Li Zicheng Uprising Army; Policy analysis; Land issues; Why did Tian Jun's slogan Li Zicheng Uprising Army become the most brilliant one in the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty? There are many reasons for this, but the most important one is that this rebel army has implemented many popular political and economic policies since Chongzhen thirteen years ago. These policies solved some social problems that people felt deeply at that time. Studying these policies is helpful to understand the social situation when these policies were put forward and the political level reached by this uprising. 1. Four policies for benefiting the people of Li Zicheng Rebel Army. 1. Reduce the burden of tax service. The slogan of Li Zicheng Rebel Army in tax service is mainly non-tax service or non-tax service for several years. If there is a record of grain requisition, there is a record of grain refusal, and grain will not be requisitioned for three years and five years. The ballads spread by the rebels to expand their influence also belong to this aspect. If you eat his mother, eat his mother, do your best. Not too bad. Don doesn't accept food. Listen to Wang Cheng and eat as much as you can. Tang did not eat, ate his mother, wore his mother, opened the door to welcome the king, and the king came, refusing to take food, but seeking promotion. In addition, there are some records showing that the insurgents also announced a reduction in taxes and labor. From the actual situation, the rebels did not abolish the tax service, but reduced the tax revenue. As for the record of tax labor, for example, in June of the sixteenth year after Chongzhen just won the west, Li Zicheng ordered that from January of the following year, one stone per grain would be sent to the provincial capital to see off 6,000 grasses; Multiple of transportation cost. Lighter records, such as Huixian County, Henan Province, have proved that the actual income per mu in the Ming Dynasty reached one-third to two-thirds, while the rebels in Li Zicheng here received five cents per mu, which was several times different from each other. Understandably, the rebels did not completely abolish the collection of taxes and labor, but only levied lighter taxes. Because the rebels are going to wage war, the military expenditure is huge. We can only accept Ming warehouses in enemy-occupied areas, and expropriation, expropriation and confiscation of gentry's property are not a long-term solution. Therefore, it is inevitable to implement normal tax collection. Summing up the propaganda slogans and actual practices of the rebels in Li Zicheng, it is estimated that their tax policy may be temporarily exempted for a period of time, or in some places it is three to five years, and in some places it is levied at a lighter tax rate. The reason why the rebels in Li Zicheng put forward this tax service policy thirteen years after Chongzhen was because the most painful problem for the people at that time was the heavy tax service burden imposed on them by the Ming government. Heavy tax exploitation is one of the important reasons for the outbreak of Chongzhen Uprising during the Apocalypse. After the uprising broke out, the Ming government wanted to suppress dispatch troops and guard against the invasion of Manchu nobles. The situation of fighting on both sides forced the Ming government to take risks and continue to levy taxes. In the third year of Chongzhen, at the end of Wanli, Liao Xiang was given an extra 5.2 million yuan, 9% per mu. According to the opinion of Liang Tingdong, the minister of the Ministry of War, it is very strange to add 6.5438+0.65 million yuan if the minister of the Ministry of Housing requires an additional 3% per mu. In the eighth year of Chongzhen, Lu Xiangsheng, the governor, demanded that the official land tax be increased by one tenth, with more than 12 people. In this way, every two dollars collected is called repayment. In the tenth year of Chongzhen, Yang Sichang, a minister of the Ministry of War, discussed a large-scale crackdown on thieves. Please take Shaanxi, Henan, Huguang and Jiangbei as four fronts, four governors divide their forces and keep them, Yansui, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangnan, Jiangxi and Sichuan as six corners, and six governors divide their forces and merge, which is a net of ten sides. Because of the increase of 6.5438+0.2 million troops, the salary increased by 2.8 million. There are four payment methods: paying for food and spilling th.
In the twelfth year of Chongzhen, in order to train border soldiers and militia, the salary training was increased, and the salary training per mu was increased, with a total increase of 7.3 million. The burden brought by the endless dispatch to the people increased sharply, which became the most serious social problem at that time. In the eighth year of Chongzhen, Ni once talked about it. People are the most bitter today. If you have nothing to do, run. You Du Shi Yu and Shanxi Governor Dzhanis regard it as one of the three great sufferings of Shanxi people: Shanxi people have three great sufferings. A miserable, cruel and barren life, living beyond one's means. If you chase hard, you won't lose the rent. A bitter battle, there is nothing to save. It's called theft. Due to the policy of reducing the number of people, the taxes paid by the Li Zicheng Rebels solved the greatest pain of the people at that time in time, which was well received by the people. For example, during the Tianfu period, Yan sent party member to pretend to be a businessman, spreading rumors that he was a teacher of benevolence and righteousness, and did not kill or rob or accept food. Fools believe him. I'm afraid I won. I can't come, but I'm afraid I can't. I published the same book: Zicheng Chiba Huangzhou, denouncing riding, pretending to believe in righteousness and luring away. There is a lie that you can't die for three years. Only a fool thinks so. Li Yanfu wrote a folk song privately, which made the party recite the cloud: Wear his mother, eat his mother, open the door to welcome the king, Sheng Wang is here, and I can't eat. Therefore, it is very popular. Li Yangui recorded that thieves sent fake officials to counties in Shandong and Henan, and they arrived ahead of time. Scholars want to levy and lose, hate old officials, take advantage of the situation, hold incense to welcome guidance, and be crazy near and far. Shameless old officer, buy wine and leave. Yan Li, etc. Rumor says eat his mother, eat her mother, and you win. I can't change it. You won. Don't pay for food. Northern Henan, spread far and near, people who can't show off will think about it. 2。 Relief for the poor. Part of the property confiscated, requisitioned or copied by the Li Zicheng Rebels from the Ming government and the gentry and rich households will be used for poverty alleviation. For example, in the year of Li Zicheng Tu Huangpi, after the capture of Luoyang in the 14th year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng Rebels laid tens of thousands of stones in Fugu and Mansion to help the hungry. For another example, from 0755 to 79000, the thief has no other tricks. First, they pretend to be businessmen everywhere, spreading the news that the money of the rich will be distributed to the poor. This poverty alleviation policy has been very timely since the thirteenth year of Chongzhen. The broad masses of working people rose up at the time of Chongzhen, the apocalypse, because they were extremely poor and had no intention of living. Their situation has not improved since then. As mentioned above, taxes are still increasing day by day, and natural disasters are also extremely frequent during Chongzhen. According to the record of "Knowing the Year in Pingkou", the following disasters occurred: in the first year of Chongzhen, the wind and rain in Zhejiang were mixed, the seawater flooded, tens of thousands of people drifted away, and Shaanxi was hungry. Chongzhen two years: a long drought. Chongzhen three years: a long drought. Chongzhen four years: In winter, Yan Daxue lived in Qingyang, and the people were hungry. Chongzhen Five Years: Renshen Heavy Rain in the capital, Jin Meng in the river. Seven years of Chongzhen: Deng and Lai Hungry. It hasn't rained in Shanxi since last year. As for the moon, people are hungry. In June, he went out of Dingpei County. Nine years of Chongzhen: Hungry people eat each other in Shanxi. A good friend is hungry in Ningxia. In March, Nanyang starved to death. Ten years of Chongzhen: March, Shaanxi disaster. It was summer, and there was a drought in Ji Liang and Shaanxi. In autumn, locusts attacked Shandong and Henan provinces, making people hungry and cold. Eleventh year of Chongzhen: In June, there was a drought in Ji Liang and Lu Yu. In September, Shaanxi and Shanxi suffered from drought and hunger. Twelve years of Chongzhen: In June, a plague of locusts was discovered in Guinea, Shandong, Henan and Shanxi provinces. Thirteen years of Chongzhen; What year is this year? Grasshoppers eat each other in Ji Liang, Shandong and Henan. Fourteen years of Chongzhen: June, Ji Liang, Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang and
4 Pingkou Branch of Suwangxu Village in Neihuang County, Henan Province records that in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, the poor people in Neihuang County were hungry and cold, but whenever they met the dead, they tried their best to fill their stomachs with meat, and even the living were killed. Broken houses, wild smoke, separation of mother and child, bare land thousands of miles away. In this case, the poor working people who are hungry and cold urgently need relief to tide over the difficulties. From this, it can be seen that the anti-poverty policy of Li Zicheng rebels in the United States at this time is in line with the wishes of ordinary people. According to historical records, the rebels in Li Zicheng are famous for their poverty alleviation policies. The Year of Beiwu Supplement: Li Zicheng rebels take poverty as a rumor, and the voice of benevolence and righteousness spreads. Record: Tang, a rebel in Li Zicheng, shouldn't kill people when he entered the city, because they scattered the hungry people because of looting, and many people returned to them. Their names are Li Gongzi Renyibing. 3. Strict military discipline. From the 13th year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng Rebellion paid great attention to military discipline. Yan Mi sent Fang to be a businessman, and four biographies: If he is the teacher of Wang Renyi, he will not kill or plunder. During Zhuang Lie's reign of Ming Dynasty, thieves did nothing at the gate in Henan. He ordered himself to kill a person, such as my father, and commit adultery with a woman, such as my mother. Li Zicheng, Hubei Province published a campaign, announcing the urgent need to promote a teacher of benevolence and righteousness to save Tu Youyou. Today, Chengtian and Dean will personally go to Huangzhou and send a letter to inform them. Sergeant, don't panic. They should be healthy. Each battalion is good at killing good people, and the whole team is beheaded. In, after the Li Zicheng Rebel Army entered Beijing, a message was posted on the list of local people: When the governor entered the city, there was nothing to do in autumn. Anyone who dares to rob people's property will be put to death this year. Two thieves robbed a silk shop and stood in the street of Pan Qi. As always, people are jubilant and safe. In wartime, the army can easily disturb the people. The adherents of the Ming dynasty at that time were like this. Records: Since the Ming Dynasty, the company has been undisciplined, gathering people across the town, robbing soldiers, requisitioning grain and grass, and taking wells as the city. Some even killed the heads of ordinary people to make contributions. They turn their ignorance to the Lord to contribute, and the Lord will discipline them foolishly, but they don't know how to discipline them. This disadvantage has lasted for a long time. At that time, there were many famous generals in the loyalist army, including Zuo Liangyu. In February of Chongzhen 10, Zuo Liangyu was transferred to Qiantai Mountain to search for rebels. Liang Yusheng is very successful, but he is arrogant. He is afraid of going into the mountains. He went to Shu for a mixed month, supported him, and made thousands of daughters, which is a link in dozens of miles. He went to the wall house, dirty women plundered chickens and dolphins, and the village gathered for the city. The rebels in Li Zicheng are disciplined and don't commit crimes in autumn, which is in sharp contrast with loyalists. Because the strict discipline of the Li Zicheng Rebel Army is in the interests of the broad masses of the people, it has won the heartfelt support of the people. Record: Your son Chenghe calls their minister from time to time. Qi told him that the situation of sending troops, offering sacrifices and Jian 'an has deteriorated today, but it is easy to treat sacrifices, but it is difficult to send troops. Dedicated, scary; Zhuang, connect people. If you don't follow the trend, you will suffer. An American soldier is with Yang Sichang, but people can't defend their walls; Song Yihe suffered. He is a soldier and a man. They don't have their own home. 3. American soldiers suffering from Zuo Liangyu, people living there, pedestrians can save their lives. Know the pain of thieves, and use the suppression of soldiers to protect the people as an excuse. At that time, the foolish people were confused and surrendered. And the thief donated money to help the poor and sent millet to satisfy hunger, so that
Yujing moved, and Yun was turned away by the soldiers. The thief forced Fan Min to cross the beach with a cannon, rode behind him, and forced him to walk step by step, but didn't go forward. Shotguns and crossbows of two armies opened fire, and thousands of people were lying on the river. Can you stop? Jade is afraid that thieves can't force her. After crossing the city and attacking the city, Wang Yongzuo took Xiang and Tang's second son to Yueyang and Wuchang. Ji, Xiangyang has fallen. 4。 The commodity economy was quite developed in Ming dynasty, but the Ming government wantonly destroyed industry and commerce. For example, at that time, there were so-called famous families supplying official goods, and even South Ming Di had to admit that the local government was harming the people. For this kind of business, slightly lighter officials still buy it at the official price, which is ten to five or six times higher than the market price. Those officials who have no conscience will receive the tickets and send them directly. This book is full of holes. Contrary to the Ming government, Li Zicheng Rebellion explicitly proposed to give full protection to industry and commerce after 13 years of Chongzhen. It is recorded that the Li Zicheng Rebel Army was exiled to Fuhe, Henan Province, to communicate with businessmen. According to records, the rebels in Li Zicheng disguised themselves as businessmen everywhere and spread them around, saying that thieves bought and sold on an equal footing. Li Zicheng, March 15th, 17th year of Chongzhen: Tell the villagers not to panic. When our soldiers arrive, we will make a fair deal and never commit adultery or robbery. Li Zicheng Uprising carried out this industrial and commercial policy, which was naturally supported by businessmen and businessmen. When Li Zicheng rebels surrounded Kaifeng, a forger Zhong Sun privately made hundreds of iron arrows. He went out of town with a weapon and found it for the door army. He broke one with his arm and called the thief the Lord of the mountain soldiers. The actions of the forgers reflected that most businessmen and businessmen at that time turned their hearts to the rebels in Li Zicheng. Many industrialists and businessmen also joined the insurgents, and some even became the leaders of the insurgents, which lasted until the year of Pingkou. The thief soldier said: My grandfather used to be a blacksmith, but the official position of the Zhang family is a military system, and he will be a tinker in the future.