Ancient India is one of the four ancient civilizations, and the Indus civilization (mainly located in present-day Pakistan) was born in 2500 BC. About 1500 years ago, Aryans from Central Asia entered the South Asian subcontinent, conquered the local ancient Indians, established some small slave countries, established the caste system, and Vedas began to develop into Brahmanism.
In the 4th century BC, the Peacock Dynasty unified India and began to spread Buddhism and spread it abroad. About 188 BC, after the collapse of the peacock empire, Hinduism and Islam rose. 1600, Britain invaded the Mughal Empire and established the East India Company. After 1757, it gradually became a British colony. 1June, 947, Britain promulgated the mountbatten Plan to implement the partition of India. On August 15 of the same year, the Indian dominion was established. 1950 65438+1October 26th announced the establishment of the Republic and became a member of the Commonwealth.
India is the second most populous country in the world and one of the BRICS countries. Its economy and industry are diversified, including agriculture, handicrafts, textiles and even services. Two thirds of India's population still depends directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. In recent years, the service industry has grown rapidly and has become the most important exporter of software, finance and other services in the world. The world's largest exporter of generic drugs and the world's largest remittance country. India is a developing country with extremely unbalanced distribution of social wealth, and the problem of caste system is more acute.
Extended data:
natural environment
1, regional position
India is located in the northern hemisphere, 8 24 ′ ~ 37 36 ′ north latitude and 68 7 ′ ~ 97 25 ′ east longitude. India is the largest country in South Asia, with an area of 2.98 million square kilometers, ranking seventh in the world.
2. Topography
From the Himalayas to the south, it extends to the Indian Ocean, with mountains in the north, Indus-Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau and its coastal plains on the east and west sides in the south. The plains account for about 40% of the total area, the mountains only account for 25%, and the plateaus account for 1\3, but most of these mountains and plateaus are below 1000 meters above sea level.
The terrain is low and gentle, which has an absolute advantage in the whole country. Not only is the transportation convenient, but also with the cooperation of tropical monsoon climate and fertile soil conditions such as alluvial soil and tropical black soil suitable for agricultural production, most of the land can be used for agriculture, and crops can grow all year round, which has unique natural conditions.
3. Climate characteristics
The whole of India is hot, and most of it belongs to tropical monsoon climate, while thar desert in western India belongs to tropical desert climate. There is an obvious monsoon in summer and no obvious monsoon in winter. The climate in India is divided into rainy season (June ~ 65438+1October), dry season (March ~ May) and cool season (1 1 ~ February of the following year). In winter, due to the barrier of Himalayas, there is no cold current or cold high pressure going south to affect India. ?
natural resource
India is rich in mineral resources, with bauxite reserves and coal production ranking fifth in the world, and mica exports account for 60% of the world's exports. By the end of 65.438+0.996, the recoverable reserves of India's main resources are estimated as follows: 46.389 billion tons of coal (excluding coking coal), 9.754 billion tons of iron ore, 2.253 billion tons of bauxite, 65.438+0.24 billion tons of chromite, 65.50 million tons of manganese ore, 5.89 million tons of zinc, 3.52 million tons of copper and 6.5438+0. The forest coverage rate is 2 1.9%.
economic conditions
India is one of the fastest growing countries in the world, and its economic growth rate is remarkable. If measured by the same purchasing power, India's GDP of 20 1 1 is US$ 4.457 trillion, ranking third in the world with Japan, second only to the United States and China. However, if evaluated at the exchange rate of US dollars, India's GDP is only 1.676 trillion US dollars, ranking 1 1 in the world, which is almost the same as that of Australia, a developed country with a population of only 23 million. India's annual growth rate is 5.8%, from 20 1 1 to 20 12, reaching 6. 1%. In a developing country like India, social wealth is extremely unbalanced, and 10% of the population controls 33% of the national income.
Because of India's large population, the average gross national product is very low. 20 1 1 year, India's average gross domestic product (purchasing power parity) is 3694 US dollars, ranking 129 in the world. The exchange rate of USD 1.389 USD, ranking 140 in the world. 199 1 years ago, influenced by the socialist planned economy, the economic policy adopted trade protectionism, and the Indian government excessively intervened in the labor and financial markets and supervised commercial activities. Due to the Indian economic crisis of 199 1 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the New Congress Party government began to implement economic liberalization reform in India, and gradually turned it into a free market through foreign trade and direct investment.
India's economy is dominated by planting, modern agriculture, handicrafts, modern industry and its supporting industries. A quarter of the country's population still has no food and clothes. India has abundant foreign exchange reserves and a stable exchange rate. In the future, the government will completely abolish foreign exchange control, and the market will determine the value of money. India's manufacturing exports have begun to decline, and power supply in many parts of the country is still insufficient. India has a large population proficient in English. At present, it is the world's leading information service manufacturer, computer software exporter and the motherland of many software engineers in the 2/kloc-0 century.
India practices socialism while practicing democracy, and the government strictly controls private economic activities, foreign trade and foreign direct investment. However, in 199 1, the control of foreign trade and foreign investment was relaxed and the domestic market was gradually opened through economic reform. Privatization of state-owned enterprises and the opening up of some fields have imposed restrictions on private and foreign investment, and the relevant political debate continues.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-India