An outstanding strategist in the Qin Dynasty, he was another famous soldier in Qin State after Bai Qi. Together with his son, Wang Ben, he made great contributions in assisting Qin Shihuang to unify the six countries. Except North Korea, the other five countries were destroyed by Wang Jian and his son.
As a teenager, Wang Jian loved the art of war and worked for Qin Shihuang. There is a story about Wang Jian: Qin Shihuang asked Li Xin how many people were needed to destroy Chu, and Li Xin said that 200,000 was enough. Qin Shihuang asked Wang Jian again, and Wang Jian said, "It must be 600 thousand." So Qin Shihuang said, "General, you are old, you are dying, you are timid, you are still powerful in Li Xin, and you are brave and invincible!" Wang Jian smiled, then resigned and returned to his hometown. Later, Li Xin was killed by the State of Chu, leaving no one behind and escaped.
When Qin Shihuang got the letter, he was furious. He didn't think what Wang Jian said was really reasonable, so he corrected his mistake and pulled his face down to apologize to Wang Jian. He said, "I was confused for a moment and listened to Li Xin's big talk. Many soldiers are dead now. General, please help me, or I will be finished. " Wang Jian said politely, "No, I'm sick and I can't go. Please find someone else. " It was useless for Qin Shihuang to beg for a long time. Wang Jian finally let go and said, "I can use it. I must give me 600 thousand troops." After finishing the work, Wang Jian's cleverness and wisdom were revealed again. During his campaign, he wrote to Qin Shihuang three times and two times for business, but his subordinates couldn't read it and said, "General, you were not like this before. Why do you still love glory when you are old? " Wang Jian smiled and said, "You are wrong. The emperor thought he was seriously ill and didn't specialize in employing people. Now he has entrusted all the troops of Qin to me. If I don't have to ask the king for a farmhouse many times on the pretext of ensuring the future life of future generations, do you want the king to sit in his palace and doubt me? Gao Zhen has done a lot of work these days. If I don't give the emperor something, he won't want to kill me because of his suspicion! " This shows his wisdom. And this war, nature is a complete victory!
2. Reese
Tonggu (280-208 BC) was a famous politician, writer and calligrapher in Qin Dynasty. Chu Shangcai (now southwest of Shangcai, Henan Province) was born.
In his early years, he was a small official in the county. Later, he came to Xunzi to learn the art of emperors and entered the Qin Dynasty. At first, he was regarded as Lang, and then he persuaded the King of Qin to destroy the princes and proclaimed himself emperor, and was appointed as a long history. In the tenth year of Qin Dynasty (237 years before), the guest ministers of six countries were ordered to be expelled, and the article "Zhuke Shu" was appreciated by Qin, from Ting Wei to the Prime Minister. He suggested to Qin Shihuang that the county system should be implemented, the enfeoffment system should be abolished, books should be burned to bury Confucianism, and he strongly advocated "making laws and regulations", which made outstanding contributions to the unification of characters. But he also served as an accomplice to Qin Shihuang's severe punishment. After Qin Shihuang's death, Reese and Zhao Gao conspired to support Qin Ershi's superior position, but they were framed by Zhao Gao because of remonstrance, and were executed by dissolute Qin Ershi-"five punishments" and "beheading Xianyang City on the waist".
Reese has three great things to say in his life.
1. The book of admonition
Sima Qian once described the cause and effect of Lisi's writing in Biography of Lisi: "Mohammad, king of Qin, is a guest. I knew it when I met Zheng Guolai, a North Korean irrigation canal in the Qin Dynasty. The imperial clan of Qin was large, and all the officials said that the king of Qin said,' The vassal came to serve Qin, probably because he was the chief inspector in Qin 'er. Please do it one by one. Trick. "At that time, the marching orders of the king of Qin had been issued, and Reese was also exiled. With this letter, the king of Qin can withdraw his orders and change from marching orders to entertaining, using and paying attention to customers. This can't help but admit that the book of admonition and expulsion has played a great role and can be called a great classic.
2. Burn books to bury Confucianism
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has always regarded legalism as the guiding ideology of governing the country. After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he also ruled the country by legalism. Li Siyi is also in the middle. Si Nai wrote: "In addition to the eviction order, the King of Qin also restored Li Si to his official position. During his nine years as emperor, his main energy was spent on establishing the central autocratic regime, delineating the national territory, unifying writing and weights and measures, and building the Great Wall. He pays little attention to cultural thought. Chunyuyue admonished Qin Shihuang with Confucianism, which was not conducive to the centralized rule of the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, Li Si, who was good at trying to figure out Qin Shihuang's intentions, put forward the above thought of burning books in order to crack down on Confucian forces and consolidate the unified political power, which was recognized by Qin Shihuang. Therefore, Qin Shihuang ordered the burning of books, and many ancient documents in the pre-Qin period were burned, which caused great losses to China culture.
In the second year of burning books, that is, the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), two magicians secretly slandered Qin Shihuang and died. When Qin Shihuang learned about this, he was furious and sent an imperial envoy to investigate. After the trial, more than 460 people were raped and killed. This is the "pit Confucianism" incident in history.
3. Qin Zhuan
Before the unification of Qin Dynasty, due to the long-term separatist regime of vassal states, there was a situation of abnormal language and writing. Qin Shihuang always hoped to have a standard font to replace the variant characters that were popular before, so he found that Lisi was good at calligraphy and gave him this task. Li Si simplified the seal script and sorted out a set of characters with simple strokes and neat glyphs, which was called Qin Zhuan. After reading these new books, Qin Shihuang was very satisfied, so he set them as standard fonts and ordered them to be used nationwide.
Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan, is the symmetry of Da Zhuan, which gives people a feeling of flexibility, roundness and health, and plays a great role in standardizing Chinese characters. The appearance of Xiao Zhuan is a great progress in the history of Chinese character development.
At that time, people were not familiar with the structure of Biography, and it was difficult to write it satisfactorily. Li Si, Zhao Gao, Hu Wu and others wrote examples of Cang Xie, Ji Li and erudition for everyone to imitate.
3. Qin Wuwang (Kongtong)
Qin Wuwang, son of King Qin Huiwen. After the death of King Huiwen of Qin, Prince Kong succeeded to the throne, and he was Qin Wuwang. Qin Wuwang is tall, strong, brave and militant, and always takes pleasure in fighting. All brave people are promoted to generals and placed beside them. Wu Huo and Ren Bi are famous for their courage and strength, so Qin Wuwang made an exception and promoted them as generals, and gave them generous salaries to senior officials. Meng Ben, a native of the State of Qi, has boundless strength and is brave in the sea: he is not afraid of tigers and wolves on land, but he can avoid dragons on water, and one person can subdue two bison at the same time. Heard that Qin Wuwang reuse the world's warriors, Leon Meng went to Xianyang to meet Qin Wuwang, was appointed as a general, enjoy the same treatment as Wu Huo and Ren Bi.
As early as the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, Zhang Yi came to Qin to offer a plan: Qin Jun entered the Central Plains eastward, taking Yiyang, a military town in Korea and the gateway to Luoyang, the capital of Zhou Dynasty, as a springboard to control the East and the West and the Emperor of Zhou, taking Jiuding as a symbol and relying on the emperor to establish the hegemony of the Central Plains. At that time, in order to consolidate the rear, King Huiwen of Qin concentrated his forces to destroy Shu, so he temporarily shelved Zhang Yizhi's plan. After Qin Wuwang acceded to the throne, Shu was destroyed, the rear was consolidated and the national strength was strong. When Qin Wuwang wants to conquer foreign countries, he will naturally think of the preface of Yi Cheung. He said to the right prime minister Cha and the left prime minister, "I am a widow in Xirong and have never been to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. I don't know how prosperous the Central Plains is. I am eager to drive to Zhouwangji one day and see Jiuding, the son of heaven's weapon. If you can get what you want, you will die willingly. I don't know, who can cut Yiyang for me and enter the Central Plains? " Li Chan replied: "Yiyang City in South Korea has a strong army and dangerous roads. If Wei and Zhao send troops to save Yiyang, they will fight alone. Once it loses, the consequences will be unimaginable. "
Qin Wuwang was very unhappy. At this time, Gan Mao said: "If you cut Yiyang in North Korea, you must first break the alliance between North Korea and Wei. As long as Wei helped Qin, it would be impossible to save North Korea from Wei. North Korea was isolated, and Yiyang City might be breached by Qin Jun. He was overjoyed and sent Gan Mao to Wei. Gan Mao, under the temptation of sharing the benefits of cutting Korea, formed an alliance with Wang Wei to jointly cut Korea. Gan Mao was afraid that Qin Wuwang would change his mind when he attacked Yiyang. The messenger reported to Shou: "Wang Wei has agreed to jointly attack South Korea with the State of Qin. Although supported by Wei, it is better not to cut Yiyang. " King featuring listened to, very don't understand, personally rushed to the west to summon Gan Mao, ask why Gan Mao changed the plan of cutting Korea. Gan Mao said: "Yiyang City is strong and has sufficient food for soldiers. Qin Jun ventured thousands of miles to attack Yiyang, which was by no means a short time. If you attack Yiyang for a long time, someone will slander in front of the king, and the king will listen to the villain. Not only can I not attack Yiyang, but I will also be ruined. " King Wu said firmly, "I don't listen to my words, and I would like to form an alliance with you to solve your worries." So the monarch and the minister signed a Covenant face to face. Then, with Gan Mao as the general, he led the troops to cut Yiyang by 50,000. Gan Mao attacked Yiyang for five months, but it didn't work. At this time, the right-hand prime minister Chi said to him, "It has been five months since I attacked Yiyang City, and I am exhausted and mentally lost. If he insists, I am afraid that the situation will change and it is better to move troops. " Hearing the news, King Wu sent someone to ask Gan Mao to send his troops back to North Korea. Gan Mao wrote a letter and asked someone to take it to King Wu. When King Wu opened the letter, he only saw the words "Rest in Peace", and then suddenly realized. So he sent fifty thousand reinforcements, and Wu Huo led them to help Gan Mao. Gan Mao got fresh troops and its strength increased greatly, so he took Wu Huo as the pioneer, repelled South Korean reinforcements, captured Yiyang ancient city and killed 70,000 Korean troops. South Korea was badly hurt and hurried to make peace with Qin.
Qin Jun occupied Yiyang, Luoyang and the capital of Zhou Dynasty, and opened the door. Qin Wuwang personally led the elite soldiers Ren Bi and Meng Ben to attack Luoyang. King Zhou couldn't resist and had to rush out to meet Qin Jun. Qin Wuwang went straight to Zhou's ancestral temple to observe Jiuding. I saw nine Baoding lined up in the hall. This Jiuding was originally a tribute and Kim Joo-sung collected by Dayu from Kyushu in the world. Each tripod represents a state, and there are a total of tributes and the number of tributes engraved on the mountains and rivers of this state by Jing, Liang, Yong, Yu, Xu, Qing, Yang, Yan and Ji Kyushu. King Wu looked around and saw the tripod in Yongzhou. He said to the ministers, "Has anyone ever taken this tripod?" The tripod keeper replied, "Since the tripod was invented, no one has heard of it or seen it. It weighs a thousand pounds. Who can afford it? " King Wu asked Ren Bi and Meng Ben, "Can two people lift it?" Knowing that the prince of Wu won by strength, Ren Bi politely declined. "I can only raise a hundred things. This tripod is too heavy for me to carry. " Meng Ben stretched out his arms and walked to the tripod. He said, "Let me try to lift it. Don't blame me if I can't lift it. " After that, he tightened his belt, rolled up his double sleeves, grabbed two ding ears and shouted "get up!" " When I saw the tripod half a foot off the ground, it fell heavily. Meng Ben felt dizzy and couldn't stand up. Fortunately, I was dragged around and didn't fall to the ground. King Wu smiled: "Can you hold the tripod high? Am I not as good as you? " Ren Bi advised, "Your Majesty, don't try your strength easily." King Wu stubbornly refused to listen, took off his robe and jade belt, tightened his belt and strode forward. Ren Bi grabbed King Wu and tried to dissuade him. King Wu said angrily, "You can't carry it, but you don't want to carry it alone?" Ren Bi dare not persuade again. King Wu reached out and held Ding Er, thinking, "Meng Ben can only lift the ground. I should move a few steps to show the height after lifting. " So, take a deep breath, do your best and shout, "get up!" " The tripod was lifted half a foot, and then King Wu moved his left foot. Unexpectedly, his right foot could not support, and his body tilted. The tripod fell to the ground and hit his right foot. King Wu fell to the ground screaming. They hurried forward to remove the tripod, only to find that the bone of King Wu's right foot was crushed and blood flowed all over the pool. When the doctor arrived, King Wu was unconscious and still talking to himself. I had my wish, although I didn't hate it. "At night, featuring died. Zhou Nanwang was frightened when he heard the news. He cried. Right-hand Prime Minister Li Chan returned to Xianyang to protect the coffin, and made King Wu's half-brother Ying Ji king, that is, King Zhao Xiang of Qin. After the burial, Cha Li Ji investigated the responsibility, dismembered Meng Ben's five horses, and exterminated the nation; Reward Ren Bi's ability to remonstrate and be promoted to Hanzhong Prefecture; At the same time, remonstrate with the king of Qin and investigate the responsibility of encouraging him to enter the week. Gan Mao heard the news and fled to Wei for fear of being punished. He dare not return Qin to death.
4. Montaigne
The smoke in the desert is dusk, and the yellow sand rises in Wan Li.
Go straight to Xiongnu array and drive the gourd camp on horseback.
It is difficult for foreigners to build the Great Wall of Wan Li.
The general is still writing a thousand-year-old pen, where to sing the guzheng.
Meng Tian (? -2 10 years ago), a famous soldier in Qin Shihuang's period, was known as "the first warrior in China". Han nationality, ancestral home in Shandong Qi. Legend has it that he improved the writing brush, was the earliest developer in the northwest of China, and was also the first person to develop Ningxia in ancient times.
Meng Tian was born into a family of several generations of celebrities. Grandfather Meng Ao was a famous soldier of Qin State. He used to work for Zhao Haoqi of Qin State and was an official of Qing State. In the second year of King Xiangzhuang (the first 248 years), he conquered North Korea, attacked Zhao and took Wei Guocheng, which made great contributions to Qin. His father Wu Meng was once a general of Qin Bi. Together with Wang Jian, he destroyed Chu, and he also repeatedly made meritorious military service. Teenagers in Meng Tian study prison law and serve as trial documents in prison proceedings.
In the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor (22 BC1), Meng Tian became a general and captured Qi. Because of his meritorious service in fighting Qi, he was worshipped as the highest official of Qin Dou, and his brother Meng Qian was also the supreme of Qing Dynasty. The Montessori brothers were deeply loved by Qin Shihuang, Meng Tian served as foreign minister, and Meng Yi often colluded, which was called "faithfulness" at that time. Other generals dare not compete with it.
After Qin unified the six countries, Meng Tian was ordered to lead 300,000 troops to attack the Huns in the north. Recover the land in Henan Province (in the area of Yikezhaomeng, south of Hetao, Inner Mongolia) and set up Yuzhong (north of Ejinhoro Banner, Inner Mongolia) to 34 counties in Yinshan. And crossed the Yellow River, occupied Yangshan, and emigrated to enrich the people and border counties. Later, the Great Wall of Wan Li was built, starting from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west and Liaodong (now Liaoning Province) in the east, connecting the original Yan, Zhao and Qin Changcheng. The Great Wall made use of the terrain and set up forts by virtue of natural disasters, which effectively curbed the Xiongnu's southward advance. Later, he was sent to open a straight road for Qin Shihuang, from Jiuyuan County (now southwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia) to Ganquan Palace, cutting mountains and filling deep valleys, with a total length of 1,800 miles. Unfortunately, it was not finished. Meng Tian fought in northern Xinjiang for more than 10 years, which made Xiongnu famous.
In the winter of the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang fell ill on his way to Huiji, and sent Meng Qian around him to worship the mountains and rivers to pray. Soon Qin Shihuang died of illness in a sand dune, and his death was blocked. Zhongchefu favored Zhao Gao with his son Hu Hai. He wanted to make Hu Hai the son, so he secretly plotted a coup with Prime Minister Reese and Hu Hai, and made Hu Hai the prince. Because Zhao Gao broke the law earlier, Meng Zhi was ordered to enforce the law fairly, which led to Zhao Gao's resentment against Montessori. When Hu Hai acceded to the throne, he sent envoys to execute the sons Fu Su and Meng Huo on trumped-up charges. Fu Su committed suicide, and Meng Tian became suspicious and asked for a retrial. The emissary handed Meng Tian over to officials, sent Mr. Li instead of Meng Tian, and imprisoned Meng Tian in Yangzhou. After Hu Hai killed Fu Su, he wanted to release Montaigne. However, Zhao Shenggao was afraid that Montessori would spoil the game again, which was not good for him and he was determined to destroy Montessori. Then it was circulated on the issue of establishing a prince that Mencius once slandered Hu Hai in front of the first emperor, and Hu Hai imprisoned Mencius. Ziying protested that the Montessori brothers should not be killed. Hu Hai wouldn't listen. Kill Meng Yi. And people go to Yangzhou to kill Meng Tian.
The messenger said to Meng Tian, "You have committed a terrible crime. Meng Yi should die and sit next to you." Meng Tian said, "From my ancestors to my descendants, I have risked my life for Qin for three generations. I command 300,000 troops. Although I am imprisoned, I am strong enough to betray. But I know I should die without hesitation. I did this because I didn't dare to disgrace the teachings of my ancestors and forget their kindness. In the past, when Zhou Chengwang was young, Zhou Gongdan ascended the throne, first sworn allegiance, and finally settled the world. When he grew up to be a king, he listened to rumors and Zhou Gongdan was falsely accused of fleeing to Chu. Later, Cheng Wang finally achieved his goal, killed slanderers and invited him back to Zhou Gongdan. Therefore, Zhou Shu said,' The king should think twice'. My Montessori family was killed because of their loyalty to the king. This must be due to the rebellion and infighting of evil ministers. Zhou Chengwang made a mistake, but he was able to turn over a new leaf and finally made the Zhou Dynasty prosperous. Xia Jie killed Guan Longfeng, and Shang Zhouwang killed Guan Longfeng without any regrets, and finally Guan Longfeng died. So I think that mistakes can be corrected and exhortations can be awakened. Repeated consideration is the way for saints to govern the country. I'm not talking about seeking impunity, but being prepared to sacrifice for advice. I hope your majesty will consider following the correct rules for all the people in the world. The messenger said, "I have only been ordered to put you to death, and I dare not report the general's words to the emperor." Meng Tian sighed: "How have I offended God? Was executed without charge? " After a long silence, he said, "My sin should have died a long time ago. I started from Lintao and went to Liaodong to build the Great Wall and dig a ditch in Vandory. It is impossible not to dig a vein during this period. This is my sin! " So he swallowed the medicine and killed himself.
Sima Qian lamented in Historical Records: "General Qin of the Mongols is loyal to the internal history. The Great Wall of Wan Li was built first, and Wan Li was in Anbian. " "At the beginning of the qin dynasty, governors, the heart of the world in the air, the disabled don't kill. In the name of Tian, I didn't use strong remonstrance at this time to arouse the urgency of the people, help the old and save the orphans, and repair the sum of the masses, and Ayi prospered. " Meng Tian's brilliant exploits in the Qin Dynasty and great achievements in the Great Wall make people lament.
5. Lv Buwei
Lv Buwei, a famous businessman, politician and thinker at the end of the Warring States Period, was born in Puyang (now hua county, Anyang, Henan). Lv Buwei was a big businessman in Yangzhai (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province). He traveled around, buying at low prices and selling at high prices, so he accumulated thousands of dollars of wealth. He is famous for his "rare goods to live in". He assisted Qin Shihuang to ascend to the throne and served as the prime minister of Qin, organized the people to compile the famous Lv Chunqiu, and was also a representative figure of miscellaneous thoughts.
Lv Buwei met the King Sun of Qin who was in charge of Zhao in Handan, the capital of Zhao (later renamed Chu), and thought that "rare goods can live in", so he gave him a lot of money, and lobbied Qin Wang 'an and Guo Jun to spoil Mrs. Ji Huayang and make Zi Chu his heir. Zi Chu and Lv Buwei fled to the state of Qin. Ann Guo Jun became the filial piety king, and Zi Chu became the prince. The following year, Zi Chu acceded to the throne (namely King Zhuangxiang), appointed Lv Buwei as Prime Minister, made him Wen Xin Hou, and ate 65,438+households in Luoyang, Henan. King Zhuang Xiang died, and the young prince was made king and honored as the prime minister, known as "Guan Zhong". There are 3,000 diners and 10,000 families under the door. Ordered diners to compile Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan. "Eight Views and Six Views on the Twelve Dynasties" has more than 200,000 words, which brings together the theories of pre-Qin philosophers, "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names", so it is called "miscellaneous family" in history. When he was in office, he seized the land of Zhou, Zhao and Wei, and established Sanchuan, Taiyuan and Dong Jun, which made great contributions to the cause of Qin Wang's annexation of the six countries. Later, because of rebellion, he was exempted from the post of Xiangbang and lived in Henan fief. Soon, the king of Qin ordered his family to move to Shu. Lv Buwei was afraid of punishment, but he died by drinking zhenniao. (Translated from Biography of Historical Records and Lv Buwei)
Life:
Qin dynasty at the end of the warring states period. A native of Weiguo Puyang (now southwest of Puyang, Henan). Everybody, Yang Zhai, she used to be a daughter. Lv Buwei met Zi Chu, the son of Qin who was in charge of Zhao in Handan, Zhao, and thought that "rare goods can live in", so he gave him a large sum of money, and lobbied the Prince of Qin to take Mrs. Ji Huayang away and make him an heir. Zi Chu and Lv Buwei fled to the state of Qin. Ann Guo Jun became the filial piety king, and Zi Chu became the prince. The following year, Zi Chu acceded to the throne (namely King Zhuangxiang), appointed Lv Buwei as Prime Minister, made him Wen Xin Hou, and ate 65,438+households in Luoyang, Henan. King Zhuang Xiang died, and the young prince was made king and honored as the prime minister, known as "Guan Zhong". There are 3,000 diners and 10,000 families under the door. Ordered diners to compile Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, with eight readings of more than 200,000 words, six treatises and twelve issues, which combined the theories of pre-Qin philosophers and "the method of combining Confucianism and Mohism", so it was called "the sage" in history. When he was in office, he seized the land of Zhou, Zhao and Wei, and established Sanchuan, Taiyuan and Dong Jun, which made great contributions to the cause of Qin Wang's annexation of the six countries. Later, because of rebellion, he was removed from the post of prime minister and lived in Henan fief. Soon, the king of Qin ordered his family to move to Shu. Lv Buwei was afraid of punishment, but he died by drinking zhenniao.
On Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals
Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is an ancient encyclopedic masterpiece edited by the Prime Minister of Qin State. The book has eight readings, six theories and twelve chapters, with a total of more than 200,000 words. Lv Buwei himself thought it included the facts of the universe through the ages, so he called it Lv Chunqiu.
Lv Buwei was a famous figure in Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period. Lv Buwei made great contributions to help Chien Sun, the king of Qin who was held hostage by Zhao, establish a new regime. After the new king Qin Zhuang Wang Xiang succeeded to the throne, he was appointed Prime Minister.
At that time, Wei Youxin, Chu Youchun, Zhao Youyou and Qi Youyou. They were all polite and made friends. In this respect, we must strive for a high and low level. I think that Qin is so powerful that it is a shame to be inferior to them, so I also recruited a bachelor of arts and gave them generous treatment. There are as many as 3,000 diners. Unlike Four Children, Lv Buwei does not attach much importance to brave men and women, but attaches great importance to literary talent. Facts have proved that Lv Buwei has his own views. He has always been good at strategy and despises those brave people who are simple-minded. Besides, the state of Qin is like a cloud, with strong military strength. There is no need to raise, and there is no need to kill. There is another reason. At that time, many eloquent people wrote books in succession, which were widely circulated. They are not only world-famous, but also spread to future generations and go down in history, which makes Lv Buwei jealous. Businessman Lv Buwei has no condition to write a book, but he can realize his ambition and desire with the help of these masters who are good at writing and writing. At that time, talented people from various vassal States came forth in large numbers, such as Xun Qing and his colleagues, who wrote books and made statements, which were popular all over the world.
When everything was ready, Lv Buwei told everyone who could write, and everyone wrote down what they saw, heard and felt. When handing in articles, there are all kinds of things to write, from ancient times to the present, from all directions, from heaven to underground, from promoting waste to controlling chaos, from scholars, peasants, industry and commerce, from three religions to nine streams, all of which are discussed, and many articles are repetitive. Lv Buwei also selected several experts to screen, classify and abridge these articles, and compiled them into a book named Lv Chunqiu. For the sake of prudence, Lv Buwei asked his teacher to revise the book several times after it was written, until he was really satisfied. Lv Buwei attaches great importance to this book. He thinks this book called Lv Chunqiu is a masterpiece, boasting that it is a wonderful book covering "everything in the world, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign". For example, in the preface equivalent to the preface of the whole book, we can also see the exposition of the twelfth century: "Anyone born in the twelfth century knows the good or bad of life, and it is essential for him to go to heaven, the place where he is tried, and the middle trial."
In order to improve and expand the influence, Lv Buwei also came up with a wonderful way to publicize this book. He had the book copied neatly and hung it at the gate of Xianyang, claiming that anyone who could change the words would give it to his daughter. After the news spread, people swarmed, including tourists and guests from vassal countries, but no one could change the words in the book. Of course, this does not necessarily prove that Lu Chunqiu has reached the point of perfection, but it is probably because people are in awe of its greatness and no one wants to get ahead. However, the sensational effect of such a scheme is enormous. The name of Lu He in Spring and Autumn Annals is widely circulated in eastern countries. It is worth mentioning that this book is a masterpiece of the Warring States period, in which many ancient anecdotes and ideas are preserved, which has certain reference value.
Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals" is a collection of theories of pre-Qin philosophers, which is called "miscellaneous family" in history. With the help of the public, he wrote "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals". Although he mainly improved his image by borrowing others' light, he did a great thing in cultural undertakings.
6. Zhang Han (205 BC), the word less glorious. General at the end of Qin dynasty. Qin Ershi was a little house at that time.
In September of the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), he was ordered to lead criminals and slave workers to meet Zhou Wen's department of Chen Sheng Rebel Army in Lishan (now southeast of Lintong, Shaanxi), and won many battles, which saved Qin Ting. Chen Sheng was forced to flee by attacking and destroying Tian Cang, a rebel army in Xingyang (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan), and cooperating with Chen (now Huaiyang). After killing Wei Qi, Tian Xian and Xiang Liang, the leaders of the anti-Qin armed forces, they crossed the Yellow River to attack Zhao. The Battle of Julu was defeated by Xiang Yu, Zhang? In the battle, he was defeated by Xiang Yu again and surrendered. He entered the customs with Xiang Yu and was named King Yong. In August of the first year of Hanwang in the Chu-Han War (206 BC), Zhang Han repeatedly fought Liu Bangjun and abandoned Bao and Shan (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi). In June of two years, the city broke down and committed suicide.
Historical events:
In the first year of Qin Ershi (the first 209 years), Hu Hai II toured the eastern counties, listened to the slanderers of treacherous court official Zhao Gao, killed ministers all the way, and implicated each other under the pretext of charges. As a result, Manchu was shocked and frightened, and everyone who made suggestions was considered to slander the court. Since then, the ministers have been flattering and the people have been frightened. In April the following year, Epang Palace was rebuilt. Requiring grain, the people of the world, the people are not living; Severe punishment, prisoners in prison, overcrowding. Suffering from the rule of Qin officials, people all over the country revolted in succession. In July, Chen Jing arose and proclaimed himself King Chu. Shandong people killed Wei Lingcheng, the local guard, and set up their own homes to respond to Chen Sheng. Zhao Xie calls himself King Zhao, Wei blames Wang Wei, and Tian Xian is King Qi. Liu Bang revolted in Pei County, and Xiang Liang (Xiang Yu's uncle) revolted in Huiji. The number of rebels cannot be counted. In the name of crusade against the Qin Dynasty, all passers-by joined forces to March on Qin Ting.
In the winter of the second year of Qin Ershi (the first 208 years), Zhang Zhou and other generals sent by Chen Sheng arrived in the water and led hundreds of thousands of troops. Hu Hai II was destroyed by the earthquake. What should I do with my minister? Zhang Han, a junior official, said, "The thieves have come here and the troops are strong. It's too late to send troops from nearby counties now. There are many criminals in Lushan Mountain, hoping to pardon them and give them weapons to attack thieves. " So II granted amnesty to the whole world, appointed Zhang Han as the general, and was ordered to lead 700,000 prisoners and slaves to meet Zhang Zhou in Lishan (now southeast of Lintong, Shaanxi). Defeated Zhang Zhou's army, Zhang Zhou fled to Caoyang through the customs. Zhang Han chased him and defeated Cao Yang. Zhang Zhou failed in the rope pool again. Ten days later, Zhang Han broke the swimming pool and Zhang Zhou died. After defeating Zhang Zhou, Zhang Han continued to March to Xingyang (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan).
Tian Cang, the general of Xingyang, sent Li Gui and other generals to keep Xingyang City, and took his chosen men west to face Qin Jun. In the battle with Qin Jun, Tian Cang died. Zhang Han continued to invade Xingyang City, besieging and breaking the city, and Li Gui died.
Then Zhang Han defeated Deng Shuo and Wu Xu, forcing Chen Sheng to flee to the city father. Chen Sheng ordered Zhang He to leave Xiguan to face Zhang Han, and personally bid for the tower. In World War I in the west of the city, Zhang He died. Since then, Chen Sheng dare not fight again, and defend itself behind closed doors. Under the powerful offensive of the besieged city, in the twelfth lunar month, Chen Sheng was killed by his close relatives, and he surrendered to Qin in Kaesong.
After pacifying Chen Sheng, he led the army eastward, attacked Wei, who was blamed by Wei, and defeated Wei Jun and the Qi army who came to help in the city. Wei blamed himself and set himself on fire, and Tian Xian, the king of Qi, was killed. Tian's cousin packed up the beaten army and surrendered to East Asia. His army passed through Lixian County (now Xiayi County, Henan Province), and Xiang Liang sent troops to fight with Zhu Jishi and Yu Fanjun. Yu Fanjun died, and Zhu Ji was defeated by Shi Jun and fled to Hu Ling. Zhang Han chased Tian Rong to East Asia. Xiang Liang led Xiang Yu, Liu Bang, Ying Bu and Chen Ying to give first aid to Dong 'e. Zhang Han was defeated and retreated to Dingtao.
Xiang Liang pursued Ding Tao, sent other generals to defeat Chengyang (now northeast of Heze County, Shandong Province) and Puyang, and sent Ji to attack (now Qixian County, Henan Province) to defeat and kill Li You. Before Ding Tao was captured, Xiang Liang was already very proud.
Zhang Han attacked the Chu army in Dingtao at night, and Xiang Liang was defeated.
Zhang Han defeated Xiang Liang's army, attacked and killed Qi, the leader of the anti-Qin armed forces, and wiped out the guilt. The famous generals of Chu are all dead. Zhang Han thought that the enemies of Chu did not have to worry, so he crossed the Yellow River and attacked Zhao to the north, which greatly destroyed Zhao. At this time, Zhao Xie is the prince of Zhao, Chen Yu is the general, and Zhang Er is the phase. Zhao Haoqi and Zhang Er Chen Yu both ran into the huge Lucheng. After Chen left Julu to retreat, tens of thousands of Changshan soldiers were stationed in the north of Julu City.
Zhang Han ordered Wang Li to surround Julu, and Zhang Han was stationed in the south of Julu to build a tunnel to transport food. General Wang Li of Qin besieged Zhao in Julucheng. This army that surrounds the giant deer is the so-called "Army of Hebei".
Zhang Han and others led their troops to surround the stag. At this time, Xiang Yu, the general of Chu, led Chu soldiers to rescue the giant deer. Xiang Yu led the whole army to cross the river, scuttled the ship, smashed the cooking utensils, burned the camp and carried rations for three days to show that no one had any plans to come back alive. When the army arrived, they besieged Wang Li, met Qin Jun, won nine battles, cut off the tunnel in Qin Jun, smashed Qin Jun, killed Su Jiao, captured Wang Li, and died of self-immolation without surrendering to the Chu army. When the Chu army attacked Qin Jun, the governors and generals watched in the barracks. The soldiers of the Chu army all took one as ten, and the Chu soldiers shouted and the vassal soldiers were frightened. When Qin Jun was defeated, Xiang Yu summoned the governors and generals. When they entered the Yuanmen, they all knelt down and dared not look up. From then on, Xiang Yu became the overlord of the western Chu, claiming the title of king in nine counties in Liangchu area, with Pengcheng as its capital, and all the governors followed it.
Qin Jun was defeated by Xiang Yu in the Battle of Julu, and Qin Jun retreated. Zhang Han retreated to Qianyuan, and Xiang Yu was stationed in the south bank of Zhangshui. The two armies were at loggerheads and did not fight.