Chao Huang (? ~ 884) Leader of the peasant war in the late Tang Dynasty. Cao Zhou is a native of Cao County (now northwest Shandong). With a little knowledge of the secretary, he repeatedly cited Jinshi and engaged in smuggling salt. Rich, good at fencing, riding and shooting fairies, Tang Yizong (860 ~ 873) did not arrive at the beginning of Xuanzong Ganfu (874 ~ 879), and suffered severe famine for years, especially in the south of the Yellow River. Peasant uprisings broke out one after another. At the beginning of the second year of Ganfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, Shang Rang and others launched an uprising in Changyuan (now northeast of Henan Changyuan), and the peasant war broke out in the Tang Dynasty. In May, Huang Chao and his brothers, sons and nephews Huang Yi and Huang Enye launched a response from thousands of people. Then the Wang and Huang armies joined forces and fought together, attacking Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong Province) in the east and Luoyang in the west. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty quickly mobilized troops to attack. Wang and Huang Nai went south (now Biyang, Henan Province) and Dengzhou (now Dengxian County, Henan Province) in October of the third year of Ganfu, and then moved to Henan, Hubei, Anhui and other places. At the end of the same year, Pei Mao, the secretariat of qi zhou (now northeast of Qichun, Hubei), lured and surrendered to Wang Xianzhi, but Xian Zhi wavered and accepted the official position of the Tang Dynasty. Huang Chao rebuked him, saying, We made a big oath and traveled all over the world. Now, you have taken the official position and surrendered to the enemy alone. Where will the masses go? Anger hurts xianzhi's head Xian Zhi was afraid of public anger and didn't dare to accept Tang's orders, so she divided her forces and fought with Huang Chao. Huang Chao led the army northward to conquer Yunzhou (now Dongping North, Shandong Province) and Yizhou. Later, although Wang and Huang once attacked Songzhou (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province), they soon broke up.

In five years, Wang Xianzhi died in Huangmei (now northwest of Huangmei, Hubei Province), and still let the rest rush to Haozhou (now Haoxian, Anhui Province) to meet Huang Chao and his men, pushing Huang Chao to be the yellow king, and the title of general was soaring, and Jianyuan Wang Ba was an official subordinate. From then on, Huang Chao became the highest * * * of the insurgents. After the two rebels met, their power grew again. Huang Chao went north again, and then went west along the south bank of the Yellow River. "I want to see Dongdu (Luoyang)", and the Tang Dynasty urgently dispatched troops to reinforce Dongdu. Huang Chao knew that there was no hope of an eastward attack, so he led his troops south, crossed the Yangtze River and went downstream eastward. In Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), the rebels were stopped by Zhang Lin and Liang Jian of Gao Pian Department appointed by Zhenhai (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). The rebel army went south from Zhejiang, opened a mountain road for 700 miles, entered Fujian and conquered Fuzhou (now Fujian Province). Huang Chao suppressed bureaucratic landlords in Fuzhou and killed the stubborn "Chu Shi" Zhou Pu. Later, he led the army south along the coast and captured Guangzhou, an important town in Lingnan, in September of six years. After about two months' rest, in the winter of this year, Huang Chao led a great army to the Northern Expedition, calling himself "Commander-in-Chief of the Rebel Army", and issued a proclamation announcing that he was about to enter the customs, accusing the eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty of being in charge of state affairs, out of order in state affairs, colluding with courtiers and officials, and bribing officials; It also announced the prohibition of insurrectionary army, the prohibition of secretariat and extensive cultivation of property, and the county magistrate ordered the whole family to behead those who committed stolen goods. What he accused was extremely bad at that time and won the support of the masses. Hundreds of thousands of rebels set out from Guizhou (now Guilin, Guangxi), took a raft along the Xiangjiang River, conquered Tanchuan (now Changsha, Hunan) and descended to Jiangling (now Hubei). Originally, I wanted to attack the Central Plains and go straight to Guanzhong, but Jingmen (now Hubei) was defeated by Liu Juke, a general of the Tang Dynasty, and turned eastward. In May of the fifth year of Yu Guangming (880), he shot and killed Zhang Lin and Gao Pian, veterans of Huainan (now Yangzhou North, Jiangsu). In July, I flew across the Yangtze River from quarrying (now the east bank of the Yangtze River southwest of Maanshan, Anhui). Gao Jiao had a problem with Tang Ting, and he was afraid of the prestige of the rebels. Although he was lucky enough to support his troops, he only protected his territory and dared not wage war. Huang Chao crossed the Huaihe River through the back door and occupied Luoyang, the eastern capital, in November. During the March, the insurgents "walked with others and didn't squander money and goods", and people along the way joined the insurgents in succession, reaching as many as one million. After entering Luoyang city, Yi immediately asked the people, and he was embarrassed. When Huang Chao attacked the north, he specifically told the commanders of the towns in the Tang Dynasty: Keep your bases well and don't attack our soldiers. I'm going to the capital. I'm going to the capital to apologize to the emperor. It's none of your business. These words split the enemy camp, so the soldiers marched unimpeded. Huang Chao didn't stay in Du Dong for a long time, then turned to the west, broke through the natural barrier of Tongguan (now northeast of Tongguan, Shaanxi) at the end of the year, and finally captured the capital Chang 'an. And eunuch Tian nan fled to Chengdu. On the day when the rebel army entered the city, it distributed property to the poor, and General Shang Jean announced to the masses: "The Yellow Emperor started to fight for the people, except Li who did not love Ru Cao. You are Cao, but you live in peace! "

1 February 13 (88 1 year1year 65438+6 years), Huang Chao was located in Hanyuan Temple, with the name of Daqi, and was renamed Golden Boy. Officials before the Tang dynasty were divided into four levels, and all officials above the third level were dismissed. The main officials of its center are: Shang Rang is the commander-in-chief and secretary, and he is the deputy envoy; Former Tang officials Cui Li and Yang Xigu were in the same position (i.e. prime minister); Meng Kai and Gaihong are the left and right servants of Shangshu, and also serve as military envoys (in charge of the guards); Pi Rixiu, a famous poet, is also a bachelor of Hanlin. Huang Chao implemented a policy of severely punishing the royal family and officials in Chang 'an. Few people stayed in Chang 'an in the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty. After the rebels caught more than 100 senior officials and dignitaries hidden in the walls of Zhangzhi, they were all executed. The Daqi regime also confiscated the property of the rich, which was called "scouring things", and all the palaces walked barefoot. The following year, Tang Jun once attacked Chang 'an, and the rebel army temporarily retreated, and counterattacked that night, expelling Tang Jun from the city.

However, Huang Chao did not send troops to pursue Tang Xizong, nor did he first try his best to annihilate the imperial army in the important town of Guanzhong. The Daqi regime also lacked the necessary economic policies, and production and finance were nowhere to be found. In this way, the balance of power between the enemy and ourselves gradually became unfavorable to the rebels. The landlords in Guanzhong insisted on staying in the wild, which caused the Daqi regime to fall into a serious food shortage dilemma; In the second year of Zhonghe (882), Datong (now Dali, Shaanxi Province) defended the war, causing Zhu Wen to defect and surrender the enemy. Li Keyong, a Shatuo, led 17,000 people south at the request of the Tang Dynasty. The enemy's military strength has greatly increased. At this point, Huang Chao found it very unfavorable to be trapped in Guanzhong, so he withdrew eastward in April of three years, attacked and forced Cai Zhou (now Runa, Henan Province), and the Tang Dynasty defeated Qin Zongquan and surrendered to Huang Chao. In June, the insurgents began to besiege Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang, Henan). Zhao Gui, the garrison commander, resisted for a long time, and Zhu Wen and Li Keyong successively came to reinforce Zhao Gui. Huang Chao was cleared in April of four years, and Watanabe moved north, which was blocked by Shipu, our envoy Tang and Xuzhou. The battle was unfavorable, and he finally retreated to the Wolf Tiger Valley (now southwest of Laiwu, Shandong Province) and committed suicide on June 17 (one was killed by his nephew Lin Yan). The peasant war, which lasted for more than nine years, is over. Soon after, the Tang Dynasty perished and history entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Supplementary poetry anthology:

Tite chrysanthemum

The west wind is rustling all over the courtyard, and cold butterflies are hard to come by.

If I were Di Qing next year, I would report to Taohua.

Hangju

Waiting for September 8 of the lunar autumn,

Blooming chrysanthemums are in full bloom, Chang 'an is fragrant, the city is bathed in the fragrance of chrysanthemums-Italy, and the land is like golden chrysanthemums.

Self-named image

I remember when the grass was flying and the iron clothes were covered with robes.

Tianjin Bridge didn't know anything, so I leaned against the post and watched the sunset.