In order to adapt to the internationalization of livestock products, China should take advantage of the opportunity of no shortage of meat in the domestic market, adjust its thinking as soon as possible, and study the new layout of developing foreign markets.
General situation of beef production in the world and China's position in this industry
In recent years, beef production in China has developed rapidly, which is also the result of economic development and meat structure adjustment. The growth rate of beef and mutton exceeds that of pork. In 2003, the world beef output was 58.742 million tons, accounting for 23.5 1% of the world total meat output. Because the latest trade data is from 2002. Therefore, all the statistical data in this paper began in 2002. The world beef output is 57.883 million tons, and the basic structure has not changed (23.62%). The output of China is 5.32 million tons, accounting for 9. 19% of the world's total output. It is at a medium level in the world beef production. The production types of cattle in China are complex, including grassland grazing, fattening in different places, eliminating old and residual cattle, and fattening with modern concentrated feed. So there are great differences in quality, cost and price. In recent years, more and more beef is fattened with grain. With the city people losing weight, the beef market is getting better and better, which is the development trend.
The beef production in China is moderate, and the per capita share is only 4. 1 kg. In China, it is not an important consumer product. Beef production and world per capita consumption are two different things. People who produce more don't necessarily consume more. At the same time, the yield and quantity of domestic cattle are two different things, and more yield does not necessarily produce more meat. Therefore, beef cattle production in China has been debated endlessly. Some people say that "cattle are herbivores, and China has a large grassland, many straws and great potential for beef production". Even put forward the strategy of "straw animal husbandry". On the contrary, some people think that beef is the most consumed animal product. China cannot give priority to herbivores. Our research concluded that:
1. Cattle are bipolar animals, rich but not rich, poor but not poor: as herbivores, they can survive without food, so there are the most domestic cattle in China. In 2002, the number of people on hand was 103969 million, accounting for 76.08% of the world. The output of beef is only 27.76 million tons, accounting for 47.9% of the total. The stock rate in poor countries reaches 39.95%, and the meat production only accounts for 12.62%. It seems that cattle are mainly distributed in underdeveloped areas, and cattle can also be raised by grass and straw. The problem is that there are more cows and less meat. Because raising cattle is not good, there are more cattle and less meat. The per capita meat production in developing countries is 26.7 kg, while that in poor countries is only 13.37 kg, which is 3 1.6% of the world average. Three cows don't produce as much meat as one. Africa's output is only 17.3 kg, India's 6.59 kg and Vietnam's 25.2 kg. The strategic goal of straw animal husbandry is to raise more cattle, but we can't expect cattle to produce meat. Benefits are not without, it can symbolize wealth, especially in Africa.
2. Inferior cattle have low cost, but poor meat quality. The author once pointed out that "traditional grassland animal husbandry" must be reformed, because more resources are invested, less products are harvested, herders are poor, living standards are reduced, and even meat is less than that in agricultural areas. Now there is another one, which destroys the ecology and causes large-scale desertification, which is not worth the loss. The idealism of developing water resources and planting grass and raising livestock on grassland proved unsuccessful. Poor countries in Africa should reduce cattle and sheep, learn from China's experience and develop "efficient conversion of animal husbandry".
3. Rich cattle have high feeding efficiency, but high food consumption. We can't afford all the fat cows in China. Beef in the world is a big grain-producing country with high quality and quantity. The number of cattle in developed countries is 326.97 million, the meat output is 3010.24 million tons, and the output per unit area exceeds10.000 kg. Take the United States as an example: the meat output is 6.5438+0.2439 million tons, and the output per unit area is 6.5438+0.29 kg; China has only the other 38.8%; Italy's output per unit area is150kg; Japan 1 17.2 kg. On the condition that food is consumed. From a global perspective, beef is a consumer product of the rich. China's "fat cow fever" is the product of economic development. It is normal that the price of fat cattle is getting more and more expensive. How else to develop.
4. Countermeasures of cattle industry in China: China, which is short of resources, can only rely on technology and efficient transformation. The milk yield of a high-yield cow is equivalent to the traditional yield of 20 cows in pastoral areas, and at the same time, it can reduce the stock of 20 backup cows and save 2400 mu of grassland accordingly. This will play an important role in improving the ecology of pastoral areas. The way out of traditional grazing is to grow feed, raise in houses, improve technology and improve efficiency. China beef cattle industry should keep the excellent meat quality of crossbred cattle, advocate feed fattening and process special flavor food. Reduce the stock of cattle, with the current milk and meat production, there is no need to keep such a huge stock to reduce the pressure on the grassland.
Although China's beef production is in the middle, its beef export is a weak country.
China's beef production is out of proportion to its export. In 2002, the world exported 7.597 million tons of beef, accounting for 65.438+03. 13% of the total output, surpassing pork, mutton and poultry, making it the most varied meat product in the world. China exported 39,200 tons of beef in 2002, accounting for only 0.52% of the world. Our beef trade has been backward and lacks extroverted mental preparation. Especially in animal husbandry, beef export is not regarded as its own responsibility. Of course, it is also related to the poor quality of beef in China, and there is no traditional export market. It is very different from foreign beef exporting countries. People think that beef trade is an important industry. Because of mad cow disease in developed countries, we are now concerned about countries that don't feed meat and bone meal. The quality of some domestic hybrid beef is still good, but a batch of qualified products cannot be produced. At present, it is difficult to replace imports. But the beef trade has been put on the agenda. To this end, we have made a statistical analysis of the trade of typical countries in the world and come to the following conclusions:
China's beef export has no status, and it is a sector with weak economic reform. At present, animal husbandry has noticed that it is not commensurate with its status of joining the WTO and is studying the export trade law.
1. Global beef exports are monopolized by developed countries: in 2002, developed countries exported 5.788 million tons, accounting for 76. 19% of world exports, especially Australia and Europe. Although they are all industrial countries, they do not give up agricultural profits at the same time. Beef exports really need certain conditions. As can be seen from the above table, Australia, the United States, Brazil and Canada account for 47.99% of the total export, which provides half of the global beef exports. The conditions are as follows: first, the grassland is excellent and the area is large; Second, there is more food. Although China produces a lot of beef, it is very difficult to become a big exporter.
2. Beef is an industry with great investment and output value: the total export in 2002 was151090,000 USD. China spends a lot of foreign exchange on purchasing abroad every year. To estimate that exporting countries will not tolerate competitors, it is natural to set up various barriers for us. But when we produce some high-quality beef, we should always import it instead. China has more and more contacts with the world, and a large number of tourists come to China. Therefore, the first task is to replace imports and ensure the demand of domestic hotels in terms of quality and supply.
Beef also has a low-grade market: beef was originally a very expensive commodity, but the analysis of world trade shows that there is a low-grade product market. The world average export price of chilled beef is $2,442.5 per ton, which is relatively expensive. Some countries export beef or cold meat at particularly cheap prices. India's export price is only $900.9, and cold and fresh products are only $65,438 +0.2. Similar countries include Poland's $65,438 +0.289.8. Brazil 1438.0 USD; Thailand 1322.4 USD; Argentina is $65,438 +0.068.7, while Africa is only $65,438+0.408.6; China is also a low-cost country. These countries have a large number of cows: 220 million cows; 230 million in Africa; Brazil1.700 million; China has 1. 1 100 million head, but the quality of beef is not good, but it is specially exported to the low-grade market. In addition to providing fresh meat for low-income consumption, it may also be used as a filler for beef products. China should also develop this kind of market first.
China's beef export also has certain advantages: First, it is cheap, which is still very important in commodity trade. In 2002, the export of China was $65,438 +0.408.6 per ton, which was 54.4% lower than the average of $265,438 +0.75.2 in developed countries, which was a great advantage for ordinary countries. Therefore, our export market should be oriented to the low-income class. Even in developed countries, there are low-income people to support them. Therefore, even if there are political differences, we will not give up our trade cooperation. Of course, we should learn the art of export competition and adapt to the international market situation. Don't do unpleasant things, such as disorderly "throats" and unbearable "price competition".
The second advantage is that the quality of beef products is widely adaptable: we have a large output and many varieties, and our export products can be selected at will. Moreover, our domestic market is large and we are not picky. We can consume things that foreigners don't want. It is recognized in the world that the price of meat varies greatly from place to place, and the picky of economically developed countries is our advantage.
Where is the beef export market in China?
The purpose of studying beef import is to find our export market. Similarly, the import statistics of typical countries basically reflect 76% of world international trade. China is also an importer of beef, and its import volume is far greater than its export volume. In 2002, it imported 98,540 tons, accounting for 1.32% of the world market. Beef imports from developing countries are mainly reflected in China. The situation is as follows:
China is an importer of beef, and many countries are pounding our beef market. We spend $265,438+04 million on beef every year, and more and more. The world's total import trade is1.51.1.65438 per year, equivalent to RMB1.25.4 million yuan. Our country has insufficient understanding of the difficulty in this field. Strive to study the world market information and development strategy;
1. The world beef imports are basically developed countries: in 2002, it imported 5.275 million tons, accounting for 70.75% of the world imports, especially in Europe. They are both exporters and importers. To a large extent, the purpose of trade is to adjust each other. The first is to adjust the breeding type, raise fewer cattle suitable for raising pigs and fewer sheep suitable for raising chickens, and strive to give full play to their industrial advantages. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the European Community. But they are not monolithic:
(1) Countries that rely on imports to solve their beef consumption, such as Malaysia, Kuwait, South Korea, Japan, Egypt and other countries, are in a very special situation, and their domestic output is not as good as imports. There may be no resources and conditions for raising cattle, so we have to rely on procurement. Malaysia's imports are 6.0 times that of domestic beef; Kuwait is 2.3 times; South Korea 2.3 times; Japan 1.2 times; Egypt 1. 1 time. These countries rely entirely on imports, but the quantity is not too large, ranging from 1.2 to 650,000 tons, but the per capita import volume is not small, about 5-8 kilograms. These countries need to establish a stable beef supply relationship, and they have the ability to pay, so they should consider it and strive to become our potential market.
(2) Countries that need to import to regulate domestic demand: such as the United States, Russia, Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark and other countries. Their economy is developed and their consumption level is high. Although they produce a lot, they still need to import because of their high consumption. The annual output of beef in the United States is12.438 million tons, with 42.7 kilograms per capita, and it will be imported 137,10.0000 tons. Russia, Canada, France, Germany and Italy are all similar, and imports account for a large proportion of their own production: Britain accounts for 59.2%; The Netherlands accounts for 54.9%; Denmark 54.2%; Italy 36.5%; Russia 33.3%. They produce beef by themselves and import beef to supplement and adjust. Therefore, only when the varieties, parts and processing methods of food have their own characteristics and high quality, and if they complement each other, trade is possible. For example, they like tenderloin, veal and frozen fresh meat, but they don't like old beef very much. The labor force in these countries is very expensive, so it is possible for China to export some high-end products, flavor foods and processed foods. Of course, people have high conditions, but the price is also high, so they need to cater to others.
2. Beef needs to be imported, but the ability to pay is insufficient: most of them are developing countries. In 2002, the beef import was108500 tons, accounting for 1.45% of the world's, and the per capita income was only 0.02 kg. They need to import meat to improve their living standards, but they have no money. We believe that low-income countries can also become trading partners. Through economic cooperation, they can develop resources or industries, adjust each other's import and export trade, improve their ability to pay and export our beef. They are not picky about their products, give full play to their respective industrial advantages, establish cooperative partnerships, and can also become China's export areas.
Discussion on beef processing and export varieties
The most common beef trade is frozen beef. Because beef is expensive, it requires high freshness and long shelf life. In 2002, the export volume of world chilled beef accounted for 75 1% of the total, reaching 5,704,400 tons. The importing countries are all developed countries, such as the United States, Japan, Italy, South Korea, France, Britain and Canada. , and the price is between 2500-3500 dollars, which is the most upscale food market in the world. It is difficult for ordinary countries to enter such markets. Of course, there is also a low-end chilled beef market. Russian beef imports only cost 1 17 1.2 USD. Asian and African countries, Malaysia, Indonesia, South Africa and Egypt can accept fresh beef at a low price of $ 900- 1700. China should pay attention to developing this kind of market. The beef exported from China is mixed, with an average price of US$ 2,733.0, and there are many high-grade beef.
Followed by beef products, the annual export is 426,700 tons, accounting for 5.62% of the exported beef. The export value is $960 million. Because developed countries are not very comfortable with our beef, it is also a strategy to strive for the export of meat products, which can be developed in the future. At present, the exporting countries of meat products are mainly countries with a lot of beef production but some difficulties in transportation, such as Brazil, Argentina and the United States. The price of beef products is lower than that of fresh beef, and the world exports 450,300 tons every year. The import market is still developed countries. It is estimated that a considerable part of it is used as raw materials for reprocessing, such as beef sausages and canned beef. China beef products belong to mid-range products, and the average export price is 2 1 17.0 USD, which has broad prospects.
The third is veal and pure beef, which are the most expensive. In 2002, the world export was 6,543,800+248,000 tons, accounting for 654.38+06.4% of the total. The importing countries are all countries that have difficulties in producing high-grade beef. Asian and African countries, Korean, Russian, China, etc. The average import price is as high as $3733.5. Veal is produced by Germany, the United States, France, Canada and other countries with strong economic strength, and its export price is more than 3000 dollars. It is a world-class food. Generally speaking, it is difficult for all countries to enter this market. Our country should organize specialized companies to organize scattered slaughter enterprises, and provide them to high-end catering industry in time, with good quality and quantity according to market needs, at least to replace imports. We also have such products and technologies.
From: China Agricultural University Liu Shaobo Shi Youlong Ge Liuxiangnuo
-Animal Husbandry Market magazine
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