrus has strong adaptability, including big leaves, small leaves, large fruits, small fruits, early and late ripening and other strains. Small-fruit citrus has the best quality and higher yield. ⑤ Huazhou Orange. Originally from Huazhou, Guangdong. Zhanjiang, Guangdong and southern Guangxi are more cultivated. Trees are thriving. The leaves are oval and the wings are big. The fruit is round or slightly flat, and the single fruit weight is150 ~ 200 g. It's juicy and peels easily. Each fruit has about 20 seeds. Sugar content 10.4 ~ 12.2%, acid content 0.6 ~ 1.2%, soluble solids1.5 ~14.6%. 165438+1expires from mid-October to 65438+February. Fruit is suitable for processing juice except fresh food, and can be made into high-quality canned orange juice. 6. Improve oranges. Also known as Zhangzhou Orange, Red Meat Orange, Red Honey Orange and Hongjiang Orange (Zhanjiang, Guangdong). Originated in Longxi, Fujian Province. It's called grafting variation of silver orange. This tree is very strong, with a round head and an upright top. The fruit is spherical, medium-sized, and the single fruit weight is 120 ~ 150g. The skin is orange and yellow, and the meat is soft. There are three kinds: yellow meat, red meat or yellow-red pulp. Among them, the red meat fruit has good quality, sweet and refreshing taste and rich flavor. The content of soluble solids is 65438 05%. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains 1 1.7 g of sugar, about 0.67 g of acid. Each fruit has 8 ~ 12 seeds. The harvesting period is from late February to early October of the following year 10, 65438. The improved orange has beautiful fruit shape, excellent quality, high yield and storability, and is the main development variety in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province. ⑦ Golden orange. Originally from Sichuan, it is mainly produced in Sichuan, and some other provinces have also introduced it. This tree is full of leafy branches, with small thorns and upright leaves. The fruit is oval and weighs about 170g. The skin is slightly thicker and easy to peel. The juice is tender and juicy, moderately sweet and sour, slightly fragrant and of high quality. Each fruit has about 10 seeds. It contains 8 ~ 10% sugar, 0.7 ~ 0.9% acid and 12 ~ 15% soluble solids. 165438+1expires from late October to mid-February. This variety is suitable for development in Sichuan and Hubei, which are warm and humid in winter and spring, and cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other places, with low yield, easy fruit cracking, poor flavor, ulcer and gummosis. The better variety of its kind is Xianfeng orange. Hamlin sweet orange. Native to Florida, USA, and cultivated in European Mediterranean countries. After the introduction of China, it was planted in Sichuan, Guangdong and Fujian. This tree is luxuriant in branches and leaves, with thick branches and long oval leaves. The fruit is spherical or oval, and the single fruit weight is 130 ~ 150g. The top of the fruit is round and the pedicel is slightly concave. Deep orange peel, tender and juicy meat, sweet and delicious. Each fruit has 0 ~ 3 seeds. It contains 0.8 ~ 1. 1% acid and 9% soluble solids. Susceptible to canker. It matures in high temperature areas of the United States 10, and in low temperature areas 1 1 month to February of the following year. Matured in China in the middle of June 1 1. Pet-name ruby summer orange. Location: USA, Brazil, Spain and other countries. Widely cultivated in China and Sichuan, and cultivated in Guangdong and Guangxi. The tree is tall, with upright branches, long oval leaves and obvious wings. The fruit is round or rectangular, and the single fruit weight is 140 ~ 170g. The pulp is soft and juicy with good quality. Each fruit has 4 ~ 6 seeds. Sugar content is 9 ~ 1 1%, acid 1.0 ~ 1.3%, soluble solids1~12%. It ripens in China from April to May. This variety has strong adaptability and wide cultivation area, but it is easy to crack fruit in winter when soil moisture changes greatly. Ensuring uniform water supply is the key measure to prevent fruit cracking. There are many varieties of summer oranges, such as Liu, 1, Mayred and Guixia orange.
navel orange
1 Washington navel. Native to Brazil, mainly produced in the United States, Brazil, Australia and other countries. China was successfully introduced and planted as early as 1930s, and now it is cultivated in Sichuan and Zhejiang. The branches are drooping. Germination and flowering are generally earlier than sweet oranges. Pollen is scarce, parthenogenesis. The fruit is oblong or broadly obovate, with a single fruit weight of 180 ~ 250g. Umbilical at top, closed or open. The skin thickness is uneven. The pulp is crisp, juicy, sweet, high quality and fragrant. Seedless or 1 ~ 2 capsules. It contains 8-9% sugar, 0.9- 1.0% acid and 1 1- 12% soluble solids. 1 1 to 65438+early February. Not resistant to storage and perishable. Tom gave birth to navel orange. It was selected from the bud mutation of Washington navel orange. Sichuan, Hubei and other provinces are cultivated. Trees are short, with thin branches, no thorns or few thorns. The fruit is higher than Washington navel orange, the fruit shape index is 0.98, and the average fruit weight is 150g. The top navel of the fruit is smaller and more closed. The peel is thin, orange-red, and the oil bubbles are large and prominent. No nuclear weapons. The juice sac is crisp and the juice is less. Fruit juice soluble solids 1.5%, citric acid 1.2%. It tastes worse than Washington navel orange. The maturity is about 10 days later than Washington navel orange. 165438+1expires in mid-October. Less flowers and less fruits, higher yield. ③ Robertson's navel. Washington navel orange bud mutation selection. Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei and Zhejiang are all cultivated. This kind of tree is short and open, and its branches have no thorns or fewer. The main branches often have tumor-like processes. The fruit shape is very similar to Washington navel orange, but slightly larger, with bright orange peel and fine oil bubbles. The top navel of the fruit is closed or opened. No seeds, crisp and sweet juice cells, fragrant juice and excellent quality. Soluble solids 65438 00%, acid 0.665438 0%. Earlier than Washington navel orange 10 ~ 20 days. Fruits grow faster, drop less, yield is higher, and fruit is easy to bear, which affects fruit shape. It is heat-resistant and suitable for close planting. Good performance in Sichuan, no future in Zhejiang. In recent years, navel oranges with natural mutation have been continuously bred in introduction trials in Sichuan, Hunan and other places, such as Fengyuan 72- 1 navel orange bred in Fengjie, Sichuan, with high and stable yield and excellent quality. 7- 13-year-old single plant can produce 30-50 kg, which has been confirmed to be popularized in Sichuan. Meishan navel orange is an excellent budding plant in China, which was discovered from Zhengnanqiao 13 Luonavel orange. After 9 years' analysis, the results show that this variety has high yield, good quality, strong stress resistance and stable inheritance of excellent characters, and was rated as a national high-quality fruit in 1984. 1985 planted 1 10,000 plants, with an area of 933 hectares and a yield of more than 350 tons. Hunan Xiangxi lacquer navel orange has excellent quality and broad prospects. At present, navel orange strains adapted to different ecological types of low humidity, medium humidity and high humidity have been bred in the world.
Blood Orange
Also known as Ruby Blood Orange and Safflower Orange. 1 ruby blood orange. Mainly produced in Italy, Spain and other countries. Widely cultivated in China and Sichuan, with a few in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and Hunan. The tree is medium in potential, half-opened, with thin and hard thorns. The leaves are small and linear. The fruit is oblate or spherical, and the single fruit weight is130 ~140g. The skin is thin and smooth, bright orange or purple. If there is at most one printing ring. The flesh is blood-red, soft and juicy, with rich flavor and good quality. Each fruit has about 10 seeds. It contains 8% sugar, 1.0% acid and10 ~1%soluble solids. 65438+1due from 0 to February. Besides Ruby Blood Orange, there are Tarocco and San-guineⅱ Ⅱ. China, Jingxian County, Hunan Province, blood orange and other varieties (lines). ② Cord blood orange. Originated in Spain. China was introduced from Morocco on 1965; It performs well in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan, and is cold-resistant and resistant to canker. This tree is strong and open, with dense branches and short thorns. The leaves are oval, dark green, wide and thick, and the wings are big. The fruit is oval, with average single fruit weight 150g and fruit shape index 1.05. The top of the fruit is slightly papillate, and the style often persists. The peel is thin, orange-yellow, smooth and flat, with oil bubbles. When the pulp is fully ripe, it has erythema, crisp and juicy, moderate sweet and sour, and has a fragrance. No nuclear weapons. Good quality. Fruit juice soluble solids 12.0%, citric acid 1.0%. Storage resistance. 65438+1due from 0 to February. It is not easy to lose fruit before picking. Mu Yi suffered from chapped skin with red lemon and bitter orange as rootstocks.
Key points of cultivation techniques
type
Propagation by grafting. In the south subtropical region, the rootstocks are mainly lime, red orange and red 39 1339 lemon. Red orange and vermilion orange are dominant in the middle subtropical region. The northern subtropical region is dominated by Fructus Aurantii, Fructus Aurantii and Yichang orange. In coastal saline-alkali areas, Broussonetia papyrifera is mainly used. The rootstocks of lime and red orange are resistant to peeling, with high yield, high quality and late fruit bearing. The early fruit yield of red lemon and bitter orange rootstocks is high, but it is easy to peel off. The orange rootstock of Broussonetia papyrifera has strong saline-alkali resistance, high yield and good quality, but it is as susceptible to root rot as the red lemon rootstock. Some countries in Europe and the United States are vulnerable to the decline of lime rootstocks. In Brazil, the high yield rootstock of hamlin sweet orange is Lambli lemon (Red 39 1339 lemon). Grafting is mainly carried out in spring and autumn, and the single bud cutting method has high efficiency and high survival rate. Planting is mainly carried out after new buds are enriched in spring and winter.
get a first reign title after the founding of a dynasty
In mountainous and hilly areas, attention should be paid to soil and water conservation and soil improvement, and the drainage system in paddy fields should be improved. According to the cultivation environment conditions, varieties and rootstock characteristics, reasonable close planting should be carried out, generally, every hectare 1200 ~ 1350 plants.
orchard management
Young trees should pay attention to short stem shaping and crown cultivation, with a stem height of 25 ~ 30 cm and 3 ~ 4 main branches. Combined with shaping by pulling, bud wiping and shoot control, a round crown with early fruit and high yield can be formed as soon as possible. Fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, with appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Cultivate young trees in low temperature areas and cultivate three buds in spring, summer and early autumn; Spring shoots, secondary summer shoots and primary autumn shoots can be cultivated in high temperature areas. After two years of planting, proper girdling in early and middle June of May 438+February can promote flower bud differentiation and blossom and bear fruit in the following spring. Fruit trees 1 Fertilize four times a year. Germination fertilizer should be applied before spring buds germinate 15 ~ 20 days. Stabilize fruit fertilizer, apply it when flowers wither, apply more fruit trees and old trees, and apply less or no fruit trees and strong trees to prevent the growth of summer shoots. The fertilization time of strong fruit fertilizer should be determined according to the bamboo shoot period in various places. Orchards in flat and paddy fields should be applied 15 ~ 20 days before new shoots germinate, and orchards in mountainous areas should be applied 30 days before new shoots germinate. Fruit picking fertilizer should be applied before and after fruit picking. The first three fertilizers are mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the last fertilizer should be combined with irrigation. 5 ~ 7 kilograms of pure nitrogen should be applied to each ton of fruit in adult orchards, with potassium accounting for 70 ~ 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus accounting for 20 ~ 30% of nitrogen. In the method of fertilization, two symmetrical holes can be opened in the rhizosphere on both sides of the tree, and then the positions are rotated in turn to induce the growth of the surface root system. Mountain orchards should also be deeply fertilized once a year to cultivate deep roots. Topdressing outside the root and spraying plant hormones to protect the fruit. Spraying 2,4-drops (5 ~ 10 ppm) 1 time after flower wilting, spraying 15 ~ 20 ~ 30ppm-2 times in physiological fruit-dropping period (15 days) and spraying 20 ~ 30ppm/kloc-2 times in full fruit-bearing period. Spraying 2,4-D, 60ppm, 2-3 times from June165438+1October to April of the following year. Can effectively prevent the fruit from falling before harvest. Seven days after navel orange withers, spraying BA 200 ~ 400 ppm+GA 250 ppm once on young fruit can significantly improve the fruit setting rate, increase the yield of low-yield navel orange by 2 ~ 4 times, and keep the quality unchanged. As a result, trees should be pruned reasonably. Pruning young fruit trees should follow the principles of wiping summer branches, cultivating autumn branches, restraining winter branches and transforming long branches. Prune twice a year in wet season, and prune mainly in summer to cut off rotten branches and sparse horizontal branches to promote the good hair of autumn shoots; Winter shears should remove pests and diseases, dead branches, sparse horizontal branches and short cut rotten branches. Pests and diseases mainly control Huanglongbing, canker, red spider, rust spider and liriomyza sativae.
economic value
There are many varieties of sweet oranges, and their fruits have their own advantages in color, fragrance and high nutritional value. They can be eaten fresh or processed. The pulp can be made into orange juice, jam and canned food. Seeds can extract multiple vitamins. Peel can be refined into essential oil, pectin or processed into hesperidin. In 1980s, China developed a large number of sweet orange production, and greatly improved the fruit yield and quality, and achieved great results.