Mencius' debating skills 1. Avoiding and transforming Mencius' lobbying for the monarch and arguing with others will inevitably encounter some questions that he does not want to answer or is difficult to answer. In this case, Mencius adopted avoidance and conversion.
As famous as ... Qi Huan King's chapter? (About King Hui Liang), it recorded a dialogue and debate between Mencius and Qi Xuanwang. At first, Qi Xuanwang asked:? Can you smell the story of Qi Huan's bronze inscription? Mencius was asked to tell him something about the hegemony of Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong. We know what Mencius stands for. King? , against? Overbearing? Yes, what do you think? Five tyrants, three kings sinners? (Gao Zi Xia) Mencius obviously didn't want to talk about this issue of Qi Xuanwang. How could he? Sinners? Sin as credit propaganda, let Qi Xuanwang suit! So what should Mencius do now? Mencius said to him:? Zhong Nizhi
Acts, there is no way to Huan Wen, that is, it has not been circulated or heard of since. If there is nothing to do, what is a king? He simply avoids the other person's question and quickly changes the subject, which is called avoidance and transformation. Here, Mencius evaded by pretending not to know. What he said was not true. According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius and his disciples talked about Qi Huan and Jin Wen many times. Jin Wengong is arrogant, but Qi Huangong is arrogant? ; Second, what? Huan gong and nine ministers, not with chariots, Guan zhong's right? Answer road; Three words? Guan Zhong is a duke, a tyrant, a ruler of the world, and he gave the people from today. How could I be left behind? Answer Zigong (see Xian Wen); Moreover, Confucius wrote about disciples in the Spring and Autumn Period. How can it be said that Zhong Ni's disciples have no way to do things? In Mencius, he himself talked about Huan Hewen many times, such as? Guan Zhong is the king and Yan Zi is the king? (Ugly Sun); ? Duke Huan is to learn how to be a minister for Guan Zhong, so he is a bully who gets something for nothing. (under the ugly sun); ? Jin's Cheng, Chu's Mu Shoubian and Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals are all written in harmony, and they all write about history. Confucius said:? Its meaning is stolen. ? (Xia) As a scholar, how could Mencius not know about Huan Hewen, and how could he say that I had never heard of it? This is obviously a lie. But in the face of Qi Xuanwang's problems, imagine that if you don't tell this lie, you will either say it against your will or refuse it. This is not a good policy. In contrast, it is wise for Mencius to pretend not to know, avoid talking and politely refuse. A wise man will also hear the implication that he doesn't want to talk about this topic. If this evasion is not worthy of special praise, then he suddenly changed the topic from? Overbearing? Go? King? , come to 180 degree sharp turn, turn so suddenly, it is just a flash of lightning, which is undoubtedly an amazing moment. This skill is very powerful, because this turn, he got rid of the unfavorable situation, changed from passive to active, and quickly grasped the initiative.
Another example is a chapter in Hui Liang's Wang Xiazhong: Teng Wengong asks? Teng, a small country, is between Qi and Chu. Is everything all right? What happened? Mencius said to him:? This is beyond my power.
Yes If not, there is: you can build a city by digging a pool and keep it with the people. If the people go, they will die. ?
Teng Wengong? Everything? 、? Things? Ask, it's hard to answer, so Mencius? Is this beyond my power? Avoid talking about it, and then talk about one of my own suggestions, digging a pool to build a city and sharing it with the people. Zhu note:? The monarch died for his country, so he swore to defend it to the death. As for the people, they will stick to it and not go, but those who win the hearts of the people can't. ? It can be seen that Mencius asked the other side to strengthen the garrison [2](P323) and vigorously promote benevolent government. Defend justice and love the people? . This is also the track that will soon turn the topic into his political opinions.
Another example is "King Hui Liang"? Mencius sees Liang Zhang? King China said? Is it good for our country to come all this way? Mencius said to him:? Why should the king make a profit? And benevolence and righteousness. ? What is the Mo Qiang seal in Jin Dynasty? The king of China will avenge Qi and Chu. q？ If so, what can I do? Mencius said:? The land is a hundred miles away and can be called king. ? These are all examples of successful application of avoidance and transformation.
Mencius not only used the technique of avoiding transformation at the beginning of argument, but also often used it in the process of argument. Like what? Qi Huan King's chapter? The king asked? Why is this heart suitable for the king? Ask the so-called survivors? Can you smell it? Mencius didn't answer directly, but avoided the topic. He started another topic, asked the other person, and then obliquely introduced the original question. And the list goes on. It can be seen that being good at avoiding and changing the subject is Mencius' usual tactic in argument, and it is also an important trick that smart and eloquent people are good at using to control the situation, control the other side, avoid its sharpness, surprise and turn defense into attack.
Mencius' debating skills II. Seeking common ground and escaping As mentioned above, arguing and fighting are the same, and the way of using troops is about tension, chasing and chasing, and arguing is the same. Mencius knew this well, and he was very good at using the method of seeking common ground while reserving differences in argument. So-called? Seeking common ground? , is to seek common ground with each other in a certain respect, and give appropriate affirmation, so as to get close to each other, gain each other's trust and goodwill, and prepare for the later argument and rebuttal. Seeking common ground is only a means, and refuting differences is the purpose. So-called? Run away? That is, we should catch each other first and play hard to get, so as to hold each other firmly in our own hands. Both of them have the characteristics of retreating for progress, bending for extension and squatting for promotion, and they are closely related.
Are you online? Qi Huan King's chapter? Mencius cited the topic? King? Later, he pointed out to Qi Xuanwang? Protecting the people is king, how to protect yourself? Can he really do it? Keep the people king? Qi Xuanwang didn't know why, so Mencius told the story of Wang Xuan. Who heard it from Huya Beggar? Sheep for cattle? Explain this story? Is the heart king enough? . From where? I heard that Hu's teeth are begging? It can be seen that Mencius did some research in advance, which is necessary. Knowing each other's situation, knowing ourselves and knowing ourselves, can be in an invincible position. After the story? Know nothing? Asking is knowing perfectly well past asking, not only to let the other party confirm, but also to hold the other party by the nose. As we usually see, some eloquent people always catch people when they talk. So Mencius is just? Cattle and sheep? Discrimination shows that it seeks common ground while reserving differences and escapes from reality: Is the heart enough for the king to hang down; ? All the people love the king (stingy). ? I know the king can't stand it; Did you make it in Qi Xuanwang? However, if people are small, why do I love a cow? After Mencius' recognition and defense, capturing the king again is tantamount to the people loving the king, taking the small as the big and beggar-thy-neighbor. If the king hides his innocence and dies, what about the cattle and sheep? This puzzled Qi Xuanwang and he couldn't answer. He smiled awkwardly. Why are you sincere? And reluctantly admit it? Should people call me love? . In this case, Mencius came again? Take the initiative to clear the field and defend. There is no harm, but this is benevolence, and you can't see sheep when you see cows. This wonderful argument captures the crux of the problem, shows the intelligence of Mencius, and even touches Qi Xuanwang's heart. No wonder Xuan Wang is very happy and excited. The poem says:? If others have the heart, they can consider it. ? Master is also called. I did what I had to do, but I asked for it, not really. Master said, I have a lot to worry about! ? In the above argument, Mencius has a pull, a let, a vertical dispute, but in general, he seeks common ground while reserving differences, focusing on vertical. After a round of discussion and debate, Mencius won the trust of the other side with his own wisdom, forcing him to be convinced and even grateful, thus achieving the expected goal. However, when reading the following? Today's kindness is enough for animals, but not enough for people. What's the only thing? At this time, it suddenly dawned on us that seeking common ground while reserving differences and getting closer and closer are completely playing hard to get! It turned out that Mencius had a well-thought-out plan and successfully implemented it. He personally directed this scene of seeking common ground while reserving differences. Its superb tactics, people can not help but marvel at it!
Such tactics are also used in other chapters of Mencius. Like Under Teng Wengong? Chen Zhongzizhang? For puffed up so-called? Chen Zhongzi, aren't you an honest man? In a word, Mencius stepped back and said to him, In Qi, I will regard Zhongzi as a giant. Although, Zhongzi can be evil and cheap, but an ant. This is also the application of seeking common ground while reserving differences, and the argument of "chasing before catching up".
What needs to be explained is that Mencius'? Seeking common ground? It is entirely to refute different opinions and publicize their own opinions, which is different from some people who use power for personal gain to please powerful people in later generations. Its? Run away? It is also aboveboard but not cunning, smart but not humble. This is worthy of our careful understanding and study.