Brief introduction of Ning Guan Iron Rider
According to Dang Ming's records, around March of the first year of Chongzhen (1628), about 100,000 Mongolian tribes surrendered to the Ming court and were placed near Jinzhou by the Liao government at that time. Liao town generals learned from Li and recruited a large number of lean and skilled barbarians as servants. Zu Dashou, the commander-in-chief of Jinzhou at that time, directly reorganized some Mongols into the camp to reduce barbarians. With Mongolian tribal leaders as generals, it became an elite army under the direct command of Zu Dashou, numbering about 3,000 people.
After Yuan Chonghuan went to prison, Zu Dashou became the military head of Liao Army and served as the company commander of Liao Town. From then on, the Zujiajun, headed by Zu Dashou, whose main fighting force was the surrender of foreigners, stepped onto the historical stage of the Ming Dynasty ruling Liaodong for more than ten years. With the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Zu Kuan and Zu Dale, the generals of Zujiajun, led troops who mainly surrendered to foreign countries to fight bandits, and the name of Zujiajun's fighting skill spread like wildfire in the customs. In the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), people began to fight bandits. Ning Guan warrior? Address.
Zu Dashou's ancestral home army, the main force is who. Wu Sangui, whose father is Wu Xiang, is related to Zu Dashou by marriage and is also a member of Zu Dashou military family. When Zu Dashou surrendered to Huang Taiji in the Battle of Jinsong, Wu Sangui became the representative of Zujiajun in Liao Army in Ming Dynasty. Its 3,000 family members have also become an important fighting force on which it relies.
Your honour elder sister? After the Beijing alarm was lifted, Emperor Chongzhen immediately ordered the execution of Yuan Chonghuan. At the same time, Ning Guan fighters were divided into three parts, one was commanded by Zu Dashou, the other by Wu Sangui, and the other was transferred to Shanhaiguan to suppress the peasant rebels in Li Zicheng. Soon, Zu Dashou's Ning Guan fighters were wiped out in the battle with Li Zicheng, leaving only Wu Sangui and his men.
In the 14th year of Chongzhen (164 1), in the Jin Song War that started in March of the lunar calendar, Jinzhou was completely hopeless because of the crushing defeat of reinforcements Hong Chengchou, so Zu Dashou led his troops to the Qing army and was appointed as the company commander of Zhenghuangqi. Shunzhi thirteen years (1656), died in Beijing. This elite army of more than 10,000 people later became Wu Sangui's main bargaining chip. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Qing Dynasty (1644), Ning Guan fighters, led by Wu Sangui, jumped into the Central Plains. This army also had to be used by the Qing court and became an important force to suppress Li Zicheng, Zhang and other peasant armies.
In the spring of the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), Emperor Kangxi decided to withdraw his vassal, and Wu Sangui rose up against the Qing Dynasty. Ning Guan's fighters once again acted as pioneers in Wu Jun, leaving Yunnan and Guizhou in a mighty way and killing them in Beijing. Just dubious advantage, when the soldiers who participated in the war have either died or retired, the Ning Guan soldiers at this time have no invincible fighting capacity. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), after Emperor Kangxi cut off the vassals and pacified Wu Sangui, the last part of Ning Guan fighters in the Ming Dynasty also disappeared.
Pre-war situation and strategic deployment
Sun Chengzong overseers Jiliao again, and after recovering Zunhua and other four cities in Shanhaiguan Pass, he set out to rectify the defense outside Shanhaiguan Pass and reinforce the Ningjin defense line jointly operated by him and Yuan Chonghuan. In the fourth year of Chongzhen (163 1), Sun Chengzong visited Kanto and decided to build Daling River City and its peripheral strongholds. Located more than 30 miles east of Jinzhou, this city is an outpost for defending Ningjin and advancing backward. In July, the company commanders Zu Dashou and He Lingbing formally started construction.
Aisingiorro？ huang taiji
Deeply disturbed news, the Ming army is building Daling River City, and Huang Taiji ordered: The land in Liaodong, Shenyang, was not mine originally, but was given by God. Today, instead of conquering, it is better to let the Han people explore the territory, build battlements, repair the armor and make it complete. How can I settle down? On July 27th, Huang Taiji led his troops to the west of Shenyang. The next day, he crossed the Liaohe River, summoned generals and announced that he would send troops to collect taxes.
On the first day of August, the army set out from the old Liaoyang City and was divided into two ways: one route was 20,000 troops, including Bailede, Yue Tuo and Azige, which passed through Yizhou (now Yixian, Liaoning) and was stationed between Jinzhou and Daling River; All the way, headed by Huang Taiji, passed through Baitu Factory and headed for Guangning Avenue, and agreed to meet at the gate of Daling River on the sixth day. At the same time, 40 newly cast red cannons were transported to Daling River.
The Ming army stationed in Dalinghe City originally had more than 1.6 thousand officers and men, and then sent 2,200 people to buy war horses to defend Ningyuan. In fact, there are more than 1.4 million officers and men, about 1.0 million husbands and businessmen, and there are more than 30,000 people in the city. Shoujiang Zu Dashou and his men are elite, equipped with firearms and firearms, with strong defense. However, the construction of this city has only started for more than half a month. In addition, Chou He Jia, the governor of Liaodong, went his own way after the construction began, and at the same time set out to repair Youtun City, which dispersed manpower and material resources. As a result, Daling River City was only half finished, so he had to close the door hastily and refused to fight.
On the sixth day of August, the late Jin army arrived at the gate of Daling River. Huang taiji learned the lessons of the two defeats of Ning and Jin, and turned to the tactics of besieged city to help others. He said:? If you attack the city, you are afraid of foot soldiers being injured. If you don't dig ditches and build walls, you will be trapped in them. I will fight when the other soldiers come out, and I will meet when foreign aid comes, which is convenient for planning. ? So the Eight Banners of Manchuria were deployed in all directions: the left wing was inlaid with yellow, white, white and blue, and the northeast of the besieged city was just south; The right wing is yellow, red and inlaid with red and blue, from the northwest to the southwest of the besieged city. Mongolian ministries served as the joint department, and the general commanders of the Han army took the red artillery battalion on Jinzhou Avenue to undertake the task of blocking the enemy. Dig and build trenches around the city: the first trench is about 5 feet wide, the second trench is about 7.5 feet deep, and then a wall is built every 5 feet. The flag team also dug a small trench 5 feet deep and 5 feet wide around their camp. As a result, Daling River City is completely isolated from the outside world.
War process
Shortly after the siege of 8 Jin Army, Zu Dashou sent a small group of troops out of the city to lure the enemy, and the late Jin General Tulai led the army to battle. When the two blue flags arrived at the gate, they were bombarded by Ming artillery, causing heavy casualties.
From then on, the 8-year-old Jin Jun was no longer easy to fight. On August 16, Songshan Ming army sent 2000 people to help, and was defeated by the troops of Houjin Ashan Lao and Satulush. On 26th, Governor Chou He of Liaodong, company commanders Wu Xiang and Wei Song, together with 6,000 soldiers, fought with Houjinbing in Changshan (southeast of Daling River City) and Xiaoling River, and were later driven back to Jinzhou.
In September, forty thousand Ming troops in Jinzhou reinforced again and lifted the siege of Zu Dashou. As soon as the Ming army crossed the Xiaoling River, they dug trenches and set up artillery arrays to prepare for battle. After that, Jin Jun also trained shield soldiers, and the two armies confronted each other. Seeing that the Ming army was heavily guarded and did not dare to go into battle lightly, Huang Taiji decided to temporarily withdraw his troops and attack while the Ming army was leaving. Seeing the retreat of Houjin, the Ming army really went straight to Daling River, just at Changshankou.
Huang taiji sent 20 thousand troops to surprise, and another elite ambushed the Ming army to return home. The weapons of the Ming armed forces were fired in unison, loud and lead like hail. After that, the nomads from the army attacked the enemy with a shield in front, then the cavalry charged, and the arrows rained down. The company commander Wu Xiang and others fled, and the Ming army was defeated. In one day, Huang Taiji defeated 40,000 Ming reinforcements and captured more than 30 generals under Zhang Chun of the Ming army.
Dalinghe city was besieged for two months, but no reinforcements arrived, and the ammunition and food in the city ran out. The soldiers guarding the city slaughtered their horses to satisfy their hunger, and the horses fell down and died for lack of feed. What about the residents in the city? Cooking bones and analyzing bones, which was not available in ancient times? . Huang taiji took the opportunity to launch political offensives one after another. He first wrote to Zu Dashou to surrender, and then ordered more than 20 Ming generals to write to surrender, which was strongly rejected by Zu Dashou. Mid-October? The food in the city is exhausted, and the soldiers and the people eat each other and live a long life. .
On 25th, Zu Dashou was helpless and took his son Kefa hostage. After many negotiations with Houjin, he surrendered to the city on the 28th and was released to Jinzhou. On the ninth day of November, Huang Taiji ordered the destruction of Daling River City and returned to Shenyang triumphantly with 3,500 guns and other trophies.
The siege of the Daling River lasted for three months, and then Jin won a great victory. This battle wiped out the most effective army outside the customs, so-called? Ning Guan warrior? The elite of the Ming army outside the customs no longer exists. When the late Jin army entered the city to receive the Earl of Daling River City, there were only 11,682 people and 32 horses left in the city. It is inferred that the main people who starve to death and are eaten are unarmed civilian workers, and most of these more than 10,000 people should be soldiers. These more than 10,000 people were incorporated, which strengthened the strength of the late Jin army.
The main reason for the late Jin Dynasty's victory was that it accepted the lessons of attacking Ning and Jin, changed the tactics of siege warfare, avoided the artillery fire of the Ming army, and played the characteristics that the Eight Banners were good at field work. In this campaign, Huang taiji did not engage in a massacre, and he began to surrender at the beginning of the siege. In desperation, Zu Dashou still patiently waited and endured, which finally moved Zu Dashou and saved the serious consequences caused by the one-minute massacre to some extent.
Second, the use of firearms to attack the city for the first time in the battle played an important role in victory. After that, the nomads from the red artillery attacked Zizhangtai first, and the Ming army guarding Taiwan didn't spend a penny. The rest of the stations are afraid of the wind. Those who are near surrender and those who are far away abandon it? . ? Those who have made great achievements on the banks of the Daling River are all because of the creation of the general in red. . From then on, the post-nomadic people will March and attack the city with cannons.